{"id":44593,"date":"2025-08-18T10:26:51","date_gmt":"2025-08-18T05:26:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=44593"},"modified":"2025-08-18T10:26:51","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T05:26:51","slug":"markaziy-osiyo-hududida-faoliyat-yuritgan-muhrkanlarga-oid-ayrim-ma%ca%bclumotlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=44593&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"MARKAZIY OSIYO HUDUDIDA FAOLIYAT YURITGAN MUHRKANLARGA OID AYRIM MA\u02bcLUMOTLAR"},"content":{"rendered":"

XX asrga kelib islom san\u02bcatiga oid tadqiqotlar jadal rivojlanganiga qaramasdan, muhrlar borasida izlanishlar juda ozdir. Ehtimol, yozma manbalar muhrlarga qaraganda ko\u02bbproq ma\u02bclumot bergani bunga asosiy sababdir. Bunday sabablardan yana biri \u2013 bu muhrlarning bugungi kungacha yetib kelmagani va uning egalari haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlarning kamligidir. Shu o\u02bbrinda muhrga ega bo\u02bblish hamma vaqt ham bemalol bo\u02bblavermaganini aytib o\u02bbtish lozim. Birinchidan, muhr egasi ma\u02bclum bir amaldor yoki mansab egasi bo\u02bblgan. Ikkinchidan, mansabdan tushgandan keyin ular bunday muhrdan foydalanishi mumkin bo\u02bblmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Markaziy Osiyo hududida yozilgan manbalarda \u2013 qo\u02bblyozma asarlar, qozi hujjatlari, yorliq, shajara va boshqa manbalarda kitob egalari tomonidan yoki hujjatni tasdiqlash uchun bosilgan muhrlarni uchratish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u02bblyozma kitoblarga bosilgan muhr yordamida shaxsiy, vaqf kutubxonalari va kitob savdosi hamda qo\u02bblyozmalarning ko\u02bbchib yurishi haqidagi tarixiy faktlarni aniqlash mumkin. Bu esa, o\u02bbz navbatida, Markaziy Osiyo tarixi, sfragistika va turli fan sohalari bilan shug\u02bbullanuvchilar uchun ko\u02bbpgina ma\u02bclumotlar berishi tabiiydir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhrkanlik katta hunar va san\u02bcat hisoblangan. Ayrim xattotlar muhrkanlik ishini ham bajargan. Bu hunar egalari tarixda xattot yoki muhrkan nomi bilan mashhur bo\u02bblgan. Muhrkanlarning o\u02bbyib yozgan xatlari, ya\u02bcni muhrdagi yozuv ma\u02bcno ifodalashdan tashqari, kishilarga go\u02bbzal ehtiros, estetik zavq beradi. Muhrkan qalamida tayyorlangan har bir muhr san\u02bcat mo\u02bbjizasi kabi o\u02bblmas asar hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuni aytib o\u02bbtish kerakki, Markaziy Osiyoda yozuvning juda ko\u02bbp \u2013 kufiy,nas\u02bch, suls, nasta\u02bcliq, riqo, rayhoniy<\/em> kabi turlari mavjud bo\u02bblgan. O\u02bbzini muhrkan deb atagan kishi xattotlik qoidalaridan xabardor bo\u02bblishi va qoidaga muvofiq yoza olishi shart edi. Bu esa, anchagina ilm, qobiliyat va diqqatni talab qiladi. Shuningdek, muhrlar turli shaklda bo\u02bblgan, masalan: qozi va muftiylarniki dumaloq bo\u02bblsa, mudarris va jismoniy shaxslarning muhri to\u02bbg\u02bbri to\u02bbrt burchak yoki boshqa shaklda yasalgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhrkanlar Markaziy Osiyoda keng tarqalgan nasx, nasta\u02bcliq va suls xat turlarini mukammal bilishi shart hisoblangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arab yozuvining bezaklash imkoniyati har bir harfning turli shakllarda yozilishi bilan izohlanadi. Harfning so\u02bbz boshi, o\u02bbrtasi, oxiri yoki alohida turganda har xil yozilishi ham bezakdorlik uchun hisobga olingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhr yasashda badiiy-arabiy xat chizmakashlik (grafik) san\u02bcatidan foydalanilgan. Markaziy Osiyo hududida qator muhrkanlar faoliyat olib borgan, ular nafaqat muhr yasash, balki xattotlik ishlarini ham bajargan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Markaziy Osiyoda faoliyat olib borgan muhrkanlar (muhrsozlar) haqida ma\u02bclumotlar juda kam. Tarqoq holdagi ma\u02bclumotlar ayrim manbalarda uchraydi. Abulg\u02bboziy o\u02bbzining \u201cShajarayi turk\u201d<\/em> asarida shaharlarda ayrim shaxslar uchun muhrlar tayyorlab beruvchi hunarmandlar \u2013 muhrkanlar ham faoliyat yuritgani haqida ma\u02bclumot bergan. Shuningdek, u Xiva xoni Abulg\u02bbozixon XVI asrning birinchi yarmida Avaneshxonning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Dinmuhammad sulton \u201cbozordin bir muhrkanni kelturib, otasining otina muhr qazdurdi\u201d, deb xabar bergan [1:131]. Bunday ustalardan birining nomini XVII asr muallifi Mutribiy ham eslab o\u02bbtadi [2:176].<\/span><\/p>\n

Yana bir ma\u02bclumot XIX asrning ma\u02bcrifatparvar muarrixlaridan bo\u02bblgan Muhammad Solihxo\u02bbjaning \u201cTarixi jadidayi Toshkand\u201d<\/em> (\u201cYangi Toshkent tarixi\u201d) asarida [6:157-158] uchratish mumkin. Muallifning yozishicha, Eshon Abdulvahhob xoja muhrkan Abdusami\u02bc xoja xatib o\u02bbg\u02bbli ham mohir xattot bo\u02bblib, keyinchalik Buxoroga ko\u02bbchib ketgan. Muallifning ustozi domulla Mir Inoyatulloh esa, asar yozish bilan birga, xattotlikda ham mohir bo\u02bblgan. U Abdurahmon Jomiyning \u201cSharhi mualla\u201d<\/em> (Ibn Hojibning \u201cAl-kofiya\u201d asari sharhi) asarini yoshligida husnixat bilan ko\u02bbchirgan ekan. A.Murodov ham o\u02bbzining xattotlik tarixiga bag\u02bbishlangan tadqiqotida mazkur shaxslarni Toshkentdagi ko\u02bbzga ko\u02bbringan xattotlar sifatida sanab o\u02bbtgan. Uning yozishicha, Mir Inoyatullo Jomiyning \u201cFavoyidi ziyoiya\u201d<\/em> (Jomiyning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Ziyouddin uchun yozgan asari) asarini ham husnixatda ko\u02bbchirgan [4:142-143].<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhrkanlarning yana biri Mulla Mir Ahmadxon bo\u02bblib, Toshkentda ulamolar oilasida tug\u02bbilgan va \u201cMir\u201d<\/em> taxallusi bilan ijod qilgan. Mulla Mir Ahmadxon xushxat muhrkan bo\u02bblib, bundan tashqari, qozixonalarda muftiy va a\u02bclamlik vazifasini bajargan. Murod xoja Solih xojaning yozishicha, u \u201cFiqhi akbar\u201d<\/em> (\u201cKatta fiqh\u201d) asarini arabchadan o\u02bbzbek tiliga nazmda tarjima qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shoir, adib Sirojiddin Maxdum Sidqiy Xondayliqiy [5] (1884-1934) ham muhrkanlik kasbiga ega bo\u02bblgan. Bu san\u02bcatdan yaxshigina xabardor bo\u02bblgan. Sidqiy Xondayliqiy XX asr boshlarida toshkentlik qozi, muftiy va mudarrislarga muhr yasab bergan. Sharqshunoslik instituti qo\u02bblyozmalar fondida \u21167633 raqami ostida saqlanayotgan yig\u02bbma jildda Mirza Hoshim Xo\u02bbjandiy (vaf.1924) va uning shogirdi Sirojiddin Mahdum Sidqiy Xondayliqiyning san\u02bcatkorona ishlangan bir necha shakldagi o\u02bbyma 471 dona muhr nusxasi mavjud.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhrlarni bir necha toifaga bo\u02bblish mumkin: qozikalon, qozi, muftiy, mudarris, a\u02bclam va ularning farzandlari nomi aks etgan muhrlar [3]. Shuningdek, amaldor bo\u02bblmagan kiborlar avlodlardan bo\u02bblgan sayyid, xoja, to\u02bbra va mirlarning ham muhrlari uchraydi. Mavjud muhrlar Toshkent shahri va uning atrofidagi shahar va qishloq qozilariga tegishli bo\u02bblgan. Bu davrda va undan oldin rasmiy va shaxsiy muhrlarni yasash har kimga ham ishonib topshirilmagan. Bunday mas\u02bculiyatli ishning Sidqiy Hondayliqiyga topshirilgani uning katta mavqega ega bo\u02bblganini ko\u02bbrsatadi. Muhrlardagi sanalar taxminan 1326\/1908-1336\/1918-yillarni ko\u02bbrsatadi. Bunday muhrlarning ko\u02bbpligi kishini ajablantiradi. Ular keyinchalik shaxsiy muhrlarga aylangan bo\u02bblsa kerak, chunki XIX asr oxirlariga kelib, ruscha muhrlar joriy etila boshladi, masalan: \u201cNarodn<\/em>\u044b<\/em>y sudya Sebzarskoy chasti goroda Tashkenta S<\/em>\u044b<\/em>rdarinskoy oblasti\u201d yoki \u201cNarodn<\/em>\u044b<\/em>y sudya Kukchinskiy chasti goroda Tashkenta S<\/em>\u044b<\/em>rdarinskoy oblasti\u201d<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xudoybergan Muhrkan Xivaqiy Muhammad Fano o\u02bbg\u02bbli (1817-yil) Xivaning Bobokarvonboshi mahallasida dunyoga kelgan. Nafaqat xattotlik bilan shug\u02bbullangan, balki muhr o\u02bbyish san\u02bcatiga ham qiziqqan [7].<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu muhr egalarining aksariyati hozir bizga noma\u02bclum. Bir qismigina Toshkent va uning atrofidagi shaxslarga tegishli ekanini aniqlashga muvaffaq bo\u02bbldik. Bu boradagi ishlar hali davom etmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ushbu masalalar yechimini topish katta ahamiyatga ega. Bu, o\u02bbz navbatida, birinchidan, Markaziy Osiyo hududida yashab o\u02bbtgan mansabdor shaxslar va ziyolilar faoliyatini tadqiq etishga, ikkinchidan, bu yerda yashab o\u02bbtgan yuksak intellektual qobiliyatga ega bo\u02bblgan shaxslar hayoti borasida to\u02bbliq va obyektiv tasavvurga ega bo\u02bblish imkonini beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xondayliqiy tayyorlagan mazkur muhrlarning bir qismi XIX asr oxiri \u2013 XX boshlarida faoliyat olib borgan Toshkent qozilariga tegishlidir. Ulardan biri Toshkentda katta mavqega ega bo\u02bblgan Sebzor qozisi Muhiddin xojaniki. Uning muhrlari asosan Markaziy arxivda saqlanayotgan qozilik hujjatlarida uchraydi. Qozi Sebzor qozixonasida yuritilgan turli xil hujjatlarga o\u02bbz muhrini bosgan. Muhrda \u201cQozi Muhammad Muhiddin xoja ibn Muhammad Hakim xoja Eshon Alaviy, 1304\/1887-yil\u201d<\/em> degan ma\u02bclumot berilgan. Shuningdek, arxivdagi ayrim qozi hujjatlarida bir yo\u02bbla XIX asr oxirida Toshkentning to\u02bbrt hududida qozilik qilgan qozilar muhrini ham uchratish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ularda: Sebzor qozisi Aziz Xoja Eshon ibn Eshon Oy Xoja Hoji shayxulislom (1300\/1883-84); Ko\u02bbkcha qozisi Mulla Boy Mirza qozi ibn Mirza Og\u02bbaliq (1300\/1883-84); Beshyog\u02bboch qozisi Odil Xoja Eshon ibn Oftob Xoja Alavi (1300\/1883-84); Shayx Xovand Tahur qozisi Muhammad Sharif Xoja Sadr neshin ibn Podshoh Xoja Umariy (1288\/1872).<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr oxiri \u2013 XX asr boshlarida Turkiston o\u02bblkasida qozilik sudi ishlarini yuritishda yuridik hujjatlarni qayd qilish tartib-qoidalariga alohida e\u02bctibor qaratilgan. Chor hukumati amaldorlaridan so\u02bbng xalqni boshqarib, uning ijtimoiy-siyosiy ahvolini tartibga solishda mahalliy qozilarning o\u02bbrni katta bo\u02bblgan. Qozilar aksariyat hollarda mulkiy va oilaviy munosabatlarga oid bo\u02bblgan masalalarni hal etgan. Masalan, mulkiy munosabatlarga: vasiyat, meros, shirkat, kafolat, mulk da\u02bcvosi, yetkazilgan zararni qoplash, oldi-sotdi, ijara, qarz, muzoraba, qarz, omonat, vaqf kabilar kirsa, oilaviy munosabatlarda, asosan, nikoh, mahr va boshqa mulkiy majburiyatlar, hurmati g\u02bbaliza, muayyan sabablarga ko\u02bbra nikohni bekor qilish, nasabni belgilash, qarindoshlikni isbotlash, o\u02bblimni tasdiqlash kabi ishlar bo\u02bbyicha da\u02bcvolar ko\u02bbrilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mulohazalardan yana biri shundaki, Turkiston o\u02bblkasida ham qozilik sudi ishlari shariat ahkomlariga ko\u02bbra olib borilgan va unga hanafiy mazhabi qonunlari asos qilib olingan. Bunda shariat ahkomlarini bilish va ulardan foydalanish uchun qozilarga fiqhiy asarlar manba bo\u02bblib xizmat qilgan. Bu esa, o\u02bbz-o\u02bbzidan har bir qozikalon, qozi, muftiy yoki mudarris shu sohaga oid kitobga ega bo\u02bblishini taqozo etgan. Bularni biz deyarli qo\u02bblyozmalarga bosilgan muhrlar yordamida ulardan har biri kichik bo\u02bblsa ham kutubxonaga ega bo\u02bblganini aniqladik.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ulardan biri \u2013 yuqorida zikr etilgan Sebzor qozisi Muhiddinxoja o\u02bbz shaxsiy kutubxonasiga noyob qo\u02bblyozma kitoblarni yiqqani ham ma\u02bclum. Masalan, uning kutubxonasida Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy qalamiga mansub \u201cZafarnoma\u201d<\/em> asarining XVII asrda Samarqandda ko\u02bbchirilgan va nafis musavvaralar bilan bezatilgan bir nusxasi saqlangan [8:9-20]. Keyinchalik ushbu nusxa asarning 1972-yilda Toshkentda amalga oshirilgan faksimile nashriga asos bo\u02bbldi. O\u02bbzR FA Sharqshunoslik instituti qo\u02bblyozmalar fondida \u2116 4457 raqam ostida saqlanayotgan qo\u02bblyozmada ham qozi Muhiddinxoja muhri bosilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muhrlar matni tarixini o\u02bbrganish O\u02bbrta Osiyo tarixi bilan shug\u02bbullanayotgan tadqiqotchilar uchun muhim ahamiyatga egadir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    Abulg\u02bboziy. Shajarayi turk \/Nashrga tayyorlovchilar Q.Munirov, Q.Mahmudov. \u2013 T.: Cho\u02bblpon, 1992.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0411.\u0410. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 XV-XVIII \u0432. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0424\u0430\u043d, 1985.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    \u0417\u0438\u0451\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0428. \u201c\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 (\u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442. XIX-\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e XX \u0432\u0432.)\u201d \u041c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f. \u2013 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434: \u041c\u0418\u0426\u0410\u0418, 2020.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Murodov A. O\u02bbrta Osiyo xattotlik san\u02bcati tarixidan. \u2013 T.: Fan, 1971.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Sidqiy Xondayliqiy. Tanlangan asarlari \/ Tahrir hay\u02bcati: O.Sharafiddinov, N.Aminov, B.Qosimov va boshqalar. To\u02bbplovchi, so\u02bbz boshi, izohlar Qosimov B., Javharova R. \u2013 T.: Ma\u02bcnaviyat, 1998.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Sultonov O\u02bb.A. Muhammad Solihxo\u02bbja va uning \u201cTarixi jadidayi Toshkand\u201d asari. \u2013 T: O\u02bbzbekiston, 2009.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    O\u02bbzR FA SHI qo\u02bblyozmalar fondi, inv. \u2116 1135, 1154, 9319, 9578.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  8. \n
    O\u02bbrinboyev A. Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy va uning \u201cZafarnoma\u201d asari qo\u02bblyozmasi \/\/ Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma. Nashrga tayyorlash, so\u02bbz boshi, izoh va ko\u02bbrsatkichlar A.O\u02bbrinboyevniki. \u2013 T.: Fan, 1972.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Shovosil ZIYODOV<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi direktori, professor, <\/em><\/span><\/div>\n
    Mavluda KARIMOVA <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzbekistondagi Islom sivilizatsiyasi markazi tadqiqotchisi<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    XX asrga kelib islom san\u02bcatiga oid tadqiqotlar jadal rivojlanganiga qaramasdan, muhrlar borasida izlanishlar juda ozdir. Ehtimol, yozma manbalar muhrlarga qaraganda ko\u02bbproq ma\u02bclumot bergani bunga asosiy sababdir. Bunday sabablardan yana biri \u2013 bu muhrlarning bugungi kungacha yetib kelmagani va uning egalari haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlarning kamligidir. Shu o\u02bbrinda muhrga ega bo\u02bblish hamma vaqt ham bemalol bo\u02bblavermaganini aytib o\u02bbtish …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44594,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nMARKAZIY OSIYO HUDUDIDA FAOLIYAT YURITGAN MUHRKANLARGA OID AYRIM MA\u02bcLUMOTLAR - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"MARKAZIY OSIYO HUDUDIDA FAOLIYAT YURITGAN MUHRKANLARGA OID AYRIM MA\u02bcLUMOTLAR\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=44593&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MARKAZIY OSIYO HUDUDIDA FAOLIYAT YURITGAN MUHRKANLARGA OID AYRIM MA\u02bcLUMOTLAR - 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