{"id":41334,"date":"2025-04-08T09:39:23","date_gmt":"2025-04-08T04:39:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=41334"},"modified":"2025-04-08T09:39:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T04:39:23","slug":"turkiston-atamasining-tarixdagi-ba%ca%bczi-manbalarda-qo%ca%bbllanishi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41334&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"TURKISTON ATAMASINING TARIXDAGI BA\u02bcZI MANBALARDA QO\u02bbLLANISHI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kishilar oq-qorani tanib, tirikchilik qila boshlabdiki, tevarak atrofdagi yerlarni, daryo va ko\u02bbllarni, tog\u02bblar-u qir adirlarni ma\u02bclum bir nom bilan atab kelgan. Dastlabki toponimlar sodda nomlar bilan ifodalangan. Ular atrofdagi tabiiy muhitni tasavvur qilish imkoniyatini kengaytirgan. Odamlar joylarni o\u02bbziga qulay nom bilan atab kelgan. Hali yozuv paydo bo\u02bblmagani sababli, ibtidoiy zamondagi geografik nomlar bizgacha yetib kelmagan. O\u02bbzbekistonning xorazmiy, sug\u02bbdiy, qadimgi turkiy yozuvlarda yetib kelgan toponimlari ko\u02bbp emas. Yunon manbalarida tilga olingan geografik nomlarimiz ham sanoqli. IX-XV asrlarga tegishli yozma manbalarda bizning hududimizga tegishli toponimlar ko\u02bbp qayd etilgan. Bilamizki, bu davrlar turli davlat va sulolalar davri bo\u02bblgan. Shuning uchun har bir davrda bizning hudud nomlari turlicha talqin etilgan. Bizgacha yetib kelgan manbalardan foydalanib, bu nomlarga oydinlik kiritamiz. Har qanday geografik nomlar manbalarda qayd etilgan paytdan boshlab mavjuddir. Ehtimol, minglab yillar oldin, u og\u02bbzaki nutqda foydalanilgan. Bundan tashqari, yozma manbalarda barcha toponimlar qayd etilmagan [17:130]. Dastlab arxeologik topilmalardan, arablar bosqini chog\u02bbida va undan keyin yozilgan manbalardan ma\u02bclumot olamiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston so\u02bbzining ilk bor ishlatilib boshlangan davri \u2013 ilk o\u02bbrta asrlar davridir. Bu nom bir qancha tarixiy-geografik manbalarda uchraydi. Yurtimiz qadimgi turkiy, pahlaviy, xitoy, hind, arab, yahudiy, arman, yunon, lotin, slavyan va boshqa yozma manbalarda shu nom bilan atalgan. Maqolada Turk xoqonligi (552-744), qoraxoniylar (942-1212), temuriylar (1365-1506), shayboniylar (1501-1601) va o\u02bbzbek xonliklari davrida mazkur atama qanday ishlatilgani va bu haqda yozma manbalarda keltirilgan ma\u02bclumotlarga to\u02bbxtalamiz. Albatta, har bir davr uchun alohida manbalar mavjud. Masalan, al-Muqaddasiyning (947-990) \u201cAhsan at-taqosim fi ma\u02bcrifat al-aqomi\u201d (\u201cIqlimni o\u02bbrganish uchun eng yaxshi qo\u02bbllanma\u201d) [21:51-61], Ibn Xurdodbehning (820-912) \u201cYo\u02bbllar va o\u02bblkalar kitobi\u201d, noma\u02bclum muallifga tegishli \u201cHudud al-olam\u201d, Firdavsiyning (XI asr) \u201cShohnoma\u201d, Asad Tusiyning (XI asr), \u201cLug\u02bbati furs\u201d, Mahmud Qoshg\u02bbariyning (XI asr) \u201cDevonu lug\u02bbotit turk\u201d, Yusuf X\u043es H\u043ejibning (XI asr) \u201cQutadg\u02bbu bilig\u201d, Beruniyning (X asr), \u201cQ\u043enuni M\u0430s\u02bcudiy\u201d, \u201cHindiston\u201d, \u201cS\u0430yd\u0430n\u0430\u201d, Narshaxiyning \u201cT\u0430rixi Buxoro\u201d (X-XI asr), Mirzo Ulug\u02bbbekning \u201cTo\u02bbrt ulus t\u0430rixi\u201d kabi asarlarida Turon va Turkiston atamasini uchratishimiz mumkin [3:98].<\/span><\/p>\n

Maqolada shuningdek, Y.G\u02bbulomov, M.Dyakanov, E.Kuzmina, A.O\u02bbrinboyev, A.Asqarov, A.Ahmedov, M.Is\u02bchoqov, B.Mannonov, Sh.Kamoliddin, Q.Mahmudov va G\u02bb.Boboyorov tomonidan amalga oshirilgan tadqiqotlar tahlil qilinadi [20:85].<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston atamasi uzoq vaqtdan beri Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasining katta qismi uchun qo\u02bbllab kelinadi. Aniqrog\u02bbi, Turkiston \u2013 g\u02bbarbda Kaspiy dengiziga qadar, sharqda Xitoygacha, shimolda Sibir va Mo\u02bbg\u02bbuliston, janubda Eron, Afg\u02bboniston, Hindiston va Tibetgacha cho\u02bbzilgan keng hududning umumiy geografik nomi sifatida qo\u02bbllanilib kelinadi. Hatto, O\u02bbrta asrlarga oid ba\u02bczi manbalarda, Dog\u02bbiston va Ozarbayjon hududlarini o\u02bbz ichiga olgan joy tushuniladi [4:3-4]. Turkiston atamasining boshqa atamalar bilan sinonim tarzda qo\u02bbllanishi ham kuzatilgan. Bu atamani qo\u02bbllashda turli qarashlar mavjud:<\/span><\/p>\n

Arablar bosqinidan avval, Sirdaryoning sharqiy qismidan turkiy qabilalar yashaydigan o\u02bblkalargacha bo\u02bblgan joylar arab va forslar tomonidan Turkiston deb atalgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Amudaryo va Sirdaryo oralig\u02bbidagi hududlar uchun VI-VIII asrlarda Turkiston atamasini ishlatish to\u02bbg\u02bbri emas. Bu atama VIII-IX asrlarda Sirdaryoning shimoli va sharqidagi o\u02bblkalar, ko\u02bbproq Yettisuv uchun qo\u02bbllangan. Ikki daryo oralig\u02bbi esa Turkiston deb atalmagan, balki Movarounnahr deb atalgan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Movarounnahr Turkistonga kirmagan. Turkiston deganda, Sirdaryoning quyi oqimlari, ko\u02bbpincha bugungi Turkiston shahri atroflari tushunilgan. Faqat XIX asrning 2-yarmida ruslar O\u02bbrta Osiyoni bosib olgach, Turkiston nomi ular uchun\u00a0 Sirdaryo va Amudaryo oralig\u02bbini ham anglata boshlagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u201cTurkiston\u201d atamasiga oid turli qarash va talqinlardan keyin dastlab qaysi manbalarda, qanday nomlar bilan kelishiga to\u02bbxtalamiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Turkiston atamasining dastlabki qo\u02bbllanishi M.Is\u02bchoqov tomonidan tarjima qilingan VII asr, aniqrog\u02bbi, 639-yilga tegishli Sharqiy Turkistondan (Turfon) topilgan sug\u02bbd tilida bitilgan hujjatda uchraydi. Ushbu hujjatda, asli turkistonlik yoki samarqandlik kishilarga mansub Xachcha nomli ayolni ro\u02bbzg\u02bbor ishlarida foydalanish uchun cho\u02bbri tarzida sotilishi bayon qilinadi [13:151]. Uni chavraq urug\u02bbiga mansub Turkistonda tug\u02bbilgan cho\u02bbri Upachah deb ham yozishgan (hujjatda ayolning ismi ikki xil bo\u02bblib kelgan). Hujjat tuzilishida guvohlik qilgan sug\u02bbdiy etnos vakillari \u2013 samarqandlik, kushoniyalik shaxslar nomlari bilan birga uchraydi. Hujjat samarqandlik savdogar Vaxshubirt To\u02bbbak o\u02bbg\u02bblining xitoylik rohib Yon Siyon O\u02bbta o\u02bbg\u02bbliga Upachah ismli cho\u02bbrini sotishi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida. Unda Upachahning turkiy va sug\u02bbdiy yurti \u2013 Turk hoqonligi tasarrufidagi hudud \u2013 Turkistondan ekani alohida ta\u02bckidlangan [10:5]. Bu ma\u02bclumot orqali qadimgi davr hujjatida o\u02bblkamiz uchun Turkiston atamasining qo\u02bbllanilganini, o\u02bbsha vaqtda G\u02bbarbiy Turk xoqonligi tasarrufidagi hudud \u201cTurkiston\u201d deb atalganini ko\u02bbrib turibmiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

    N.Y.Bichurin Xitoy manbalari oid asarida, xitoyliklarning Turkiston haqidagi fikrlarini quyidagicha ifodalaydi: \u201cHazar [8] dengizidan Kuhinorgacha bo\u02bblgan yerlarda ko\u02bbchmanchi bir qavm yashaydi. Bu qavm turkcha gaplashadi va Muhammad qonunlariga (islom dini) ishonadi. Bu odamlar o\u02bbzini turk deb tavsif etadi va yashayotgan yerini Turkiston deydi\u201d [6:39].<\/span><\/p>\n

    Turon nomi Eron va Arman adabiyotida VI asrdan beri qo\u02bbllanilgan. Masalan, sosoniylar sulolasiga mansub bo\u02bblgan Eron shahanshohlarining III asrdagi bitiklarida geografik nomlar sifatida \u201cTuron\u201d bilan bir qatorda \u201cTuriston\u201d nomi \u201cTuron\u201d bilan bir xil ma\u02bcnoda \u2013 \u201cturlar mamlakati\u201d ma\u02bcnosida zikr etilgan. Keyinchalik, eftaliylar (V asr) va turkiylar (VI-VIII asrlar) davrida u \u201cTurkiston\u201d deb o\u02bbzgartirilgan bo\u02bblib, bu \u201cturklar mamlakati\u201d degan ma\u02bcnoni anglatadi [11:68]. Bu ikki \u201ctur\u201d va \u201cturk\u201d etnonimlarning va \u201cTuron\u201d va \u201cTurkiston\u201d toponimlarining integratsiya jarayoni islom dini paydo bo\u02bblishidan oldingi va islom dini davridagi forsiy hamda arab manbalarida yoritilgan. Bu manbalarda turk va Turondagi qo\u02bbshimcha \u201ck\u201d va \u201con\u201d qo\u02bbshimchalari ko\u02bbplik ma\u02bcnosida kelgan [11:68].<\/span><\/p>\n

    VII asrda yashagan arman tarixchisi Sebeos o\u02bbz asarida ikkita alohida ma\u02bclumotni tilga oladi:<\/span><\/p>\n

    1) Dehiston yohud uning atroflari Turkistondir.<\/span><\/p>\n

    2) Kushon shohi (Eftalit hukmdori) Shimol hukmdori ulug\u02bb Xoqon (Turk xoqonligi hukmdori)dan yordam so\u02bbradi va u yordamga 30 buyur miqdordagi qo\u02bbshin bilan keldi. Ular (turklar) Turkistondan boshlanuvchi Vehrot (Amudaryo) daryosidan kechib o\u02bbtishdi [19:61].<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bu ma\u02bclumotdan shimoliy-sharqiy Eron (hozirgi Turkmanistonning janubiy-g\u02bbarbiy qismi)dagi tarixiy Dehiston viloyati Turkiston hududiga kirgani, Amudaryoning Turkistondan boshlangani ayon bo\u02bbladi. Ma\u02bclumki, Amudaryoning boshlanishi Vaxsh va Panj daryolari atrofiga to\u02bbg\u02bbri keladi. Demak, Sebeosning ma\u02bclumotlaridan ma\u02bclum bo\u02bbladiki, bu hudud, ya\u02bcni yuqori Amudaryo havzalari \u2013 Vaxsh Panj Turkiston o\u02bblkasiga kirgan [19:3-4].<\/span><\/p>\n

    Yana bir arman tarixchisi, VII asrda yashagan Ananiya Shirakasiyaning \u201cAshxarasuyi\u201d (\u201cMamlakatlar tasviri\u201d) asarida: \u201cSug\u02bbdiylar \u2013 Ariya (shimoliy-sharqiy Eron) va Turkiston oralig\u02bbida yashaydi\u201d shaklidagi ma\u02bclumotlar berilgan [19:51-61]. Muallif bu ma\u02bclumotlarni Ptolemeyning (90-168) \u201cGeografiya\u201d asaridan olgan. Asar orqali Turkistonning o\u02bbrnini aniq belgilash mushkul bo\u02bblsa-da, muallif Turkiston deganda Amudaryo va Sirdaryo oralig\u02bbini nazarda tutganini payqash mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bu qarashlarni isbotlash uchun manbalarga e\u02bctibor bersak, aksariyat\u00a0 ma\u02bclumot O\u02bbrta asrlar yozma manbalarida uchraydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ahamoniylar bitiklarida Paradaraya, sosoniylar davri manbalarida Farorud, Varorud, Varozrud \u2013 daryolarning narigi tomoni, shuningdek, \u201cBuyuk Xuroson\u201d, arablar davrida esa Movarounnahr va Xuroson deb nomlangan [22:77-78]. VII asr arman manbalarida Amudaryoning yuqori oqimi Turkiston deb tushunilgan bo\u02bblsa, pahlaviy-fors manbalarida esa Shimoliy Afg\u02bboniston va Amudaryo havzalari Turkistonga kiritilgan. Boshqa manbalarda, masalan, sug\u02bbdiy hujjatlarida ham ikki daryo oralig\u02bbi \u201cTurkiston\u201d deb ko\u02bbrsatilgan. Albatta, bu ma\u02bclumotlar keng qamrovli bo\u02bblmay, ularda \u201cTurkiston\u201d iborasi biror voqea tavsiflari hikoya qilinayotganda qayd qilingan. Ammo bir \u201cTurkiston\u201d hududining o\u02bbzi ikki hudud qilib ko\u02bbrsatila-yotganini ko\u02bbrishimiz mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Arab sayyohi Yoqubiy o\u02bbzining \u201cKitob al-buldon\u201d asarida (891) Turkiston nomi ostida Idil (bugungi Volga) daryosidan Tangri tog\u02bblari sharqigacha bo\u02bblgan yerlarni tushungan. Yaqin yillarda Sharqiy Turkistondan aniqlangan, VIII asrga tegishli sug\u02bbd tilidagi hujjatning 13-15-qatorlarida \u201cTurkiston\u201d atamasi \u201ctwrkystn\u201d ko\u02bbrinishida yozilgan. Ushbu hujjat yuzasidan izlanishlar olib borgan Sims Uillyams hujjatdagi \u201cTurkiston\u201d so\u02bbzini Turon yurtidagi tarixiy o\u02bblkalardan birining nomi deb hisoblaydi. Unga ko\u02bbra, bu atama shimoli-sharqdagi yerlar, ayniqsa, Sirdaryodan Mo\u02bbg\u02bbulistongacha cho\u02bbzilgan o\u02bblkalar uchun qo\u02bbllanilgan [18:262-266]. Demak, \u201cTurkiston\u201d geografik atamasi Ilk o\u02bbrta asrlardayoq, hozirgi Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasining katta qismi uchun etno-siyosiy va etno-geografik nom sifatida ishlatilgan. Arman manbalarida ham, pahlaviy matnlarida ham mamlakatimizning janubiy qismlari, Janubiy Turkmaniston, Janubiy Tojikiston va Shimoliy Afg\u02bboniston hududlari Turkistonning chekka janubiy hududlari bo\u02bblgani yozilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bilamizki, Amudaryo va Sirdaryo oralig\u02bbiga nisbatan \u201cMovarounnahr\u201d atamasini qo\u02bbllash arablar istilosidan so\u02bbng, VIII asrda paydo bo\u02bblgan. O\u02bbrta asr arab, fors va turkiy manbalarida esa \u201cTurkiston\u201d atamasi ko\u02bbproq Sirdaryoning quyi havzasidagi hududlar, shuningdek, ushbu daryoning shimoli-sharqiy, Yettisuv, Farg\u02bbona vodiysi va Sharqiy Turkistonga nisbatan qo\u02bbllanilgan. Biroq Amudaryo va Sirdaryo oralig\u02bbi uning tarkibida ko\u02bbrsatilgan holatlar ham mavjud. VIII asr boshlarida arablar \u201cTurkiston\u201d o\u02bbrniga \u201cBilod al-Turk\u201d atamasini ham qo\u02bbllagan. Bu ham \u201cTurklar yurti\u201d, \u201cTurkiston\u201d degan ma\u02bcnoni bildirgan [12:463]. Mahmud Qoshg\u02bbariy o\u02bbzining \u201cDevonu lug\u02bbotit turk\u201d asarida \u201cBilod al-Turk\u201dning hududlarini Chindan Hazar dengiziga qadar deb ko\u02bbrsatgan [12:463].<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u201cHudud ul-olam\u201dda Movarounnahr va Turkiston hududlari alohida alohida tasvirlanadi. Asarda hozirgi Janubiy Qozog\u02bbiston, Qirg\u02bbizistondan Qoshg\u02bbargacha bo\u02bblgan joylar \u201cTurkiston\u201d nomi bilan atalgan. Movarounnahr hududi esa sharqda Tibet, janubda Xuroson, g\u02bbarbda Sirdaryoning quyi oqimi, Farg\u02bbona va Oloy tizmalari bilan chegaradosh [23:11] deb keltirilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Narshaxiyning \u201cBuxoro tarixi\u201d kitobida Buxoroning ko\u02bbp asr botqoqlikdan iborat bo\u02bblgani, botqoqlik quriy boshlagach, bu yerga aholi ko\u02bbchib kela boshlaganini yozadi. Jumladan, \u201cAholi asosan Turkiston tomonlardan ko\u02bbchib kelar edi\u201d, deydi. [16:6]. Demak, Narshaxiy zamonida \u201cTurkiston\u201d degan joy nomi tarkibiga Buxoro kirmagan. Asarda keltirilgan yana bir ma\u02bclumotda Amir Ismoil Ibn Laysni xalifa oldiga yuborgandan keyin xalifa Ismoilni Xuroson amiri qilib farmon yubordi. Xulvon dovonidan boshlab Xuroson viloyati, Movarounnahr, Turkiston, Sind, Hind va Gurgon hammasi uniki bo\u02bbladi. U har bir shaharga bittadan amir tayinladi, adolat va yaxshi axloq bilan ish tutdi, degan ma\u02bclumot keltirilgan [16:6]. Bu yerda ko\u02bbrishimiz mumkinki, Movarounnahr va Turkiston ikki alohida hudud bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Yusuf Xos Hojib \u201cQutadg\u02bbu bilig\u201d asarining kirish qismida Turkiston nomini eslab o\u02bbtgan [24:15]. Bu davr qoraxoniylar saltanatining eng yuksakka ko\u02bbtarilgan davri edi. Bu davlatning vujudga kelishi bilan \u201cTurkiston\u201d toponimining ma\u02bcnosi yana avvalgi chegaralariga deyarli tiklanadi, janubiy chegaralari esa Amudaryoga qaytadi [12:164]. Movarounnahr nomiga kelsak, endi unga Turkistonning bir qismi sifatida qarala boshlandi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Yana bir ma\u02bclumotda, Chingizxon Movarounnahrga qaytib, biroz vaqt Samarqandda turganidan keyin, o\u02bbzining vataniga jo\u02bbnab ketdi, deyilgan. Demak, Samarqand XII asrda Movarounnahr hududiga kirgan. Chingizxon o\u02bbg\u02bbillariga hududlarni taqsimlab berayotganda Chig\u02bbatoyga \u2013 uyg\u02bbur yerlaridan Xorazmgacha bo\u02bblgan joylar, Turkiston va Movarounnahr ham unga berildi. Bu ma\u02bclumotga e\u02bctibor bersak, Turkiston, Movarounnahr va Xorazm boshqa hududlar deb atalgan [21:18]. O\u02bbsha davr uchun bu hududning alohida joy sifatida ifodalanishiga bosqinchilik urushlari sabab bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Amir Temur sharafiga \u201cQarsoqpoy qoyasida\u201d 1391-yilda yozilgan bir obidada \u201cSultoni Turon\u201d, deb unga ta\u02bcrif berilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ammo Turkiston o\u02bbrniga har doim \u201cTuron\u201d so\u02bbzini ishlatish odatga aylangan emas [11:1-8]. Turkiston hududining joylashuvi haqida XV asrda yozilgan Mirzo Ulug\u02bbbekning \u201cTo\u02bbrt ulus tarixi\u201d asarida, Elxon davlati zamonida uning ikkinchi o\u02bbg\u02bbli shoh Tur ibn Faridun Jayhundan o\u02bbtib, Movarounnahrga yetdi va u yerda uzoq turmay, Turkiston diyoriga otlandi, degan ma\u02bclumot keltirilgan. [15:36]\u00a0 Bu asarda ham Movarounnahr va Turkiston ikki alohida hudud sifatida tasvirlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Yana \u201cYofas alayhissalom\u201dning Turonzamin va Turkistonni o\u02bbziga asrab qo\u02bbygani haqida ham ma\u02bclumotlar mavjud [15:36]. Turkiston o\u02bblkasi qadim zamonlardan \u201cTur ibn Yofas\u201d avlodlarining uyi va yashash joyi bo\u02bblgan. Bu mamlakat xalqi har bir davrda alohida nom va taxallusga ega bo\u02bblgan. Shunday qilib, Tur ibn Yofas davridan to mo\u02bbg\u02bbullar davrigacha, bu mamlakat aholisi turkiy deb atalgan. Rasululloh sollallohu alayhi vasallam: \u201cTurk sizga tegmaguncha unga hujum qilmanglar\u201d deganlar. Bu xalq o\u02bbzining jahldorligi, chaqqonligi, mardligi va jasorati bilan mashhur, deyilgan [14:151]. Chingizxon hokimiyat tepasiga kelgach, bu o\u02bblkada yashagan barcha qabilalarga \u201cmo\u02bbg\u02bbul\u201d nomi berilgan. O\u02bbzbekxon davlat bayrog\u02bbini ko\u02bbtarganidan keyin, shu kungacha, bu mamlakat aholisini \u201co\u02bbzbeklar\u201d deb atashadi. Ammo olis o\u02bblkalar va hududlarda, avvalgidek, Turonning barcha aholisi turkiy deb yuritiladi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Shuningdek, XV asrda Samarqanddan Istanbulga borgan olimlar Abdurazzoq baxshi va Mansur baxshilarning asarlarida Turkistondan kelganliklari ta\u02bckidlangan [14:151]. Bu o\u02bblkaning buyukligi, Turkiston nomi bilan ham tanilganidan dalolat beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Bobur \u201cBoburnoma\u201d asarida otasi Umarshayxning qaynotasi, ya\u02bcni Yunusxonni\u00a0 ko\u02bbp bor Toshkentga olib kelib, unga qulay sharoitlar yaratib bergani, lekin, shunga qaramay, u yana Turkiston taraflarga ketib qolaverishini yozadi. Demak, XVI asrda Toshkent ham Turkiston hududiga kirmagan, Movarounnahr hududiga kirgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Mahmud ibn Valining \u201cBahr ul-asror\u201d (\u201cSirlar dengizi\u201d) asarida Qoshg\u02bbar, Yorkent, Xo\u02bbtan kabi joylar ham Tur ibn Faridunga ishora qilib, Turon deb atalgan [13:30]. Bu asarda biz Turon atamasining qo\u02bbllanilishiga guvoh bo\u02bblamiz. Ammo Turkiston ham keng yoqimli joy deb tasvirlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Abulg\u02bbozi Bahodirxonning \u201cShajarai turk\u201d asarida Turkiston o\u02bbsha davrda ulug\u02bb davlatlarning orasida siyosiy-iqtisodiy va madaniy jihatdan qamal holatida edi, deb yozilgan. Shimolda Rossiya imperiyasi, sharqda Xitoy imperiyasi har tomonlama xavf solib turar edi. Chingizxon Eron va Turonga kelganda, bu yurtlarning podshohi Sulton Muhammad Xorazmshoh edi, deb aytib o\u02bbtgani keltirilgan. Asarda Turon nomi va Movarounnahr haqidagi ko\u02bbplab ma\u02bclumotlar mavjud. Xususan, O\u02bbg\u02bbuzxonning Turon va Hindistonga yurishi haqida yozilib, unda O\u02bbg\u02bbuzxon Talas va Sayramga kelgani, Toshkent, Samarqand va Buxoro podshohlari unga qarshi urush qilgani yozilgan. O\u02bbg\u02bbuzxon Sayram va Toshkentni o\u02bbzi qamal qilib, Turkiston va Andijonga o\u02bbg\u02bbillarini yuboradi. Ular 6 oyda Turkiston va Andijonni olib, otasi xizmatiga qaytib keladi [1:8]. Bu yerda Turkiston viloyat shaklida ko\u02bbrsatilgan. Umuman olganda, \u201cTurkiston\u201d hududi ko\u02bbplab bosqinchilar tomonidan egallangan bo\u02bblsa ham, o\u02bbzgarmay o\u02bbz nomini saqlab kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Turkiston atamasi, turkiylar yashagan hudud degan ma\u02bcnoni bildirgani sababli, o\u02bbz chegarasida barcha xalqlarni qamrab olgan umumiy nom sifatida ishlatilgan. O\u02bbrta asr manbalarida Turkistonning tor yoki keng ma\u02bcnoda ishlatilganini ko\u02bbrishimiz mumkin. Buni o\u02bbsha davrdagi siyosiy-geografik tushunchalar deformatsiyasi bilan izohlash mumkin. Arman manbalarida Amudaryoning yuqori oqimi va Turkmaniston atroflari Turkiston deb tushunilgan bo\u02bblsa, pahlaviy-fors manbalarida esa Shimoliy Afg\u02bboniston va Amudaryo havzalari Turkistonga kiritilgan. Shu davrning o\u02bbzida Turkiston ikki daryo oralig\u02bbi qilib ham ko\u02bbrsatilgan. Keyinroq esa Sirdaryoning shimoli va sharqidagi o\u02bblkalar, ko\u02bbproq Yettisuv uchun qo\u02bbllanilgan. Ikki daryo oralig\u02bbi esa Turkiston deb atalmagan, balki Movarounnahr deb atalgan. Bu kabi turli qarashlar Turkiston atamasi hududlardan farq qilsa ham, ammo Turkiston nomining yo\u02bbq bo\u02bblib ketmay qo\u02bbllanilganini ko\u02bbrishimiz mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Maqolada \u201cTurkiston\u201d nomini quyidagi xususiyatlari haqida xulosaga keldik.<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Turkiston atamasi 2000 yildan ortiq vaqtdan beri qo\u02bbllanilmoqda.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. XX asr boshida tashkil etilgan Turkiston gazeta va jurnallari ham \u201cTurkiston\u201d nomidadir.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Turkistonda \u201cTurkiston\u201d atamasi hozir ham yashamoqda. Masalan, Turkiston metrosi, Turkiston shahri, Turkiston temir yo\u02bbli.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Turkistonda qadim zamonlardan tortib to hozirga qadar turklar, ularning qavmlari yashamoqda. Yuqorida bildirilgan qisqa fikrlarimiz bilan \u201cTurkiston nimadir\u201d savoliga \u201cTurkistonimiz shudir\u201d deb javob bersak bo\u02bbladi.<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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        Abulg\u02bboziy Bahodirxon. Shajarai turk. Nashrga tayyorlovchilar: Munirov Q., Mahmudov Q. \u2013 T.: Cho\u02bblpon, 1992.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      2. \n
        Al-Muqaddasi. The Best Divisions for knowledge of the regions. Translated by prof. Basil Collins, 1897.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Babayarov G\u02bb. Kutadgu Biligte Ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkistan ve Turan terimleri \u00fczerine. JOTS, 2\/2, 2018: 26-49. \u2013 T., 2004.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Boboyorov G\u02bb. Ilk O\u02bbrta asr manbalarida Turkiston atamasi. \u2013 T., 2004.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        \u0411\u0438\u0447\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043d \u042f.\u041d. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u2013 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, 1950.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        G\u02bbaybullah Babayarov. Kutadgu Biligte Ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkistan ve Turan terimleri \u00dczerine. JOTS, 2\/2, 2018: 26-49. \u2013 T., 2004.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Is\u02bchoqov M. Nomi azal Turkiston. O\u02bbzbekiston adabiyoti va san\u02bcati gazetasi, \u2116 45-46. \u2013 T., 1993.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        \u041a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0428. K \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u201c\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0445\u0440\u201d \u0438 \u201c\u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u201d. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438, 2002 \u0439\u0438\u043b, 4-\u0441\u043e\u043d.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Qashg\u02bbariy M. Devoni lug\u02bbati turk. \u2013 T.: Fan, 1963.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0443\u0434 \u0438\u0431\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0439\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f). \u0411.\u0410.\u0410\u04b3\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0438. \u2013 \u0422., 1977.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Mahmudov Q. Qadimgi Turkiston. \u2013 T.: Mumtoz so\u02bbz, 2011.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Mirzo Ulug\u02bbbek. To\u02bbrt ulus tarixi. \u2013 T.: Cho\u02bblpon, 1994.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Buxoro tarixi. 1939.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Qorayev S. Movarounnahr va Turkiston tarixi. \u2013 T., 1991.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        \u0422\u0435\u0440-\u041c\u043a\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041b.\u0425. \u0410\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 V-VII \u0432\u0432. \u2013 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1979.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        O\u02bbrinboyev A. Abdurazzoq Samarqandiyning Hindiston safarnomasi. \u2013T.: Mumtoz so\u02bbz, 1960.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Vamberi X. Buxoro yoxud Movarounnahr tarixi. \u2013 T.: G\u02bbafur G\u02bbulom nomidagi Adabiyot va san\u02bcat nashriyoti, 1990.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Xo\u02bbjamberdiyev E. Turonning qadimgi va ilk o\u02bbrta asrlar tarixining Eronda o\u02bbrganilishiga oid. O\u02bbzbekiston tarixi jurnali. \u2013 T., 2024. 2-son.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Hudud ul-olam (M\u043ev\u0430r\u043eunn\u0430hr tavsifi). Fors tilidan tarjimasi: O.Bo\u02bbriyev. \u2013 T.: O\u02bbzbekiston, 2008.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        Kutadgu Bilig Incelemesi. \u2013 Ankara, 1995.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        MAHLIYO A\u02bcZAMOVA,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
        Tarix instituti stajyor-tadqiqotchisi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Kishilar oq-qorani tanib, tirikchilik qila boshlabdiki, tevarak atrofdagi yerlarni, daryo va ko\u02bbllarni, tog\u02bblar-u qir adirlarni ma\u02bclum bir nom bilan atab kelgan. Dastlabki toponimlar sodda nomlar bilan ifodalangan. Ular atrofdagi tabiiy muhitni tasavvur qilish imkoniyatini kengaytirgan. Odamlar joylarni o\u02bbziga qulay nom bilan atab kelgan. Hali yozuv paydo bo\u02bblmagani sababli, ibtidoiy zamondagi geografik nomlar bizgacha yetib kelmagan. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41335,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nTURKISTON ATAMASINING TARIXDAGI BA\u02bcZI MANBALARDA QO\u02bbLLANISHI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41334&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TURKISTON ATAMASINING TARIXDAGI BA\u02bcZI MANBALARDA QO\u02bbLLANISHI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kishilar oq-qorani tanib, tirikchilik qila boshlabdiki, tevarak atrofdagi yerlarni, daryo va ko\u02bbllarni, tog\u02bblar-u qir adirlarni ma\u02bclum bir nom bilan atab kelgan. Dastlabki toponimlar sodda nomlar bilan ifodalangan. Ular atrofdagi tabiiy muhitni tasavvur qilish imkoniyatini kengaytirgan. Odamlar joylarni o\u02bbziga qulay nom bilan atab kelgan. 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