{"id":41066,"date":"2025-03-20T12:52:29","date_gmt":"2025-03-20T07:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=41066"},"modified":"2025-03-20T12:52:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T07:52:29","slug":"rihlaning-turlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41066&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"RIHLANING TURLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rihla \u2013 eng sodda ta\u02bcrif bilan aytganda, hadis tarixi doirasida ilm safarlari tushuniladigan bir tushuncha hisoblanadi. Islom jamiyatlariga xos bo\u02bblgan bir faoliyat bo\u02bblib, rihla ilm talabi maqsadida amalga oshiriladigan va jamiyatda mavjud bo\u02bblgan sayyohlik madaniyatiga asoslangan safardir. Shu nuqtai nazardan, rihla tushunchasini anglash uchun sayyohlik fenomeni va Islom madaniyatidagi \u201cilm\u201d tushunchasini yaxshi o\u02bbzlashtirish zarurdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maqolada rihla mavzusini o\u02bbrganish jarayonida, avvalo insoniyat tarixida sayyohlik fenomeniga e\u02bctibor qaratiladi, sayyohlik tarixi, turlari va uning bilim bilan aloqasi tahlil qilinadi. Keyin esa tarixiy jarayonda bilimga erishish uchun amalga oshirilgan sayyohlik turlari haqida batafsil ma\u02bclumot beriladi hamda alohida Islom dunyosidagi ilm safarlari haqida ma\u02bclumot taqdim etiladi. Rihlaning sayyohlik tarixidagi o\u02bbrnini aniqlaydigan ushbu kirish qismidan so\u02bbng, asosiy tadqiqot mavzumiz bo\u02bblgan hadis tarixidagi ilm safarlariga o\u02bbtiladi va rihla tushunchasi tahlil qilinadi. Buning uchun rihlaning ta\u02bcrifi, ko\u02bblami va konsepsiyalashtirish jarayoni o\u02bbrganiladi, biografik matnlarda rihla doirasida uchraydigan lug\u02bbat aniqlanadi. Konseptual doirani aniqlashtirgandan so\u02bbng, olimlarning boshqa safarlari bilan rihlalar o\u02bbrtasidagi bog\u02bbliqlikka e\u02bctibor qaratiladi va nazariya bilan amaliyot o\u02bbrtasida aloqa o\u02bbrnatiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sayohat fenomeni va rihla tushunchasi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Maqsadli va rejali safar sifatida ta\u02bcriflanadigan \u201csayohat\u201d tarixining boshlanishi insoniyat tarixi bilan bir qadar tengdir. Inson bor joyda harakat mavjud bo\u02bblib, ushbu harakat joy o\u02bbzgartirishni va joy o\u02bbzgartirish esa sayohatning eshigini ochgan. Shu tariqa, sayohat inson hayotining bir qismiga aylangan va insonlarni sayohat qilishga undagan omillar vaqt davomida o\u02bbzgargan bo\u02bblsa-da, insoniyat tarixida sayohat tushunchasi doimo mavjud bo\u02bblib kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inson o\u02bbz hayotini davom ettirishi uchun avvalambor ovqatlanish, ichish va boshpanalash kabi asosiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish maqsadida ilk safarlarini amalga oshirgan. Tarixning dastlabki davrlarida o\u02bbzlari va hayvonlari uchun qulay yashash sharoitlariga ega joylarni qidirish bilan ko\u02bbchmanchi turmush tarzini qabul qilgan jamoalar keyinchalik doimiy yashash tarziga o\u02bbtishganidan keyin ham o\u02bbzgargan shart-sharoitlar va turli ehtiyojlar tufayli yangi safarlarni amalga oshirishgan. Inson tabiatining qiziquvchanlik va hirs hislari bilan rag\u02bbbatlangan bu safarlar imkoniyatlarning rivojlanishi bilan tobora ommaviylashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sayohatning rivojlanishida turli omillar muhim rol o\u02bbynagan. Ularning asosiysi \u2013 fizik shart-sharoitlarning mosligi. Masalan, sayohat imkoniyatlari cheklangan bo\u02bblgan Yunon jamoasida safarlar chegaralangan darajada qolgan bo\u02bblsa, uch qit\u02bcadagi aloqani ta\u02bcminlash maqsadida rivojlantirilgan transport va aloqa tarmog\u02bbi tufayli Rim jamoasida safarlar jiddiy darajada o\u02bbsgan. Rimliklar miloddan avvalgi 150 yillardan boshlab kuchli texnika bilan rivojlantirgan yo\u02bbl qurish ishlari kundan-kunga yaxshilangan; ikki polosali yo\u02bbllar, asfalt darajasida tekislangan yo\u02bbllar, ko\u02bbpriklar va tunnellardan iborat tizimli va tartibli transport tarmog\u02bbi Antik dunyo jamoasini qamrab olgan. Imperiya davrida yuz ming kilometrga yetgan ushbu tarmoq tarixdagi eng katta transport tarmog\u02bbini tashkil qilgani ta\u02bckidlanadi. Ushbu yo\u02bbllardan ba\u02bczilari haligacha foydalanilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yo\u02bbllarning yaxshilanishi bilan birga, boshqaruv organlari tomonidan shaxslarga berilgan huquqlar hamda sayohat xavfsizligi va qulayligini ta\u02bcminlashga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar sayohatning rivojlanishida muhim rol o\u02bbynagan. Bundan tashqari, zamonaviy turizmning boshlanishi sifatida qabul qilingan Rim jamoasida muzeylar, yo\u02bblboshchi kitoblar, mehmonxona va restoranlar, sovg\u02bbalar do\u02bbkonlari kabi sayohatni rag\u02bbbatlantiruvchi omillarning ko\u02bbpligi e\u02bctiborga molikdir. Ushbu davrda sayohatlarni asosan tijorat harakatlari va amaliy maqsadlarga qaratilgan turizm faoliyatlari yo\u02bbnaltirgan va xizmatlar shu yo\u02bbnalishda rivojlantirilgan. Shuningdek, sayohat motivatsiyasi yuqori bo\u02bblgan Islom dunyosida, sayyohlarga beriladigan turli huquq va qulayliklar hamda rasmiy va norasmiy ko\u02bbrinishda taqdim etilgan imkoniyatlar sayohat yukini yengillashtirgan va sayohatni keng rivojlanib tarqalgan faoliyatga aylantirgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sayohatning rivojlanishida muhim rol o\u02bbynagan boshqa bir omil \u2013 sayohat vositalarining sifati. Ilk sayohatlar piyoda yoki minishga mos hayvonlarda amalga oshirilgan bo\u02bblsa, vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan ularni kemalardagi safarlar almashtirgan, texnologiya orqali rivojlangan turli transport vositalari tufayli havo, quruqlik va dengiz orqali sayohatlar ancha keng maydonlarga tarqalgan. Masalan, Nil daryosi tufayli dengiz transportida yetakchi rol o\u02bbynagan misrliklar miloddan avvalgi 4000 yillarda papirusdan yasalgan qayiq va sallar ishlab chiqargan bo\u02bblib, bu ularga yangi kashfiyotlarni amalga oshirish imkoniyatini bergan. Vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan ushbu oddiy vositalarning o\u02bbrnini mustahkamroq bo\u02bblgan yog\u02bboch kemalar egallagan, keyin esa bo\u02bbronli dengizlardan o\u02bbtib ketadigan kemalar parki paydo bo\u02bblgan. Bu sohadagi eng muhim o\u02bbzgarishlar sanoat inqilobi davrida bug\u02bb mashinasini ixtiro qilish orqali bug\u02bbda ishlaydigan lokomotivlarni ishlab chiqarish bilan boshlangan, deb aytish mumkin. Ishlab chiqarish texnologiyalari tezlik bilan ko\u02bbpayib, safarlar muddati sezilarli darajada qisqargan; tanlovlarning ko\u02bbpayishi bilan sayohatlar arzonlashgan, shu orqali jamiyatning barcha qatlamlarida osonlashgan hamda dunyo chegaralaridan tashqariga, hatto kosmosga sayohat amalga oshirilmoqda. Shu sababli, safarlar sifat va miqdor jihatdan har bir kuni yangi bosqichga o\u02bbtmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yaratilgan imkoniyatlar tufayli muammolarni yengillatgan va qiziqarli faoliyatga aylangan sayohatlar inson hayotida kundan-kunga ko\u02bbproq o\u02bbrin egallay boshladi. Tarix davomida insonlarni sayohatga undagan omillar juda turfa-xil bo\u02bblgan bo\u02bblsa-da, sabablari jihatidan safarlarni bir nechta turkumga ajratish mumkin. Bu tasnifning maqsadi sayohat turlarini keskin chiziqlar bilan bir-biridan ajratish yoki har qanday sayohatning sababini faqatgina bir omilga aylantirish emas, balki insonlarning qaysi maqsadlarda sayohat qilganini tizimli birlikda ko\u02bbrishdir. Chunki tarixdagi sayohatlarning aksariyati bir vaqtda bir nechta kategoriyaga kirishi mumkin. Xususan, uzoq muddatli sayohatlarda ko\u02bbplab maqsadlar birgalikda ko\u02bbzda tutilgan. Ushbu turli kategoriyalarni ko\u02bbrish sayohat va rihla aloqasini yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sayohat turlari. Diniy sayohatlar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Diniy sayohatlardan maqsad, diniy amallarni bajarish uchun muqaddas joylarga amalga oshiriladigan safarlardir. Har bir e\u02bctiqodda umumiy qiymatga ega bo\u02bblgan muqaddas joylar, diniy vazifalar bajarilishi kerak bo\u02bblgan, diniy shaxsiyat bilan bog\u02bbliq yoki e\u02bctiqodga oid voqea sodir bo\u02bblgan joylarni anglatadi. Insonlar o\u02bbz e\u02bctiqodlarida muqaddas bo\u02bblgan ushbu joylarni nafaqat diniy majburiyatlarini bajarish uchun, balki moddiy, ma\u02bcnaviy va axloqiy manfaatlar olish, keyingi hayotlarini yaxshilash va abadiy baxtga erishish maqsadida ham ziyorat qiladilar[1]<\/a>. Ayniqsa, mazmun va ijro jihatidan farqli bo\u02bblganiga qaramay, barcha dinlarda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblgan haj ibodati amalga oshiriladigan joylar tarix davomida eng ko\u02bbp tashrif buyuriladigan manzillardan biri bo\u02bblib kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ushbu doirada haj joylari bo\u02bblgan shaharlar, tog\u02bb cho\u02bbqqilari, g\u02bborlar, ko\u02bbrfazlar, ibodatxonalar va ma\u02bcbadlar, aziz avliyolarning uzlatga chekilib yashagan joylari; payg\u02bbambarlar, azizlar va dono shaxslarga tegishli muqaddas buyum va qoldiqlar saqlangan qabrlar hatto ba\u02bczi monastirlardagi ruhoniylar bo\u02bblgan joylar ham tashriflar markazi bo\u02bblgan. Haj uchun muqaddas deb hisoblangan yo\u02bbnalishlar haqida ham so\u02bbz yuritilgan. Shuningdek, muqaddas kitoblarda nomlari zikr etilgan joylar, diniy shaxsiyatlarning hayotida sodir bo\u02bblgan muhim hodisalar ro\u02bby bergan makonlar, ayniqsa, muayyan diniy tajribalar amalga oshirilgan joylar hamda turba (mozor)lar ham ziyorat qilingan[2]<\/a>. Diniy jihatdan ahamiyatli bo\u02bblgan maxsus vaqt davrlarida bu turdagi ziyoratlar soni sezilarli darajada ortib borgan[3]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sayohatlar tarixi nuqtai nazaridan muqaddas joylarga amalga oshirilgan safarlar muhim ulushga ega ekanligi ko\u02bbrinadi. Buning eng asosiy sabablaridan biri, dinning inson hayotini qamrab oluvchi xususiyati hamda inson tabiatining ishonch va panohga muhtoj ekanligidadir. Muqaddas joylarni ziyorat qilishning ma\u02bclumot (haqiqat) izlash yoki salomatlikni tiklash maqsadida amalga oshiriladigan sayohatlar bilan yaqindan bog\u02bbliqligi ham bor. Insonlar muqaddas joylarni faqat savob olish yoki kechirilish uchun emas, balki ilohiy qudratni his qilish, haqiqat bilimlariga erishish, moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy kasalliklardan shifo topish hamda turli istaklarining amalga oshishini kutib tashrif buyuradilar. Buning tufayli, sayohat yo\u02bbnalishlari markazi bo\u02bblgan yo\u02bbllar yaqiniga ko\u02bbplab ma\u02bcbadlar qurilgani tarixiy manbalarda qayd etilgan[4]<\/a>. Shuningdek, muqaddas joylarni muhofaza qilish yoki dinni tarqatish maqsadida amalga oshirilgan siyosiy va harbiy safarlar ham aytib o\u02bbtish mumkin[5]<\/a>. Hatto diniy ta\u02bclimotlarni tarqatish va mavjud diniy qarashlarga qarshi chiqib, zuhd hayotini qabul qilgan va sayyoh sifatida ma\u02bclum bo\u02bblgan tariqat a\u02bczolarining safarlarini ham diniy sayohatlar kategoriyasiga kiritish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Diniy ta\u02bclimotlarni tarqatish maqsadida amalga oshirilgan safarlar bilan birga mavjud diniy qarashlarga qarshi chiqib, zo\u02bbhd hayotini qabul qilgan va sayyoh sifatida ma\u02bclum bo\u02bblgan tariqat a\u02bczolarining safarlari ham diniy sayohatlar kategoriyasida baholash mumkin. Diniy ta\u02bclimotlarni tarqatish mavzusi keyinchalik kengroq yoritiladi. Sayyoh sifatida e\u02bctirof etilgan tariqat a\u02bczolaridan Xristianlikda tilanchi tariqatlari sifatida tanilgan Fransiskan va Dominikan tariqatlari a\u02bczolarini misol qilib keltirish mumkin. Ideal Xristianning kambag\u02bbal bo\u02bblishi kerakligi tushunchasidan kelib chiqqan ushbu tariqat a\u02bczolari bir joyda turib ibodat qilishni rad etib, uyma-uy, mintaqadan mintaqaga yurib, ham sadaqa yig\u02bbgan, ham Xristianlikni tarqatgan[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shu davrlarda Sharq dunyosida paydo bo\u02bblgan Qalandariylar va Haydariylar kabi guruhlar ham shu kabi diniy tushunchalardan kelib chiqib sayyohlik darvishlar guruhlari sifatida ta\u02bcriflangan. Ushbu guruhlar o\u02bbz e\u02bctiqodlari va tashqi ko\u02bbrinishlari bilan jamiyatdan ayrilishi hamda barcha turdagi urf-odatlarni rad etishi bilan ajralib turgan. Ular zuhd tushunchasi bilan kambag\u02bbal hayot tarzini tanlab, yilning katta qismini sayohat qilib va dam olib o\u02bbtkazishgan[7]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Otabek MUHAMMADIYEV
\nImom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi katta ilmiy xodimi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00d6mer Faruk Harman. Haj. TDIE. J. 14. \u2013 B. 382.<\/span><\/div>\n
[2]<\/a> Harman. Haj. TDIE. J. 14. \u2013 B. 382.<\/span><\/div>\n
[3]<\/a> Casson, Antik \u00e7a\u011fda seyahat. 2020.<\/span><\/div>\n
[4]<\/a> Frankopan P. The Silk Roads: A New History of the World. 2015.<\/span><\/div>\n
[5]<\/a> Demircan A. Arap edebiyatinda seyahatname t\u00fcr\u00fc. 2010.<\/span><\/div>\n
[6]<\/a> Mastromartino F. L\u02bcanalisi dei diritti. 2022.<\/span><\/div>\n
[7]<\/a> Karamustafa A. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n kuraltanimaz kullari. \u2013 Istanbul: Yap\u0131 kredi yayinlari, 2016.<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rihla \u2013 eng sodda ta\u02bcrif bilan aytganda, hadis tarixi doirasida ilm safarlari tushuniladigan bir tushuncha hisoblanadi. Islom jamiyatlariga xos bo\u02bblgan bir faoliyat bo\u02bblib, rihla ilm talabi maqsadida amalga oshiriladigan va jamiyatda mavjud bo\u02bblgan sayyohlik madaniyatiga asoslangan safardir. Shu nuqtai nazardan, rihla tushunchasini anglash uchun sayyohlik fenomeni va Islom madaniyatidagi \u201cilm\u201d tushunchasini yaxshi o\u02bbzlashtirish zarurdir. Maqolada …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41067,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nRIHLANING TURLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"RIHLANING TURLARI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41066&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"RIHLANING TURLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"RIHLANING TURLARI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41066&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-03-20T07:52:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/bukhari_buxoriy2025_39.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"330\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41066&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=41066&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"RIHLANING TURLARI - 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