{"id":43461,"date":"2025-07-01T09:50:11","date_gmt":"2025-07-01T04:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=43461"},"modified":"2025-07-01T09:50:11","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T04:50:11","slug":"imom-buxoriy-dunyoqarashi-shakllanishida-muhitning-ta%ca%bcsiri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=43461&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"IMOM BUXORIY DUNYOQARASHI SHAKLLANISHIDA MUHITNING TA\u02bcSIRI"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VII asrda dunyoda olamshumul voqealar yuz berdi. Bu asrda sodir bo\u02bblgan voqealar dunyo siyosati va madaniyatiga katta o\u02bbzgarishlar olib keldi.\u00a0 Yer yuzida mavjud an\u02bcanaviy siyosiy kuchlar qisqa muddat ichida barham topdi. Bu o\u02bbzgarishlarning bosh sababi Arabiston yarim orolida islom dinining vujudga kelishi edi. Muhammad alayhissalom tomonidan asos solingan Islom davlati Payg\u02bbambar sollallohu alayhi vasallam vafotidan keyin qisqa muddatda Rum va Fors imperiyalarini mag\u02bblub etib, bepoyon hududlarni egalladi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Payg\u02bbambar sollallohu alayhi vasallam vafotidan keyin davlat tepasiga kelgan xalifalar Abu Bakr, Umar, Usmon va Ali bu ishni davom ettirdi. Bu rahbarlardan keyin iqtidorga kelgan Muoviya ibn Abu Sufyon Umaviylar sulolasiga asos soldi. Bu voqea 661-yil Hasan ibn Alining Kufani Muoviyaga topshirishi bilan sodir bo\u02bbldi [1:901]. Bu sulola ham davlatni bir asrga yaqin muddat idora qildi. Umaviylar davrida ham mamlakat ancha keng edi, lekin hukumat tepasida faqat arablar faoliyat yuritar edi. Boshqa madaniyatlar bilan ta\u02bcsirlanish kuzatilmagan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">750-yilda Abul Abbos Saffoh umaviylardan davlat boshqaruvini tortib oldi va Abbosiylar sulolasiga asos soldi [2]. Abbosiylar Xitoydan Ispaniyagacha, Afrikadan Kavkazgacha bo\u02bblgan katta hududni meros qilib oldi. Poytaxtni Damashqdan Iroqqa ko\u02bbchirib, Bag\u02bbdod shahriga asos soldi. Ikkinchi Abbosiy xalifa Abu Ja\u02bcfar Mansur Dajla sohilida, eski Madoin shahri yonida, Salafqa shahri xarobalari ustiga Bag\u02bbdod shahrini qurdirdi. Xalifalik poytaxtini Hoshimiyadan Bag\u02bbdodga ko\u02bbchirdi. Sakkizinchi xalifa Mu\u02bctasim ham Bag\u02bbdoddan o\u02bbn ikki farsah (o\u02bbn ikki soatlik) masofada Samarra shahrini barpo etib, u yerga ko\u02bbchib o\u02bbtdi. O\u02bbzidan keyin kelgan xalifalarning ko\u02bbpchiligi ushbu shaharda yashadi [3].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Arablar \u201cMovarounnahr\u201d (daryo orti) deb atagan o\u02bblka uchun janglar\u00a0 umaviylar davrida boshlangan edi. Xuroson hokimi Ubaydulloh ibn Ziyod 672-673-yillarda Buxoro qo\u02bbshini bilan jang qilib, yengadi va katta mablag\u02bb evaziga Buxorxudotning ayoli (eri vafot etgan va o\u02bbg\u02bbli kichik bo\u02bblgani uchun Buxoroni boshqarib turgan) bilan sulh tuzadi [4:64].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu ayol Ubaydulloh ibni Ziyoddan keyin Said ibn Usmon bilan ham sulh tuzdi. 706-yilda Xurosonga tayinlangan Qutayba ibn Muslim Buxoroga qo\u02bbshin tortadi. Qutayba ularni uch marta islomga da\u02bcvat qildi. Har safar ular islomni qabul qilar va Qutayba qaytgach, yana majusiylikka qaytar edi. To\u02bbrtinchi marta Qutayba shaharni to\u02bbliq egallab, har bir hovlining yarim qismiga arablardan odam joylashtirdi. Bu arablar ularni islomga amal qilishini kuzatar edi. Katta qiyinchilikdan so\u02bbng Buxoroda islom tarqaldi. Shundan so\u02bbng masjidlar qurildi va majusiylik barham topdi [4:77].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Qutayba Buxoroda jome masjid va hayit namozi o\u02bbqiladigan namozgoh qurdirdi. Bu namozgoh Arslonxon zamonigacha mavjud edi. Arslonxon namozgohni yaqinroq joyga ko\u02bbchirdi. Qutayba Buxoro shahrini arablarga taqsimlab berdi. Shaharda yetti darvoza bor edi. \u201cBob haq roh\u201d darvozasi joylashgan mahallada Muhammad ibn Hasan Shayboniyning shogirdi Abu Hafs Kabir Buxoriy yashar edi. Uning sababidan Buxoro \u201cQubbatul islom\u201d nomini oldi. Chunki bu yerda ilm tarqalib, hurmatga sazovor olimlar yetishib chiqishiga Abu Hafs Kabir sabab bo\u02bbldi [4:86-87]. Abu Hafs Kabir 822-yilda vafot etdi va bu vaqtda Imom Buxoriy o\u02bbn ikki yoshga yetgan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Umaviylar davrida amalga oshirilgan ishlar abbosiylar davrida ham davom etadi. Abbosiy xalifa Ma\u02bcmun davrida (198-218\/813-833) islomni qabul qilgan mahalliy hokimlarni rag\u02bbbatlantirish siyosati jadallashtiriladi. Keyinchalik xalifa Mu\u02bctasim billah davrida (218-227\/833-841) bu siyosat o\u02bbz samarasini beradi. Ya\u02bcni So\u02bbg\u02bbd, Farg\u02bbona, Ustrushana, Shosh va boshqa shu kabi Movarounnahr shaharlaridan ko\u02bbplab askarlar abbosiylar qo\u02bbshini tarkibida xizmat qila boshlaydi. Mahalliy hokimlar Mu\u02bctasim billahga ishonch bildirib, abbosiylar bilan yaqin munosabatda bo\u02bbladi. Natijada, Movarounnahr o\u02bblkasida islom dini ta\u02bclimoti keng yoyilib, bu o\u02bblkadan yetuk islomiy olimlar yetishib chiqishiga zamin yaratiladi. Mu\u02bctasim billah baytul moldan ikki million dirham ajratib Shosh vohasida ko\u02bbmilib ketgan daryolarni qayta qazdiradi va shoshliklarning bir muammosini hal qilish bilan birga, ularning muhabbat va e\u02bctiborini ham qozonadi. Ma\u02bcmun xalifa bo\u02bblishidan oldin Xurosonda, xususan, Marv shahrida istiqomat qilgan. Shu bois Xuroson va Movarounnahr aholisi urf-odat va an\u02bcanalaridan yaxshi xabardor bo\u02bblgani ehtimoldan holi emas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Abu Abdulloh Muhammad ibn Ismoil Buxoriy yashagan davr (810-870) abbosiylar sulolasining gullab yashnagan va butun dunyoga Birinchi Renessansni taqdim etgan IX asrga to\u02bbg\u02bbri keladi. Imom Buxoriy tug\u02bbilishidan bir yil oldin Horun ar-Rashid vafot etib, hukmronlik uning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Aminga o\u02bbtdi. Bu vaqtda Ma\u02bcmun hozirgi Turkmanistonda joylashgan Marv shahrida edi. Amin bilan Ma\u02bcmun o\u02bbrtasida kelishmovchilik boshlandi va Amin Ma\u02bcmunni valiahdlikdan bo\u02bbshatdi [1:1717].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Amin va Ma\u02bcmun o\u02bbrtasidagi nizo kuchayib, Amin Ma\u02bcmunga qarshi qo\u02bbshin jo\u02bbnatadi. Ma\u02bcmun tarafidan jangga kirgan sarkarda Tohir ibn Husayn Bag\u02bbdodgacha barcha shaharlarni egallaydi va 813 yilda Amin qatl etilib, Ma\u02bcmun taxtga o\u02bbtiradi [5:899-906].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Imom Buxoriy yashagan davrda abbosiy sulolasi vakillaridan o\u02bbn nafari hukmronlik qildi. Ular: Amin, Ma\u02bcmun, Mu\u02bctasim, Vosiq, Mutavakkil, Muntasir, Mustain, Mo\u02bbtaz, Mahdiy, Mo\u02bbtamiddir. Abbosiylar hukmronligi avvalida davlatni kuchli siyosatchilar boshqardi. Ularning hukmi davlatning barcha jabhalarida kuchli ta\u02bcsirga ega edi. Ammo keyinchalik hukmdorlar siyosati zaiflashdi, chunki har tarafdan qarshi harakatlar yuzaga kela boshladi. Davlatning har chekkasida qarshi harakatlar harbiy kuch bilan bostirilar edi. Bu qarshiliklar natijasida abbosiylar davlatidan to\u02bbliq yoki qisman mustaqil davlatlar ajralib chiqdi. Mustaqil davlatlar ham abbosiylarni diniy xalifalik sifatida tan olar, minbarlarda xutbada abbosiy xalifa nomini o\u02bbqitar, tanga pullarda mustaqil amir ismidan oldin abbosiy hukmdor ismini zarb qilar va yig\u02bbib olingan xiroj solig\u02bbidan bir qismini xalifalik baytul mol (davlat jamg\u02bbarmasi)iga jo\u02bbnatar edi [6:48].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ma\u02bcmunga qilgan xizmatlari evaziga Xurosonga amir qilib tayinlangan Tohir ibn Husayn 820-873-yillarda hukm surgan Tohiriylar davlatiga asos soldi va Nishopur shahrini markaz qildi. Imom Buxoriy mana shu davlat soyasida yashadi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Hijriy III asrda (milodiy IX asr) oldingi ikki asrda boshlangan ilmiy harakatlar yanada kengayib, turli sohalarni qamrab oldi. Ilm doiralari kengaydi, fan turlari ko\u02bbpaydi, naqliy ilmlarga katta e\u02bctibor berila boshlandi. Tafsir, qiroat, hadis, fiqh, siyrat, tarix ilmlarida zabardast olimlar yetishib chiqdi. Hadis va sunnat ilmida buyuk muhaddis va hofizlar, mohir tanqidchi olimlar, kuchli mualliflar ijod qildi. Bu asrda hadis ilmi islom diyorining turli chekkalariga tarqaldi. Hadis ustozlari va hofizlaridan ilm olish uchun muhaddislarning safarlari ko\u02bbpaydi. Eng mukammal hadis asarlari shu asrda ta\u02bclif etildi. Ulardan mashhurlari: Imom Ahmadning \u201cMusnad\u201di, Imom Buxoriyning \u201cSahihul Buxoriy\u201d asari, \u201cSahihul Muslim\u201d, \u201cSunani Said ibn Mansur\u201d, Ibnu Abi Shaybaning \u201cAl-musannaf\u201d asari, \u201cMusnadi Humaydiy\u201d, \u201cSunani Dorimiy\u201d, \u201cSunani Abu Dovud\u201d, \u201cJome at-Termiziy\u201ddir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu asarlar hadis ilmi asosini tashkil qiladi. Bu asarlarning barchasi Buxoriy yashagan asrda yaratildi. Ular orasida eng mo\u02bbtabar asar \u201cSahihul Buxoriy\u201ddir. Birgina hadis ilmida shuncha ishlar amalga oshirildi. Barcha ilmlarda ham shunday inqilob va renessans kuzatildi. Bu asr hadis ilmida oldingi asrlarning xulosasi va natijasi bo\u02bbldi. Bu borada Zahabiy qanday ajoyib gap aytdi: \u201cBu asrda hadis imomlaridan juda ko\u02bbp xalq yashab o\u02bbtdi. Biz bu yerda ularning o\u02bbndan birini ham keltira olmadik\u201d. Shuningdek, fiqh olimlaridan ham ko\u02bbp olimlar yetishib chiqdi [6:49].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII-IX asrlarda Movarounnahr madaniyati va ma\u02bcnaviy hayotida juda katta ijobiy o\u02bbzgarishlar ro\u02bby berdi. Bu o\u02bbzgarishlar nafaqat O\u02bbrta Osiyo, balki butun musulmon Sharqida uyg\u02bbonish va renessansga sabab bo\u02bbldi. Islom dini bu xalqlarni faqat dinigina bo\u02bblib qolmadi, balki u yangi ma\u02bcnaviy yo\u02bbnalish sifatida butun madaniy jarayon, ijtimoiy-madaniy va ma\u02bcrifiy aloqalar kuchayishiga juda katta ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatdi. Bu davrda hurfikrlilik, ilm, ilmga hurmat-e\u02bctibor ko\u02bbrsatish va uni yuksak baholash ustunlik qildi. Diniy ilmlar bilan uzviy holda dunyoviy ilmlar ham rivojlandi. Yunon, hind va boshqa xalqlarning ilmiy salohiyatidan keng foydalanildi. Aynan shu davrdan hududlarda maktab va madrasalar paydo bo\u02bbla boshladi [7:7].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII asr oxiri IX asr boshlarida xalifalikni larzaga keltirgan og\u02bbir siyosiy vaziyat abbosiylarning Movarounnahr va Xurosonda olib borayotgan siyosatini o\u02bbzgartirishga majbur qildi. Birin-ketin O\u02bbrta Osiyoda tohiriylar, safforiylar, somoniylar davlatlari tashkil topdi. Mamlakatda sodir bo\u02bblgan bunday siyosiy o\u02bbzgarishlardan so\u02bbng Movarounnahr Xurosondan ajralib, o\u02bbz mustaqilligini to\u02bbla tiklab olish imkoniga ega bo\u02bbldi. Movarounnahrni birlashtirib, mustahkam davlat tuzgan davlat arbobi Ismoil Somoniy, 900-yilda Xurosonni ham safforiylardan tortib olib, ulkan davlat barpo etdi. Xalifa Somoniylar davlatini tan olishga va unga hukmronlik yorlig\u02bbini yuborishga majbur bo\u02bbldi. Shu tariqa IX asr oxirlariga kelib Movarounnahr xalqlari arab xalifaligidan abadiy xalos bo\u02bbldi va undan mustaqil bo\u02bblgan yirik feodal davlat \u2013 Somoniylar davlati tashkil topdi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bu davrda ilm olish aholining keng qatlamlari uchun hayotiy zaruratga aylangani, hatto nochor va beva-bechoralar ham ilm olishga imkon topa olganini ifodalaydi. Akademik V.V.Bartold o\u02bbzining \u201cMo\u02bbg\u02bbullar bosqini davrida Turkiston\u201d asarida bir beva ayol tikuvchilik qilib, ikki o\u02bbg\u02bblini Samarqand madrasalarida o\u02bbqita olganini xabar beradi [7:8].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">IX asr birinchi yarmida xalifalik poytaxti Bag\u02bbdod shahrida joylashgan \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d nufuzini ko\u02bbtarishda O\u02bbrta Osiyodan borgan Xorazmiy, Farg\u02bboniy, Javhariy, Marvaziy kabi olimlarning aniq va tabiiy fanlar sohasidagi xizmati juda katta ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblgan. Matematika fani rivojiga yurtdoshimiz Muhammad Xorazmiy (taxm. 166-235\/783-850) katta hissa qo\u02bbshgan. Sifr, ya\u02bcni nolni to\u02bbqqizlik songa qo\u02bbshib, o\u02bbnlik algoritm nazariyasiga asos solgan. Bugungi kundagi kompyuterlashgan tizimlar o\u02bbsha mehnat mahsulidir. Amerikalik mashhur olim D.Sarton o\u02bbz asarida IX asr birinchi yarmini \u201cXorazmiy davri\u201d deb ataydi [7:13].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Xorazmiy matematika va algebraga oid \u201cMuxtasar fi hisabil jabri\u00a0 val muqobala\u201d asarini va astronomiyaga oid \u201cZiji Xorazmiy\u201d asarini yozdi [7:17]. Xorazmiyga zamondosh bo\u02bblgan Abu Nasr Forobiy va Ahmad Farg\u02bboniy ham astronomiyaga oid kitoblar yozgan. Farg\u02bboniy birinchi bo\u02bblib asboblar ixtiro qilgan va 1022 yulduzning joylashuvi haqida ma\u02bclumot qoldirgan. Bizgacha olimning \u201cIlmi nujum asoslari haqida kitob\u201d, \u201cAstronomiya ilmi\u201d va boshqa kitoblari yetib kelgan [7:18]. Kimyo ilmi ham bu asrlarda ancha rivojlandi. Abu Nasr Forobiy \u201cKimyo ilmining foydasi\u201d kitobida elementlarning xossalari haqida yozib, moddalarni kimyoviy yo\u02bbl bilan oltinga aylantirish kabi soxta nazariyalarni tanqid qildi. Kimyo sohasida o\u02bbtkazilgan tadqiqotlar tufayli metallurgiya, keramika, shisha, nitrat kislota ishlab chiqarish, gazlamalarni bo\u02bbyash, novshadil, kinovardan simobni ajratib olish va boshqa ishlarni amalga oshirishga muvaffaq bo\u02bblindi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Tibbiyot ham jadal rivojlandi. Tabiblar uchun zarur bo\u02bblgan jarrohlik asboblari \u2013 nozik kesuvchi nashtarlar (skalpel), jarohatlarni tikish ninalari va turli-tuman dorilar tayyorlanar edi. O\u02bbsha davrdayoq o\u02bblikni yorib o\u02bbrganish orqali tananing ichki a\u02bczolari tasavvur qilingan va tirik mavjudotlarda qon aylanish tizimi mavjudligini bilishgan. Arxeologlar tomonidan Poykent shahrida (Qorako\u02bbl va Jondor tumanlari tutashgan joy) topilgan dorixonada qon quyib, qon oladigan alambiklar, dori tayyorlanadigan kolbalar topilishi o\u02bbsha davrda tibbiyot nechog\u02bblik rivoj topganidan dalolat beradi. Bu davrda olimlar nafaqat tabobat bilan shug\u02bbullandi, balki tibbiyot nazariyasi rivojiga ham hissa qo\u02bbshdi. Abu Nasr Forobiyning \u201cInson a\u02bczolari haqida risola\u201d asari shular jumlasidandir [7:22]. Bu davrga kelib yunon, sanskrit va boshqa sharq tillarida yozilgan tibbiyot va dorishunoslikka oid Arastu, Dioskrit va Galen kabi olimlar asarlari suryoniy va arab tillariga tarjima qilinishi bu fanning Movarounnahr hududlarida rivojlanish omiliga aylandi [7:23].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Veterinariya sohasida ham ishlar amalga oshirilgan. Otlar va lochinlarni ko\u02bbpaytirish va parvarishlashga alohida e\u02bctibor berilgan.\u00a0 Bu borada\u00a0 Abu Nasr Forobiyning \u201cHayvon a\u02bczolari to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida risola\u201d kitobi hozir ham ahamiyatli hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII asrga kelib arab tili xalifalikning rasmiy va tijorat olib boradigan tiliga aylandi. O\u02bbsha davrda faqih va olimlar arab tilini bilishi zarurat edi. Yunon, hind va fors tillaridan tarjima qilingan asarlar ham arab tilining bir qismiga aylandi. Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf kotib Xorazmiyning \u201cMafotihul ulum\u201d asarining beshinchi bobi arab adabiyoti va she\u02bcriyatiga bag\u02bbishlangan. Xalil, Sibavayh va Mubarradlar arab tili grammatikasiga oid asarlar yozgan. Tarixchi Ibn Xaldun asarining yetti fasli arab tili grammatikasiga bag\u02bbishlangan [4:753-778].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Ma\u02bclumki, xalifalik markaziga boshqa shaharlardan kelgani singari Movarounnahrdan ham ilm olish va tijorat maqsadida ko\u02bbplab olim va savdogarlar tashrif buyurgan. Ular poytaxtda bo\u02bblayotgan voqea-hodisalarning guvohi bo\u02bblib, bu haqdagi ma\u02bclumotlarni bizning zaminimizgacha olib kelgan. Bu gaplar xalq orasida tarqalib, arab tilining ommalashuviga sabab bo\u02bblgan. Shotlandiyalik arabshunos olim A.R.Gibb (1895-1971) arab adabiyotiga: \u201cArab adabiyoti bir millat emas, balki butun tamaddun tomonidan yaratilgan o\u02bblmas yodgorlikdir\u201d[7:28], deb ta\u02bcrif bergan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII-IX asrlarda Movarounnahr va Xorazmda hunarmandlik va arxitektura ham rivoj topdi. Shaharlarda to\u02bbqimachilik, kulolchilik, chilangarlik, misgarlik, zargarlik, shishasozlik, duradgorlik kabi kasb-hunarlar rivojlanishi natijasida shaharlarning qiyofasi tubdan o\u02bbzgardi. Podsho saroyi, registon, saroy ayonlari va mulkdorlar qurdirgan saroylar, maqbara va karvonsaroylar, ustaxonalar ko\u02bbplab qurildi. Shu tariqa Buxoro, Samarqand, Urganch, Kesh, Axsikat kabi shaharlar hunarmandchilik ravnaq topgan yirik markazlarga aylandi. Xorazmiy va Forobiyning geometriyaga oid asarlari binokorlik ishlarida muhim o\u02bbrin tutgan. Shu davrgacha xom g\u02bbisht va loydan foydalanib kelingan bo\u02bblsa, endilikda pishiqroq ashyolardan foydalanish boshlandi [7:33-35]. O\u02bbsha vaqtda shaharlarda kanalizatsiya sopol quvurlar orqali qurilgan edi. Bu quvurlar o\u02bbsha davrda qurilgan inshootlarni qazib olganda ko\u02bbp uchraydi. 862-yilda xalifa Muntasir vafot etgach, onasi uning qabriga maqbara qurishga ijozat so\u02bbraydi. Shundan keyin bizning yurtlarda ham maqbaralar ko\u02bbpaydi [7:39]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII-IX asrlarga kelib o\u02bblkada temirchilik ham rivojlangan. Istaxriy ma\u02bclumotiga ko\u02bbra, Ustrushonada joylashgan Mink va Marsmanda temirdan turli buyumlar yasalgan hamda Bag\u02bbdod va Eronga eksport qilingan. Bu o\u02bblkada uzoqdan kelganlar uchun bir oyda bir marta yarmarka tashkil qilingan [7:40]. Bu davrga kelib, haykaltaroshlik va rassomchilik o\u02bbrniga o\u02bbymakorlik va naqqoshlik rivojlandi va bu qurilish inshootlarida o\u02bbz aksini topdi. Kulolchilik, zargarlik, duradgorlik kabi sohalar ham jadal rivojlandi. Qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqarishda Samarqand peshqadam bo\u02bblgan. Bunga sabab 751 yilda Talos vodiysida arablar va xitoyliklar o\u02bbrtasida bo\u02bblgan jangda asir tushganlar Samarqandga olib kelingan va u yerdan butun dunyoga tarqalgan. Bungacha Xitoy qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqarishda peshqadam bo\u02bblgan. Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur \u201cBoburnoma\u201dda keltirishicha, eng yaxshi qog\u02bboz Samarqandda ishlab chiqarilgan [8:58].\u00a0 Istaxriyning aytishicha, IX asrda qog\u02bboz faqat Movarounnahrda ishlab chiqarilgan. X asrga kelib esa Damashq, Tveriya (Falastin) va Tripolida qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqarilgan bo\u02bblsa-da, Samarqand hali ham markaz bo\u02bblib qolavergan [7:49]. Bu davrda qog\u02bboz narxi juda qimmat bo\u02bblgan, zotan hunarmandning bir oylik ish haqiga ikki yoki uch dona qog\u02bboz sotib olish mumkin bo\u02bblgan. IX asrga kelib, to\u02bbqimachilik ham yaxshi rivojlangan. Buxoro \u201ckarbos\u201d (paxtadan tayyorlanadigan mato) \u2013 \u201czandanachi\u201dni ishlab chiqaradigan shahar sifatida mashhur bo\u02bblgan. Narshaxiyning xabar berishicha, shaharda jome masjidi yaqinida qurilgan mato to\u02bbqiydigan korxona bo\u02bblib, uni \u201cDorut tiroz\u201d (To\u02bbqimachilik korxonasi) deb atashgan [4:39].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">VIII-IX asrlarga kelib, o\u02bblkada konchilik ham yaxshi rivojlangan. Zarafshon tog\u02bblaridan temir, mis, qo\u02bbrg\u02bboshin, oltin, kumush, feruza qazib olingan bo\u02bblsa, Farg\u02bbona vodiysi tog\u02bblaridan temir, qo\u02bbrg\u02bboshin, mis, simob, qalay, novshadil qazib olingan. Hatto Buxoro va Farg\u02bbonada o\u02bbsha davrdanoq toshko\u02bbmir va neft topilib, amalda foydalanilgan. Hozirgi Navoiydagi oltin konlaridan o\u02bbsha davrdanoq foydalanib kelingan. Bu davrga kelib qishloq xo\u02bbjaligi ham yaxshi rivojlangan. Murg\u02bbon va Zarafshon daryolariga to\u02bbg\u02bbonlar qurilgan va suv taqsim qilingan. Hazar dengizi orqasi viloyatidagi ba\u02bczi sug\u02bborish shaxobchalari Abdulloh ibn Tohir tomonidan tashkil qilinib, hatto bu ishlarga Bag\u02bbdod hukumati ham jalb qilingan. Toshkent atrofida katta daryo qazish uchun xalifa Mu\u02bctasim tomonidan ikki million dirham hadya qilingani manbalarda zikr qilinadi [7:64]. Bu davrga kelib, chorvachilik yuksak darajada rivojlangan. O\u02bblkada chorva mollari behisob bo\u02bblgan. Narshaxiy ma\u02bclumotlariga ko\u02bbra, VIII-IX asrlarda Qorako\u02bbldan tutilgan qush va baliqlar butun Xuroson hududidan ovlangan baliqlardan ancha ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblgan [7:65].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Islom dini kirib kelgandan so\u02bbng Movarounnahrda katta uyg\u02bbonish va rivojlanish vujudga keldi. VIII-IX asrlarda o\u02bblkadan qomusiy olimlar yetishib chiqib, ular ko\u02bbplab kashfiyot qildi va jahon ilm-fani taraqqiyotiga katta hissa qo\u02bbshdi. Muhammad Xorazmiy birinchi bo\u02bblib, kvadrat tenglamalar tiplarini va har bir tipni yechish uslubini (klassifikatsiyasini) yaratdi. Ahmad ibn Abdulloh Marvaziy va Abul Vafo Buzjoniy yassi va sferik trigonometriya sohasida katta yutuqlarga erishdi. Muhammad ibn Muso Xorazmiy boshchiligida trigonometriya faniga birinchi bo\u02bblib tangens va kotangens istilohlari kiritildi. Ahmad Farg\u02bboniy esa astronomiya fani bo\u02bbyicha birinchi bo\u02bblib, osmon jismlari radiusini aniqlab berdi [7:67].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Imom Buxoriy eng yetuk muhaddis bo\u02bblib yetishishiga qaramay, Buxoroga qaytib kelganda unga hasad qiladiganlar paydo bo\u02bbldi. Hasadchilar ig\u02bbvo qilib, Buxoriyni Buxoro amiri Xolid ibn Ahmad bilan orasiga adovat soladi va natijada Buxoriy o\u02bbz vatanini tashlab, Samarqandga ketishga majbur bo\u02bbladi [9].<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">IX asrda ilmning barcha sohalarida, kasb-hunar, savdo-iqtisodiy sohalarda ham oldin misli ko\u02bbrilmagan rivojlanish bo\u02bbldi. Bu holat o\u02bbsha davr insonlarining ilmga kuchli intilgani, barcha qatlam vakillari o\u02bbz ishining professional mutaxassislari bo\u02bblishga muvaffaq bo\u02bblganini ko\u02bbrsatadi. Chunki biror soha orqada qolmadi, balki barcha sohalarda o\u02bbsish kuzatildi. Bu davrda insonlar o\u02bbz aql-idroki va tafakkuridan ommaviy va maksimal darajada foydalandi. Butun islom Sharqi ma\u02bcrifat va madaniyat beshigiga aylangan edi. Bugungi G\u02bbarbning texnologik yutuqlari islom Sharqining renessansi ta\u02bcsirida shakllandi. Minglab g\u02bbarbliklar Sharq madaniyatini o\u02bbrganib, \u201csharqshunoslik\u201d faniga asos soldi. Bu ishlarning hammasi Sharqdagi yutuq va bilimga mahliyo bo\u02bblganidan kelib chiqqan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Imom Buxoriy yashagan davrda ilmga intilish cho\u02bbqqisiga chiqqan edi. Qayerda bir majlis bo\u02bblsa,u yerda qaysidir ilm bahs qilinayotgan bo\u02bblar edi. Ilm shahar va qishloqlarga tarqalganidan hamma oz yoki ko\u02bbp miqdorda ilm olishi mumkin edi. Bu davrda shaharma-shahar safar qilish chegara va to\u02bbsiqlarsiz amalga oshirilar edi. Ilmga qiziqqan olimlar safarda yurib, umri o\u02bbtib ketganini sezmay ham qolardi. Imom Buxoriy ham shunday olimlardan biri edi. Imom Buxoriygacha hadislar uni yodlab olgan kishilar zehnida saqlangan. Hadislarni yod olganlar butun musulmon Sharqi bo\u02bbylab tarqalgan edi. Buxoriy ko\u02bbp yillar safarda bo\u02bblib, bu insonlardan olti yuz ming hadisni yod oldi. Imom Buxoriy mehnati tengsiz bo\u02bblishining muhim omili, uning hadis roviylariga qo\u02bbygan ishonchlilik talablaridir. Hadis ilmida roviylar hayotini chuqur o\u02bbrganib, ularni ishonchli yoki ishonchsiz ekanini isbotlash shartlarini ishlab chiqdi. Bu ilm \u201cjarh va ta\u02bcdil\u201d (roviylarni ishonchli va ishonchsizga ajratish) ilmi deyiladi. Allomaning hadis ilmida tengsiz bo\u02bblib yetishishining yana bir omili uning kuchli quvvai hofizasi, ya\u02bcni zehnidir. Shubhasiz, Buxoriy yashagan davr odamlarining izlanuvchanligi va ilmga chanqoqligi allomaga ijobiy ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatgan. Uning safarlarda turli shayxlar suhbatidan manfaat olishi butun umri ilm safarlarida o\u02bbtib ketishiga olib keldi. Ko\u02bbp yillar davomida qilingan uzluksiz mehnat o\u02bbz samarasini berdi. Imom Buxoriy buyuk meros qoldirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Allomani bu buyuklikka o\u02bbsha davr muhiti, o\u02bbsha davr olimlari yetkazdi. Albatta, har qanday olim ustozlar xizmati bilan yuksaladi. Imom Buxoriyning o\u02bbzi e\u02bctirof etishicha, bir ming sakson nafar ustozdan hadis o\u02bbrgangan. Bu davrda Buxoriy va unga o\u02bbxshagan ko\u02bbp olimlar yetishib chiqishiga ilmiy muhit asosiy sababdir. Insonlar ilm barcha narsaning yechimi ekanini anglab yetdi va butun umr ilm talabida bo\u02bbldi. Bu davrda qomusiy olimlar juda ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblgan. Insonlar ilmga chanqoq edi. Yangi ixtirolar inson tafakkuridan kelib chiqadi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Bugungi kunda ham o\u02bbsha davrdagi ilmiy-ma\u02bcrifiy muhit barcha insonlar orasida joriy qilinsa, albatta, o\u02bbz samarasini beradi. Prezidentimiz Shavkat Mirziyoyev ta\u02bckidlaganidek, biz ta\u02bclim va tarbiyani to\u02bbg\u02bbri yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbya olsak, birinchi va ikkinchi Renessansni takrorlab, Uchinchi Renessansni ham barpo qila olamiz.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636, \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. 1\u062c, 2260 \u0635. Noor book. com<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Abbosiylar davlati. <a href=\"https:\/\/e-tarix.uz\/maqolalar\/1005-maqola\">https:\/\/e-tarix.uz\/maqolalar\/1005-maqola<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Iroq Abbosiy xalifaligi. <a href=\"https:\/\/siyrat.uz\/maqola\/1210\">https:\/\/siyrat.uz\/maqola\/1210<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0634\u062e\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641. 196\u0635. Noor book. som<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636, \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. 2000\u0635. Noor book. com<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a, 2019. 1904\u0635<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Abu Hafs Kabir Buxoriy va hanafiy fiqhi. T.: &#8211; Toshkent islom universiteti nashriyoti, 2014.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur. Boburnoma. \u2013 T.: O\u02bbzbekiston, 2019.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 12pt;\">Imom Buxoriy. <a href=\"https:\/\/islom.uz\">https:\/\/islom.uz<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">JOBIR ELOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Buxoro muhandislik-texnologiya instituti mustaqil tadqiqotchisi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>VII asrda dunyoda olamshumul voqealar yuz berdi. Bu asrda sodir bo\u02bblgan voqealar dunyo siyosati va madaniyatiga katta o\u02bbzgarishlar olib keldi.\u00a0 Yer yuzida mavjud an\u02bcanaviy siyosiy kuchlar qisqa muddat ichida barham topdi. Bu o\u02bbzgarishlarning bosh sababi Arabiston yarim orolida islom dinining vujudga kelishi edi. Muhammad alayhissalom tomonidan asos solingan Islom davlati Payg\u02bbambar sollallohu alayhi vasallam vafotidan &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":43462,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>IMOM BUXORIY DUNYOQARASHI SHAKLLANISHIDA MUHITNING TA\u02bcSIRI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"IMOM BUXORIY DUNYOQARASHI SHAKLLANISHIDA MUHITNING TA\u02bcSIRI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=43461&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IMOM BUXORIY DUNYOQARASHI SHAKLLANISHIDA MUHITNING TA\u02bcSIRI - 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