{"id":53964,"date":"2026-11-04T09:04:29","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T04:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=53964"},"modified":"2026-11-03T10:02:13","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T05:02:13","slug":"ikki-tilli-lugatlar-tuzilisida-daliliy-misollardan-foydalanis-masalasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=53964&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"IKKI TILLI LU\u011eATLAR TUZILI\u015eIDA DALILIY MISOLLARDAN FOYDALANI\u015e MASALASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kiri\u015f.<\/strong> Lu\u011fat tuzi\u015fdan maqsad, \u00f6rganilayotgan til (maqsad til)dagi s\u00f6zlar ma\u02bcnolarini ona tili yoki tarjima tilida imkon qadar aniq va tu\u015funarli ifodala\u015f va bu bilan til \u00f6rgani\u015f yoki \u015fu tildagi matnlarni teran tu\u015funi\u015fga yordamla\u015fi\u015fdan iboratdir. Lu\u011fatning bu \u011foyaga t\u00f6laqonli eri\u015fuvi u\u00e7un muayyan s\u00f6zning maqsad tilda mavjudligi, i\u015flatili\u015f \u00f6rinlari, izohlanayotgan ma\u02bcnolarni bildiri\u015fini isbotla\u015f maqsadida daliliy misollar beriladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ingliz lu\u011fatnavisligida ilk bor daliliy misollarni q\u00f6llagan ki\u015fi Semuel Jonson b\u00f6lib, u \u00f6zining 1755-yili tuzilgan lu\u011fatida bunday misollardan unumli foydalangan. Jeyms Sleydga k\u00f6ra, bu S.Jonsonning lu\u011fatnavislik sohasidagi yagona yangiligi edi [23:138]. Nima b\u00f6lganda ham, daliliy misollar milodiy VIII asrdan bo\u015flab, k\u00f6plab (ikki yoki k\u00f6p tilli) lu\u011fatlarda har xil zi\u00e7lik va mahorat bilan deyarli har bir bo\u015f s\u00f6z izohida q\u00f6llanib kelgan. Yevropada lotin va yunon tillari lu\u011fatlarida esa daliliy misollarga XVI asrdan bo\u015flab murojaat qilinganini k\u00f6ri\u015f mumkin [23:138].<\/span><\/p>\n

Tahlil va natijalar.<\/strong> Lu\u011fatnavis olimlar lu\u011fat tuzi\u015fda daliliy misollarning ne\u00e7o\u011fli ahamiyatli ekanini k\u00f6rsatib \u00f6tgan. Professor V.Dubi\u00e7inskiy lu\u011fatning mikrotuzilmasi tarkibiy qismlarini sanab \u00f6tadi va ularni quyidagi\u00e7a tartiblaydi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1) bo\u015f s\u00f6z;<\/span><\/p>\n

2) uning fonetik xususiyatlari;<\/span><\/p>\n

3) uning grammatik xususiyatlari;<\/span><\/p>\n

4) bo\u015f s\u00f6zning semantizatsiyasi (tarjima, ta\u02bcrif, muqobil tarjima va bo\u015fqalar);<\/span><\/p>\n

5) bo\u015f s\u00f6zning moslik xususiyatlari;<\/span><\/p>\n

6) bo\u015f s\u00f6zning s\u00f6z yasali\u015f imkoniyatlari;<\/span><\/p>\n

7) etimologik ma\u02bclumotlar;<\/span><\/p>\n

8) daliliy misollar;<\/span><\/p>\n

9) leksikografik yozuvlar;<\/span><\/p>\n

10) havolalar, eslatmalar.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6rinib turganidek, daliliy misollar lu\u011fatning muhim tarkibiy qismlaridan biri etib belgilangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Niladri Sexar ham daliliy misollarni lu\u011fatning mikrotuzilmasi tarkibiy qismlari qatorida esga oladi. Uning fikri\u00e7a, s\u00f6zning muayyan kontekstda qanday i\u015flatili\u015fini k\u00f6rsati\u015f u\u00e7un daliliy misollar i\u015flatiladi. Bu, ayniqsa, k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli s\u00f6zlarda nozik ma\u02bcno tuslarini aniqla\u015f va ajrati\u015fga yordam beradi [5:250].<\/span><\/p>\n

L.Zgustaga k\u00f6ra, misollarning maqsadi bo\u015f s\u00f6zning bo\u015fqa leksik birliklar bilan birgalikda qanday i\u015fla\u015fini k\u00f6rsati\u015fdir [7:340]. Niladri Sexarga k\u00f6ra, daliliy misollar s\u00f6zning qanday xususiyatli kontekstda i\u015flatili\u015fini k\u00f6rsati\u015f u\u00e7un foydalaniladi. Bu, ayniqsa, k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli s\u00f6zlar holatida, ma\u02bcnolarning nozik farqlarini aniqla\u015f va farqla\u015fga yordam beradi [5:250].<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6p\u00e7ilik lu\u011fat\u015funoslar daliliy misollarni bo\u015f s\u00f6z va uning ta\u02bcrifi, tarjima ekvivalentini tu\u015funtiruv\u00e7i yozuv deb qarasa, R.Barnxart daliliy misollarni lu\u011fat maqolasida markaziy \u00f6rinni egallaydi, deb qaraydi. Unga k\u00f6ra, daliliy misollar lu\u011fat birligining tanlangan va tahrir qilingan kontekstlaridir. An\u02bcanaviy ravi\u015fda \u201cta\u02bcriflar\u201d deb ataladigan yozuvlarga esa u\u015fbu misollarni tu\u015funtiruv\u00e7i izohlar, ularni birla\u015ftiruv\u00e7i umumiylik yoki farqlarni k\u00f6rsatuv\u00e7i sarlavhalar sifatida qarali\u015fi mumkin [5:250].<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u011fatlarning mutlaq k\u00f6p\u00e7iligida misollar beriladi. Lu\u011fat qan\u00e7alik katta b\u00f6lsa, misollar \u015fun\u00e7a k\u00f6p b\u00f6ladi. Faqat juda ki\u00e7ik lu\u011fatlar misollar bermasligi mumkin. Lekin misollarning mutlaq b\u00f6lmasligi odatda lu\u011fat saviyasining keskin pasayi\u015figa olib keladi (agar uning maqsadi qat\u02bciy \u00e7eklangan b\u00f6lmasa, masalan, texnik terminologiya lu\u011fati yoki sof orfografik yoki \u015funga \u00f6x\u015fa\u015f).<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6p\u00e7ilik lu\u011fat\u015funoslarga k\u00f6ra, ayrim texnik atamalardan ta\u015fqari, he\u00e7 bir lu\u011fat birligini illyustrativ misollarsiz beri\u015f kerak emas. Lekin texnik atamalar u\u00e7un ham, agar s\u00f6z k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli b\u00f6lsa yoki aniq bir sohadagi i\u015flatili\u015f doirasini k\u00f6rsati\u015f kerak b\u00f6lsa, misollar juda foydali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daliliy misollar mustaqil va ta\u015fqi yordamsiz tu\u015funiladigan b\u00f6li\u015fi kerak. Ularning uzunligi lu\u011fat turiga bo\u011fliq. Qisqa lu\u011fatlarda qisqa yoki qisqartirilgan misollar keltirilib, lu\u011fat birligining i\u015flatili\u015figa ur\u011fu beriladi. Katta lu\u011fatlarda esa t\u00f6liq jumla \u015faklidagi misollar keltirili\u015fi mumkin. Ba\u02bczi hollarda hatto bir ne\u00e7a jumladan iborat iqtiboslar ham u\u00e7ra\u015fi mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Al-Qosimiyning fikri\u00e7a, daliliy misol har qanday ibora, jumla yoki biror \u015fe\u02bcriy bayt yoxud maqoldan iborat b\u00f6lib, undan lu\u011fatda izohlanayotgan yoki tarjima qilinayotgan s\u00f6zning i\u015flatili\u015fini izohla\u015f, tu\u015funtiri\u015f k\u00f6zlanadi. \u201cDaliliy misol\u201d atamasi tu\u015fun\u00e7aning \u00f6zini k\u00f6rsati\u015f u\u00e7un i\u015flatiladigan atamalardan biri b\u00f6lib, bu atamalar kontekstli misollar (contextual examples) va iqtiboslarni (quotations) \u00f6z i\u00e7iga oladi. Gar\u00e7i mualliflar bu ikki atamani bir ma\u02bcnoda i\u015flatsa ham, \u201ciqtiboslar\u201d atamasi (biror asarda) bitilgan yoki haqiqatda ham aytilgan gaplardan olingan misollar bilan \u00e7eklanadi [ 21].<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00f6pgina ikki tilli lu\u011fatlarda daliliy misollardan keng foydalanib kelinadi. Masalan, S.F.Akobirov va bo\u015fqalar tomonidan tuzilgan \u00d6zbek\u00e7a-rus\u00e7a lu\u011fatda quyidagi misolni k\u00f6ri\u015fimiz mumkin: Avvalo \u2013 prejde vsego, pervom dolgom…; u avvalo xalq q\u00f6\u015fiqlarini ijro etib yurdi, keyin \u00f6zi t\u00f6qigan q\u00f6\u015fiqlarni kuylay bo\u015fladi <\/em>[1:20]. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ingliz\u00e7a-rus\u00e7a lu\u011fatda quyidagi misolni k\u00f6ramiz: adjust \u2014 \u2026 <\/em>3. Prisposoblyatsya, adaptirovatsya, priv<\/em>\u044b<\/em>kat; fre\u015fmen soon adjust to s\u00e7ool life novi\u00e7ki b<\/em>\u044b<\/em>stro priv<\/em>\u044b<\/em>kayut k \u015fkole <\/em>[12:57].<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqoridagi har ikki misol lu\u011fat mualliflari tomonidan ijod qilingan va berilgan s\u00f6z ma\u02bcnosini yanada rav\u015fanroq tu\u015funi\u015fga yordam beruv\u00e7i jumlalardan iborat.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bunday holatni biz \u201cAl-Qomus\u201d lu\u011fatida ham k\u00f6p u\u00e7rati\u015fimiz mumkin. Masalan, \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631\u064e … \u00f6zi yol\u011fiz egalik qildi; \u00f6zla\u015ftirib oldi, \u00f6ziga jalb qildi…; \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0648\u0639\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0647\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0643\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064d Mavzu katta qiziqi\u015f uy\u011fotdi <\/em>[9:26]. Yana bir namuna: \u062a\u0650\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064c k\u00f6p. \u0623\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064c … 2. tengqur, tengdo\u015f …; \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064e\u062e\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629\u0650 U \u00f6zining universitetdagi tengqurlaridan ajralib turardi <\/em>[2:26].<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuzuv\u00e7ilar tomonidan t\u00f6qilgan misollar, isbot ku\u00e7i jihatidan gar\u00e7i adabiy yoki ilmiy iqtibos darajasida b\u00f6lmasada, berilgan s\u00f6zning ma\u02bcnosini yanada aniqroq tu\u015funtiri\u015f, i\u015flatili\u015f holati, grammatik xususiyatlarini k\u00f6rsatib beri\u015fda foydalidir. T.N.Qori-Niyoziy va A.K.Borovkovlar tahriri ostida tuzilib na\u015fr etilgan \u201c\u00d6zbek\u00e7a-rus\u00e7a\u201d lu\u011fatda quyidagi kabi misollar berilganini k\u00f6ramiz: \u201cK\u00f6rmoq 1) videt; 2. rassmatrivat; … bu masalani biz majlisda k\u00f6ramiz<\/em> etot vopros m\u044b rassmotrim na zasedanii\u201d [16:237]; \u201cMubtalo … stradat (\u00e7em l.); u ki\u015fi sil kasaliga mubtalodir<\/em> on stradayet \u00e7axotkoy\u201d [16:272]. K\u00f6rilgan namunalarda keltirilgan misollar s\u00f6zlarning ma\u02bcnosini aniqla\u015ftiri\u015f bilan bir qatorda ularning i\u015flatili\u015f \u00f6rni va uslubi haqida juda kerakli ma\u02bclumot bermoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahmud Ko\u015f\u011fariy \u00f6zining \u201cDevonu lu\u011fotit turk\u201d asarida juda k\u00f6p \u00f6rinlarda t\u00f6qima jumlalarni daliliy misol sifatida keltiradi va fe\u02bclan, s\u00f6z ma\u02bcnosini teran tasavvur qili\u015f imkonini beradi. Masalan, \u201cSundi \u2013 sundi, berdi. Ul manga etmak sundi \u2013 u menga non berdi\u201d[10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Kezi kelganda \u015funi ham aytib \u00f6ti\u015f \u00f6rinliki, ayrim lu\u011fatlar, s\u00f6zlari soni k\u00f6p, katta lu\u011fat boyligini \u00f6z i\u00e7iga olgan b\u00f6li\u015figa qaramay, daliliy misollar berilmagani bois, k\u00f6zlangan darajada yutuqqa eri\u015fmasligi mumkin. Ulu\u011fbek Sulton tomonidan tuzilgan \u201cAs-Sulton\u201d lu\u011fati \u00f6zbek tilidagi 50 mingga yaqin s\u00f6zni \u00f6z i\u00e7iga oladi. Lu\u011fatda \u015fakldo\u015f (omonim va b.), b\u00f6lgan bo\u015f s\u00f6zning har bir mustaqil ma\u02bcnosi raqam bilan ajratib k\u00f6rsatilgan yoki k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli bo\u015f s\u00f6zning har bir ma\u02bcnosi ajrati\u015f belgisi (drob) orqali berilgan. Biroq berilgan ma\u02bcnolarni bir biridan farqla\u015f u\u00e7un muhim b\u00f6lgan kontekst va misollar y\u00f6qligi k\u00f6p hollarda talaba va \u00f6rganuv\u00e7ilarga qiyin\u00e7ilik tu\u011fdiradi. Masalan, \u00f6zbek tilidagi \u201cayirmoq\u201d fe\u02bclining \u201c\u00d6zbek tilining izohli lu\u011fati\u201dda 9 ta ma\u02bcnosi berilgan [17:53]. \u201cAs-Sulton\u201d lu\u011fatida u\u015fbu ma\u02bcnolarning arab\u00e7a tarjimasi \u201cayirmoq \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e \/ \u0641\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0642\u064e \/ \u0641\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0632\u064e \/ \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0632\u064e \/ \u0645\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632\u064e \/\u0642\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0645\u064e \/\/ \u0623\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062f\u064e \/ \u0639\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0644\u064e \/ \u0641\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \/ \u0641\u064e\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u064e \/\/ \u0637\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064e \/ \u0634\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e \/ \u0634\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0642\u064e \/ \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0642\u064e\u201d k\u00f6rini\u015fida berilgan [15:56] va mazkur ma\u02bcnolarning qaysi biri bo\u015f s\u00f6zning \u00f6zbek tilidagi\u00a0 ma\u02bcnolaridan qaysi birini anglati\u015fi haqida ma\u02bclumot berilmagan. Lu\u011fat \u00f6zbek tilini \u00f6rganayotgan arablarga q\u00f6l keli\u015fi mumkin. Biroq \u00f6zbek tilidan arab tiliga tarjima qiluv\u00e7i arab b\u00f6lmagan foydalanuv\u00e7ilar u\u00e7un noqulaylik tu\u011fdiradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daliliy misollar berilmagan lu\u011fatlar qatorida S.Rahmonqulov va A.Karam tomonidan tuzilib, 1920-yili Qozonda na\u015fr etilgan \u201cRus\u00e7a-tatar\u00e7a mukammal lu\u011fat\u201d[14]ning \u00f6zbek\u00e7ala\u015ftirilgan k\u00f6rini\u015fi b\u00f6lgan \u201cRus\u00e7a-\u00f6zbek\u00e7a mukammal lu\u011fat\u201d[13], Villiam Tomas Vortabet qalamiga mansub \u201cArab\u00e7a-ingliz\u00e7a lu\u011fat\u201d [23] va bo\u015fqalarni tilga oli\u015f mumkin. Mazkur lu\u011fatlarning har biri katta hajmli lu\u011fatlar b\u00f6lsada, ularda lu\u011fatnavislikning muhim me\u02bcyorlaridan sanalgan, berilayotgan ma\u02bclumotni mustahkamla\u015f hamda yax\u015firoq natijaga eri\u015fi\u015fning muhim omillaridan b\u00f6lgan daliliy misollarga e\u02bctibor qaratilmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

L.Zgustaga k\u00f6ra, daliliy misollar zarur. \u201cYozuvga kiritilgan misollar lu\u011fatnavis tomonidan q\u00f6\u015fim\u00e7a material sifatida emas, balki yozuvning ajralmas qismi sifatida k\u00f6rib \u00e7iqili\u015fi kerak. Misollar asosiy ta\u02bcrifning \u00f6rnini bosmasligi kerak, balki uni tasvirla\u015fi va t\u00f6ldiri\u015fi kerak. Bundan tabiiy ravi\u015fda kelib \u00e7iqadiki, agar bitta yozuv i\u00e7ida k\u00f6proq ta\u02bcriflar b\u00f6lsa, ya\u02bcni kiri\u015f s\u00f6zi k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli b\u00f6lsa, misollar ma\u02bcnoga k\u00f6ra birma-bir taqsimlani\u015fi kerak\u201d [7:340].<\/span><\/p>\n

Daliliy misollardan bir tilli, ikki tilli va k\u00f6p tilli lu\u011fatlarda birdek keng foydalaniladi. Arab\u00e7adan bo\u015fqa tillarga tarjima lu\u011fatlarning mutlaq k\u00f6p\u00e7iligida bu me\u02bcyorga amal qilingan. Buning bir ne\u00e7ta sabablari bor, albatta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Birin\u00e7idan, arab tilining ilk yozma izohli lu\u011fatlari iste\u02bcmolda b\u00f6lgan arab\u00e7a s\u00f6zlarning imkon qadar katta miqdorini qamrab oli\u015fga harakat qilgan. Arab lu\u011fatnavisligining bir ne\u00e7a asrlik tajribasida har bir muallif oldingi lu\u011fatlarda mavjud s\u00f6zlarning haqiqatan ham iste\u02bcmolda b\u00f6lib-b\u00f6lmagani, bor b\u00f6lsa, izohlangan ma\u02bcnoni anglati\u015fi masalasiga aniqlik kiritgan hamda iste\u02bcmolda bor b\u00f6lib, oldingi lu\u011fatlarga kirmay qolgan s\u00f6zlarni ham zikr eti\u015f bilan til boyligining saqlanib qoli\u015figa, \u015fu bilan birga, arab lu\u011fatnavisligi rivojiga beqiyos hissa q\u00f6\u015fgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ikkin\u00e7idan, arab tilidagi s\u00f6zlar juda ham k\u00f6p ma\u02bcnoli. Buni biz \u201cAl-Qomus\u201d lu\u011fati orqali ham k\u00f6ri\u015fimiz mumkin. Unda ayrim s\u00f6zlarning 70 dan ortiq ma\u02bcnosi berilgan [3:186-187]. 25-30 ta ma\u02bcnosi berilgan s\u00f6zlar ham talaygina. \u015eu bois, s\u00f6zning ma\u02bcnolarini bir-biridan aniqroq farqla\u015f u\u00e7un ham daliliy misollarga ehtiyoj tu\u011filgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

U\u00e7in\u00e7idan, daliliy misollar nafaqat s\u00f6zning ma\u02bcnosini aniqla\u015fda, balki uning grammatik q\u00f6llani\u015fi, son, keli\u015fik, holat (aniqlik \u2014 noaniqlik) kategoriyalari haqida t\u00f6liqroq tasavvur beri\u015f u\u00e7un muhimdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arab\u00e7a bir tilli izohli lu\u011fatlarning deyarli bar\u00e7asida daliliy misollarga juda katta ahamiyat qaratilgan. Ilk arab\u00e7a yozma lu\u011fat sanalgan Xalil ibn Ahmadning \u201cAl-Ayn\u201d lu\u011fatida ham deyarli har bir s\u00f6z yoki ibora yuzasidan daliliy misollar keltirilgan va bu bilan muallif daliliy misollar beri\u015f an\u02bcanasini ham bo\u015flab bergan. Xalil ibn Ahmad \u015funday keltiradi:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064c \u2013 \u0648\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064f \u0639\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0647\u064e\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 Son, sanoq \u00a0\u2013 \u201cBu dirhamlar mana buning soni\u00e7adir\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u011fatlarda daliliy misolning iqtibos turi ham keng q\u00f6llaniladi. Iqtibos maqsad tilda yaratilgan biror asardan yoki o\u011fzaki tilda biror \u015faxs tomonidan aytilgan ma\u015fhur s\u00f6zdan olingan b\u00f6li\u015fi mumkin. Iqtiboslar bir tilli izohli lu\u011fatlarda k\u00f6proq q\u00f6llani\u015figa qaramay, ikki tilli lu\u011fatlarda ham keng i\u015flatiladi. \u201cDevonu lu\u011fotit turk\u201dda t\u00f6qima jumlalar bilan bir qatorda daliliy misolning iqtibos turidan ham unumli foydalanilgan. Bu bilan s\u00f6zning ma\u02bcnosini teran tu\u015funtiri\u015fga eri\u015fi\u015f bilan bir qatorda mazkur s\u00f6zning turkiy tilda mavjudligi hamda ayni kontekstda i\u015flatili\u015fi isbotlangan. Masalan, \u201cAr b\u00f6ri \u2013 sirtlon. (\u015eoir) dedi:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00f6rub ne\u00e7uk qo\u00e7mading,<\/span>
\nYamar suvin ke\u00e7mading, <\/span>
\nTovaringni so\u00e7mading,<\/span>
\nYesun seni ar b\u00f6ri\u201d [11].<\/span><\/p>\n

Iqtiboslarda \u015fe\u02bcriy par\u00e7alar bilan bir qatorda maqollar ham k\u00f6p q\u00f6llaniladi. Masalan, \u201cDevonu lu\u011fotit turk\u201dda k\u00f6plab qimmatli maqollar keltirilgan. \u201cErik er \u2013 i\u015f\u00e7an, tiri\u015fqoq ki\u015fi. Maqolda bor: \u201cErik erni irini yo\u011fli\u011f, ermaku erni bo\u015fi qonli\u011f\u201d. Ya\u02bcni, tiri\u015fqoq ki\u015fining labi yo\u011fli, dangasa ki\u015fining bo\u015fi qonli.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAl-Ayn\u201d lu\u011fatidagi iqtibos turiga oid quyidagi misolni k\u00f6rib \u00e7iqaylik:<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0628 \u0645\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064e\u062c\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631: \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u064f\u0628\u0651 \u0637\u064e\u064a\u0641\u064d \u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064e \u0645\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0642\u0650\u064a … \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0650 \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0627”<\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAyn\u201d harfi maxraji yaqin b\u00f6lgani u\u00e7un \u201cha (huttiy)\u201d harfi bilan bir s\u00f6zda kelmaydi. Biroq, \u201c\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649\u201d s\u00f6ziga \u00f6x\u015fab ikki s\u00f6zni birla\u015ftiri\u015fdan paydo b\u00f6lgan fe\u02bcl bundan mustasno. \u015eoirning quyidagi s\u00f6zi kabi:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOh kim, tark etmadi xayoling ne\u00e7alar meni,<\/span><\/p>\n

To muazzin \u00e7orladi \u201chayya alal\u201d faloh debon\u201d [ 20].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xalil ibn Ahmad \u00f6zi tuzgan lu\u011fatda daliliy misol sifatida johiliyat davri va ilk Islom davri arab \u015foirlarining \u015fe\u02bcrlari, arab xalq maqollari, qadimgi voizlarning xutbalari va Qur\u02bconi karim hamda hadisi \u015fariflardan foydalangan. Bu an\u02bcana keyingi davrdagi bar\u00e7a lu\u011fatnavislar tomonidan davom ettirilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba\u02bczan s\u00f6zning ma\u02bcnosi t\u00f6qima misol orqali tu\u015funtirilga\u00e7, yana iqtibos bilan ham dalillanib, u\u015fbu s\u00f6zning tilda mavjudligi, iste\u02bcmolda borligi isbotlanadi. Bunday hol deyarli bar\u00e7a lu\u011fatlarda mavjud. Masalan, Ibn al-Manzur \u201cLisonul arab\u201dda \u015funday keltiradi: \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0631\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0632\u064f \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062c\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064f\u062c\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0648\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0647 \u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064f\u062c\u0652 \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062c\u064e \u2013 yutdi, \u011folib b\u00f6ldi. Ki\u015fi raqibini yutdi. Maqolda borki: \u201cKim qoziga yol\u011fiz kelsa, yutadi (Raqibining s\u00f6zini e\u015fitmagan qozi uning foydasiga hukm qiladi)\u201d [18]. K\u00f6rib turganimizdek, bu yerda ham t\u00f6qima misol, ham maqoldan iborat iqtibos daliliy misol qilib berilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u011fat tuzi\u015fda iqtibosning hajmi ham muhim. L.Zgusta fikri\u00e7a, eng munosib iqtibos butun leksikografik kontekstni ifodalaganidir, ya\u02bcni matndan olingan par\u00e7aning qisqartirilgan qismini keltiri\u015fdir. Ya\u02bcni, iqtibos, undan k\u00f6zlangan maqsad \u2013 bo\u015f s\u00f6zning yoki izohlanayotgan s\u00f6z yoki birikmaning ma\u02bcnosi, i\u015flatili\u015f \u00f6rni va holatini tu\u015funtiri\u015f u\u00e7un yetarli b\u00f6li\u015fi lozim. Par\u00e7aning yetarli qismidan orti\u011fini qisqartiri\u015f mumkin [7:340].<\/span><\/p>\n

Masalan, \u201cAl-Qomus\u201ddagi quyidagi iqtiboslarga e\u02bctibor bersak: \u0623\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064c k\u00f6p. \u0622\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064c … 3. ajal, \u00f6lim vaqti, vafot; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064f muqarrar \u00f6lim; \u258c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0632\u0652\u0642\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0645\u064e\u062d\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064c Rizq taqsimlangan, \u00f6lim esa muqarrar [2:33]; U\u015fbu iqtibos ma\u015fhur tobein Hasan Basriy (vaf.728)ning katta hajmga ega s\u00f6zidan olingan: (\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0632\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u062a\u0645.) [19]. Par\u00e7adan olingan iqtibos izohlanayotgan s\u00f6z ma\u02bcnosini o\u00e7ib beri\u015f u\u00e7un yetarli b\u00f6lgani u\u00e7un, par\u00e7ani t\u00f6li\u011fi\u00e7a beri\u015fga zarurat b\u00f6lmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lu\u011fatda daliliy misollarni tarjima qili\u015f masalasi ham diqqatga molik. Ularni asliyat matn va uning muayyan na\u015fr etilgan tarjimasidan oli\u015f kerakmi yoki lu\u011fat tuzuv\u00e7ining \u00f6zi mustaqil tarjima qili\u015fi kerakmi? Bu masalada lu\u011fat\u015funoslarning \u00f6ziga xos qara\u015flari mavjud.<\/span><\/p>\n

Al-Qosimiy, Zofgen va bo\u015fqalar fikri\u00e7a, daliliy misollar albatta tarjima qilini\u015fi kerak [8:2888-2903]. Biroq Jakobsen (Jacobsen) [6:2782-2789] kabi olimlar misollarni tarjima qili\u015fga ehtiyoj y\u00f6q, deb hisoblaydi [4:493-501]. Daliliy misollar tarjima tiliga \u00f6girili\u015fi \u015fart emas, degan olimlar fikri\u00e7a, misollar manba tilda berilsa kifoya, uni \u00f6quv\u00e7iga ona tilida qanday ifodala\u015fni \u00f6rgati\u015f zarurati y\u00f6q. Lekin tajriba \u015funi k\u00f6rsatadiki, lu\u011fat tuzuv\u00e7i oddiy foydalanuv\u00e7iga qaraganda manba tilini har tomonlama yax\u015firoq biladi, binobarin, berilayotgan misollarni tarjima tilida ham teranroq, nazarda tutilgan ma\u02bcnoga mosroq tarjima qila oladi. Boz ustiga daliliy misollar doim ham ma\u02bcnosi bar\u00e7aga birdek tu\u015funarli sodda yi\u011fiq gaplardan ta\u015fkil topmaydi. \u015eu bois izohlanayotgan s\u00f6zning yol\u011fiz holda, lu\u011fat birligi sifatidagi ma\u02bcnosi hamda berilayotgan daliliy misol (t\u00f6qima jumla yoki iqtibos) kontekstidagi ma\u02bcnosi \u00f6rtasidagi uy\u011funlikni e\u02bctiborga olgan holda lu\u011fatnavislar tomonidan tarjima bilan taqdim etili\u015fi maqsadga muvofiq. Masalan, \u201cAl-Qomus\u201dda quyidagi misolni k\u00f6rsak: \u201c\u0636\u064e\u0631\u0651\u064e … 1. ~\u0647\u064f \/ ~ \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650 k.gadir zarar yetkazdi, ziyon keltirdi; … \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0636\u064f\u0631\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0646\u064f\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062d\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 It hurar, karvon \u00f6tar (mql<\/em>. s\u00f6zma-s\u00f6z:<\/em> Itlar huri\u015fining bulutga zarari y\u00f6q)\u201d. U\u015fbu daliliy misolda berilgan maqol tarjimasiz qoldirilsa, ehtimol foydalanuv\u00e7i uning s\u00f6zma-s\u00f6z ma\u02bcnosi bilan \u00e7eklanar-da, undan k\u00f6zlangan maqsadni anglamasligi va \u00f6zbek tilidagi muqobilini topmasligi mumkin edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Misollar grammatik maqsadlarda ham q\u00f6llanadi. Lemmada kiri\u015f s\u00f6z haqida kerakli grammatik k\u00f6rsatki\u00e7lar b\u00f6li\u015fi va \u015funga \u00f6x\u015fa\u015f k\u00f6rsatki\u00e7lar ekvivalentlardan keyin keli\u015fi kerak. Lu\u011fat \u00f6quv\u00e7iga u\u015fbu s\u00f6zma-s\u00f6z aniqlov\u00e7i k\u00f6rsatki\u00e7lardan ta\u015fqari, bo\u015f s\u00f6z yoki ekvivalenti yoki ikkalasi haqida turli xil grammatik ma\u02bclumotlarni taqdim eti\u015fi mumkin. U\u015fbu ma\u02bclumot bo\u015f s\u00f6zning (yoki ekvivalentining) jumladagi bo\u015fqa s\u00f6zlar bilan biriki\u015figa aloqador b\u00f6ladi. Morfologik jihatdan rivojlangan tillarda u\u015fbu ma\u02bclumot talab qilinadigan \u015fakllar (masalan, \u201cdativ\u201d bilan) va grammatik omillar bilan birikmalar (zarur predloglar va bo\u015fqalar)ga aloqador b\u00f6ladi. Morfologiyasi rivojlanmagan tillarda biriktiri\u015f imkoniyatlari diqqat markazida b\u00f6ladi [7:340]. Bunga misol tariqasida \u201cAl-Qomus\u201d lu\u011fatidagi quyidagi namunani k\u00f6ri\u015fimiz mumkin: \u201c\u0639\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e … 5. \u0639\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e \/ \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0650\u064a \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0628\u0650\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064b\u0627 (u) menga yax\u015filigini ke\u00e7iktirdi, paysalga soldi, kamaytirdi\u201d. Bu yerda daliliy misol \u0639\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e fe\u02bclining \u00f6timli b\u00f6lib, tu\u015fum \u2013 nasb keli\u015figidagi vositasiz t\u00f6ldiruv\u00e7i (\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f) bilan bir qatorda, predlog orqali qaratqi\u00e7 \u2013 jarr keli\u015figidagi vositali t\u00f6ldiruv\u00e7i bilan (\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e \/ \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0650\u064a) ham keli\u015fi mumkinligini, \u015funingdek, \u0639\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e fe\u02bcli vositasiz t\u00f6ldiruv\u00e7ini \u0628\u0650\u0640 predlogi bilan talab qili\u015fi mumkinligi kabi ma\u02bclumotlar taqdim etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Daliliy misollarni qanday manbalardan oli\u015f kerak? Bu masala ham lu\u011fatning muvaffaqiyatli va \u00f6z maqsadlariga t\u00f6liq eri\u015fi\u015fi u\u00e7un muhim. Lu\u011fat\u015funos olimlarning xulosalariga k\u00f6ra, misollar tilning (odatda yozma) matnlaridan olini\u015fi mumkin yoki lu\u011fat tuzuv\u00e7i tomonidan ma\u02bclumot beruv\u00e7i birikma yoki jumlalar \u015faklida tuzili\u015fi mumkin. Yozma matnlardan olingan misolning katta afzalligi \u015fundaki, u fe\u02bclan daliliy xususiyatga ega: k\u00f6rib \u00e7iqilayotgan s\u00f6z haqiqatan ham ma\u02bclum bir par\u00e7ada, ma\u02bclum bir muallif tomonidan i\u015flatilganligini isbotla\u015fi mumkin. \u015eu bois, bunday misollar \u201ciqtibos\u201d deb ataladi va har qanday filologik lu\u011fatda, eng avvalo, yirik iqtiboslar afzal k\u00f6riladi. Umumiy tavsifiy lu\u011fatlarda, ayniqsa \u00f6lik tilda yoki tirik tilning eski bosqi\u00e7ida keltirilgan misollarni keltiri\u015f mumkin b\u00f6lgan yagona misol deb aytsa b\u00f6ladi [7:265].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa <\/strong>qilib ayti\u015f lozimki, lu\u011fat, bir tilli izohli lu\u011fat b\u00f6lsa ham, ikki yoki k\u00f6p tilli tarjima lu\u011fati b\u00f6lsa ham, uning foydalilik nisbatini o\u015firi\u015f u\u00e7un albatta daliliy misollarga \u00f6rin beri\u015f lozim. Daliliy misollar faqatgina lu\u011fat birligining ma\u02bcnosi yoki ma\u02bcnolarini o\u00e7ib bermay, balki uning i\u015flatili\u015f \u00f6rinlari, grammatik xususiyatlari kabi muhim jihatlari b\u00f6yi\u00e7a ham muhim ma\u02bclumotni \u00f6z i\u00e7iga oladi. Daliliy misollar tuzuv\u00e7i tomonidan ijod qilingan birikma, jumla va b. bilan bir qatorda m\u00f6\u02bctabar asarlardan olingan yoki tarixiy \u015faxslar s\u00f6zlari va \u015fu kabilardan olingan iqtibos k\u00f6rini\u015fida b\u00f6li\u015fi mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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  1. Akobirov S.F., Ma\u02bcrufov Z.M. va b. \u00d6zbek\u00e7a-rus\u00e7a lu\u011fat. \u2013 Moskva, 1959.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Al-Qomus, I jild.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Al-Qomus, III jild.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Arleta Adamska-Salaciak. Proceedings of the 12th EURALEX International Congress \/\/ Translation of Dictionary Examples \u2013 Notoriously Unreliable? Torino, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Dash, Niladri Sekhar. The Art of Lexicography. In, Vesna Muhvic-Dimanovski and Lelija So\u010danac (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. \u2013 Oxford,<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Jacobsen, J. \u0122., Manley, J., Pedersen, V. \u0118. (1991), ‘Examples in the bilingual dictionary\u02bc, in \u0118ausmann, F.-J., \u0122eichmann, O., Wiegand, \u0118. E., Zgusta, L. (eds.) W\u00f6rterbucher\/Diclionaries\/Dictionnaires (vol. 3). \u2013 Berlin and New York, Mouton de Gruyter.<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. Zgusta L. Manual of lexicography. \u2013 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1971.<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. Z\u00f6fgen E. Bilingual Learner\u02bcs Dictionaries. Hausmann, F.J. et al. (Eds.). 1989\u20131991: Worterb\u00fccher. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Vol. 3.<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. Ibrohimov N., Aripov A., Ikromjonov I., Zayriyev A. Al-Qomus: arab\u00e7a-\u00f6zbek\u00e7a qomusiy lu\u011fat (bundan keyin Al-Qomus). 4 jildli. I \u2013 To\u015fkent.<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. Mahmud Ko\u015f\u011fariy. Devonu lu\u011foti-t-turk (Turkiy s\u00f6zlar devoni). S.Muttalibov tarjimasi. Na\u015frga tayyorlov\u00e7i Sodiqov Q. \u2013To\u015fkent, 2017. \u2013 \u0411. 217.; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u063a\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c 1333\/1915. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0635 24.<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. Mahmud Ko\u015f\u011fariy. Devonu lu\u011foti-t-turk (Turkiy s\u00f6zlar devoni). S.Muttalibov tarjimasi. Na\u015frga tayyorlov\u00e7i Q.Sodiqov. \u2013 To\u015fkent, 2017. \u2013 \u0411. 45.; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u063a\u0631\u064a. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643. \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c 1333\/1915. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635 75.<\/span><\/li>\n
  12. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 250\u00a0000 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u042d.\u041c.\u041c\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u042e.\u0414.\u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044f\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u043c I. \u2013 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n
  13. Rus\u00e7a-\u00f6zbek\u00e7a mukammal lu\u011fat. \u00d6zbek\u00e7ala\u015ftiruv\u00e7i A\u015furali Zohiriy. 2 jildda. \u2013 Samarqand \u2013 To\u015fkent, 1927.<\/span><\/li>\n
  14. Raxmankulov\u02bc S., Karam\u02bc A. Rus\u00e7a-tatar\u00e7a mukammal lu\u011fat \/ \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u2013 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044a, 1920.<\/span><\/li>\n
  15. \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0423. \u0410\u0441-\u0421\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d: \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0447\u0430-\u045e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0447\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0493\u0430\u0442. \u2013 \u0422., 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
  16. \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0420\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0422.\u041d.\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438-\u041d\u0438\u044f\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0410.\u041a.\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u2013 \u0422., 1941.<\/span><\/li>\n
  17. \u00d6zbek tilining izohli lu\u011fati. A.Madvaliyev tahriri ostida. 5 jildda. I jild A-D. \u2013 T., 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
  18. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u064a 15 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0635 347.<\/span><\/li>\n
  19. \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988. \u0635 227.<\/span><\/li>\n
  20. \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988. \u0635 60.<\/span><\/li>\n
  21. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 1991. \u0635 147\u061b Zgusta L., \u2013 S. 267.<\/span><\/li>\n
  22. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1991. \u0635 138.<\/span><\/li>\n
  23. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0645\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1896.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    \u00a0<\/div>\n
    Abduxakim ARIPOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    Andijon davlat \u00e7et tillar instituti mustaqil tadqiqot\u00e7isi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    \u201cImom Buxoriy saboqlari\u201d jurnali 2025-yil 3-sonidan olindi.<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Kiri\u015f. Lu\u011fat tuzi\u015fdan maqsad, \u00f6rganilayotgan til (maqsad til)dagi s\u00f6zlar ma\u02bcnolarini ona tili yoki tarjima tilida imkon qadar aniq va tu\u015funarli ifodala\u015f va bu bilan til \u00f6rgani\u015f yoki \u015fu tildagi matnlarni teran tu\u015funi\u015fga yordamla\u015fi\u015fdan iboratdir. Lu\u011fatning bu \u011foyaga t\u00f6laqonli eri\u015fuvi u\u00e7un muayyan s\u00f6zning maqsad tilda mavjudligi, i\u015flatili\u015f \u00f6rinlari, izohlanayotgan ma\u02bcnolarni bildiri\u015fini isbotla\u015f maqsadida daliliy misollar beriladi. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":53975,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53964"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53964"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53976,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53964\/revisions\/53976"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/53975"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}