{"id":39555,"date":"2025-01-08T11:45:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T06:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=39555"},"modified":"2025-01-08T12:05:41","modified_gmt":"2025-01-08T07:05:41","slug":"samarqand-davlat-universitetida-saqlanayotgan-eng-qadimgi-qo%ca%bblyozma-asarlarning-qog%ca%bboz-tarkibi-xususida","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=39555&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"SAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETIDA SAQLANAYOTGAN ENG QADIMGI QO\u02bbLYOZMA ASARLARNING QOG\u02bbOZ TARKIBI XUSUSIDA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Samarqand butun O\u02bbrta asrlar davomida dunyodagi eng yuqori sifatli qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqaruvchi va yetkazib beruvchi asosiy markaz bo\u02bblgan. Samarqand qog\u02bbozida yaratilgan qo\u02bblyozma asarlar va miniatyuralar bugun ham dunyodagi mashhur kutubxona, muzey va kolleksiyalarning noyob mulki hisoblanadi. Ana shunday xazinalardan biri Samarqand davlat universiteti kutubxonasidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xorijlik tadqiqotchilar qadimgi qo\u02bblyozma asarlar va hujjatlarni kodikologik jihatdan tadqiq etishda, qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganishda zamonaviy texnik vositalardan unumli foydalanmoqda. Ularning ayrimlari bugungi kunda yurtimizda ham mavjud bo\u02bblib, ularni ilmiy tadqiqotlarga keng jalb qilish mumkin. Shunga qaramasdan, qadimiy manbalar bilan ishlovchi mahalliy tarixchi-manbashunos olimlar orasida bunday usullar ommalashmagan. Vaholanki, qadimiy yozma manbalarning qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganish orqali uning ishlab chiqarilishi tarixi va texnologiyalariga oid muhim ma\u02bclumotlarni aniqlash mumkin. Olingan natijalarni qadimgi manbalardagi qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalar faoliyatiga oid ma\u02bclumotlar bilan boyitish o\u02bbsha davr ijtimoiy hayotini ham yoritishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bugungi kunda mahalliy tarixchi-manbashunos olimlar bu boradagi xorij tajribasiga e\u02bctibor qaratib, mavjud texnik vositalardan keng foydalanishni yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyish dolzarb ahamiyatga ega. Xorij tadqiqotlarining foydali jihatlarini o\u02bbzlashtirish va ommalashtirish mamlakatimizdagi yordamchi tarix fanlarini yanada rivojlantirishga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu maqolada keyingi yillarda Samarqand davlat universitetida olib borilgan ushbu yo\u02bbnalishdagi tadqiqotlarning dastlabki natijalari bayon etiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mavzuga oid adabiyotlar tahlili<\/strong>. Zamonaviy texnologiyalar imkoniyatlariga qaramasdan, nafaqat O\u02bbzbekistonda, hatto postsovet makonida ham qadimiy yozma manbalar qog\u02bbozini tadqiq qilish rivojlanmagan. Tarixiy hujjatlar va ularning qadimiy qog\u02bbozini texnologik tadqiq etishning zamonaviy yo\u02bbnalishlari, usullari va vositalari haqidagi umumiy sharh A.P.Balachenkova va D.O.S\u044bpkinning maqolasida [13] keltirilgan. Unda \u201cmahalliy mutaxassislar qadimiy qog\u02bbozlarga zamonaviy texnologik tadqiqotlar o\u02bbtkazish vazifalari va imkoniyatlariga hamon e\u02bctibor qaratmayapti\u201d, deb ta\u02bckidlangan [13:375]. Vaholanki, bunday tahlillar uchun bugun katta imkoniyat va salohiyat bo\u02bblib, u fanlararo yondashuvni talab qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ushbu yo\u02bbnalishdagi tadqiqotlar haqida umumiy tushuncha hosil qilish uchun xorijiy nashrlarga murojaat qilish lozim. Ularning ko\u02bbpchiligi \u201cXalqaro qog\u02bboz tarixchilari uyushmasi\u201d \u2013 IPH (International Association of Paper Historians) kongresslari materiallarida chop etilgan. Quyida eng muhim maqolalarga qisqacha to\u02bbxtab o\u02bbtilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qadimgi sharq qog\u02bbozlari haqidagi qator nashrlar [8; 6; 3; 7; 4] orasida Daniya Milliy muzeyi restavratori A.-G. Rischel tadqiqotlari alohida ahamiyatga ega. Bu olima qadimiy qog\u02bbozlarni texnologik o\u02bbrganish sohasida yetakchi mutaxassis hisoblanadi. Uning izlanishlari Yevroosiyo qit\u02bcasida qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasining transmadaniy rivojlanishi va uzluksizligining yaxlit manzarasini ochib berishga qaratilgan. 1998-yilda olimaning Markaziy Osiyodan topilgan qadimiy hujjatlar qog\u02bbozi haqidagi maqolasi nashr etilgan. Unda Stokgolmdagi Etnografiya muzeyida saqlanayotgan \u201cSven Gedin kolleksiyasi\u201d va Kopengagendagi Daniya milliy muzeyida saqlanayotgan \u201cDunxuan kolleksiyasi\u201d tarkibidagi qadimiy hujjatlar tadqiq qilingan [10]. A.-G. Rischel o\u02bbzining navbatdagi maqolasini Sven Gedin (1865-1952) tomonidan to\u02bbplangan \u201cLulan kolleksiyasi\u201dni konservatsiya qilish natijalari asosida yozgan. Olima qog\u02bbozning Sharqdan G\u02bbarbga harakati jarayonida uni ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasining rivojlanishi bilan bog\u02bbliq ma\u02bclumotlarni keltirgan va bu bo\u02bbyicha bir qator xulosa chiqargan [11]. U o\u02bbzining navbatdagi maqolasida Daniya milliy muzeyi va ba\u02bczi xorijiy kolleksiyalarda saqlanayotgan, \u201csamarqand\u201d (VIII asr), \u201cdunxuan\u201d (IX-XI asrlar), \u201carab\u201d (XII-XIII asrlar) va \u201cyevropa\u201d (XVI asr) qog\u02bbozi namunalarini mikroskopda tekshirish bo\u02bbyicha olgan umumiy natijalarini keltirgan [12]. Aytish mumkinki, A.-G. Rischel Samarqand qog\u02bbozining eng qadimiy namunasini tahlil qilishga muvaffaq bo\u02bblgan mutaxassislardan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand davlat universitetida bu yo\u02bbnalishdagi tadqiqotlar Yaponiyaning Aichi san\u02bcat universiteti professori Koji Shibazaki rahbarligidagi yapon olimlari bilan hamkorlikda yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tadqiqot metodologiyasi<\/strong> fanlararo yondashuvga asoslangan. Maqolani yozishda tarixiy-xronologik izchillik, qiyosiy tahlil usullaridan foydalanildi. Shu bilan birga, qadimiy manbalarning qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganishda asosan eng yangi portativ mikroskop kamerasi yordamida suratga olish, yuqori aniqlikdagi ilmiy tahlillar uchun esa maxsus laboratoriya (elektron mikroskop, optik mikroskop) tekshiruvlari kabi usullar qo\u02bbllandi. Bundan tashqari, qog\u02bboz tolasi holati haqida yig\u02bbilgan namunalarni qiyosiy o\u02bbrganish va tahlil qilishda so\u02bbnggi zamonaviy ilmiy yondashuvlardan foydalanildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand davlat universiteti <\/strong>tashkil topgan kundan boshlab arab yozuvidagi qadimiy qo\u02bblyozma va toshbosma asarlarni yig\u02bba boshlagan. Kundan kunga o\u02bbz jamg\u02bbarmasini boyitib borgan bu fond bugun soni va ahamiyati jihatidan yetakchi o\u02bbrinda turadi. Bu esa mazkur \u201cxazina\u201dning ilmiy, tarixiy, madaniy ahamiyatining qanchalik yuqori ekanini bildiradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu yerda to\u02bbplangan noyob yozma yodgorliklarning eng qadimgisi XIII asrda, eng so\u02bbngisi esa XX asrda ko\u02bbchirilgan. Ular fors-tojik, turkiy (o\u02bbzbek), arab va boshqa tillardagi sharq qo\u02bblyozma asarlari, toshbosma usulida nashr etilgan kitoblar, shuningdek, arab yozuvidan foydalangan ko\u02bbplab musulmon davlatlarida nashr etilgan kitob, faksimile nashrlar, gazeta va jurnallardan iborat. Bu noyob jamg\u02bbarma nafaqat mahalliy, balki xorijiy tadqiqotchilarni ham o\u02bbziga jalb qilib kelgan. Bugun ham unga bo\u02bblgan qiziqish katta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand davlat universiteti 2017-2020-yillarda \u201cThe research for the culture of contemporary Hand-Made Paper and artistic expression. With the focus on the revival of Samarkand Paper\u201d mavzusidagi loyihada ishtirok etdi. Natijada, yapon olimlari bilan hamkorlikda universitet qo\u02bblyozmalar fondida saqlanayotgan qadimiy asarlarning qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganish yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyildi va bu yo\u02bbnalishdagi tadqiqotlar davom etmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tahlil va natijalar<\/strong>. Dastlab, XV asrgacha ko\u02bbchirilgan qo\u02bblyozma manbalarning qog\u02bboz tarkibi o\u02bbrganildi. Ularga quyidagi asarlar kiradi:<\/span><\/p>\n

1306-yilda ko\u02bbchirilgan \u201cTakmilat as-Sahoh al-Javhariy\u201d, 1348-yilda ko\u02bbchirilgan \u201cSharhi kitobi talxis al-miftoh\u201d, 1375-yilda ko\u02bbchirilgan \u201cFi ilmul arab\u201d, 1378-yilda ko\u02bbchirilgan \u201cSharhi ta\u02bclimul faroyiz\u201d, 1452-yilda Abdurahmon Jomiy tomonidan ko\u02bbchirilgan majmua va boshqalar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ularning orasida Farididdin Attor tomonidan yozilgan \u201cTazkiratul avliyo\u201d asari qo\u02bblyozmasi alohida ahamiyatga ega. Farididdin Attor mo\u02bbg\u02bbullar istilosi davrida 1221 yoki 1229-yilda, juda keksa yoshda vafot etgan deb hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTazkiratul avliyo\u201d asari qo\u02bblyozmasi Samarqand davlat universiteti kutubxonasida 1008579 raqami bilan saqlanmoqda. Asrlar davomida qo\u02bblyozmaning muqovasi va birinchi sahifasi zararlangani uchun butunlay almashtirilgan. Qo\u02bblyozma hijriy 685-yil Abdurahim ibn Mahmud tomonidan ko\u02bbchirilgan. Bu milodiy 1286-yilga to\u02bbg\u02bbri keladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Keyingi bosqichda XX asrgacha Samarqandda ko\u02bbchirilgan asarlar ham tadqiqotga jalb qilindi. Bunda asosan eng yangi portativ mikroskop kamerasi yordamida suratga olish orqali qadimiy manbalarning qog\u02bboz tolasi haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlar olindi. Ular oldin yig\u02bbilgan shunday ma\u02bclumotlar bilan qiyosiy o\u02bbrganildi. Shu bilan birga, o\u02bbziga xos xususiyatga ega va juda muhim deb topilgan manbalar qog\u02bboz tolasi Yaponiyaning yetakchi laboratoriyalarida maxsus tekshiruvdan o\u02bbtkazildi. Masalan, 2018-yil may oyida Koti prefekturasining qog\u02bboz sanoati va texnologiyasi markazida JIS P 8120<\/strong> standartiga muvofiq \u201cqog\u02bboz, karton va qog\u02bboz massasi tarkibini tolalar bo\u02bbyicha aniqlash usuli\u201dga muvofiq yuz barobar kattalashtirib ko\u02bbrsatuvchi optik mikroskopli kamera va indikator (S bo\u02bbyash eritmasi) yordamida suratga olish ishlari o\u02bbtkazildi. Bu tadqiqot obyekti Samarqand qog\u02bbozining 10 ta namunasi bo\u02bblib, ulardan 3 tasi Samarqand davlat universiteti tomonidan taqdim etilgan [19: 11].<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbtkazilgan tahlillar natijasida XVII-XVIII asrlarga oid qog\u02bboz parchalari paxta tolasidan, XIII-XVI asrlarga oid qog\u02bboz parchalari esa kanop yoki zig\u02bbir tolalaridan iborat ekani aniqlandi. Shuningdek, bu davrda paxta va boshqa noma\u02bclum tolalar aralashmasidan iborat qog\u02bboz parchalari ham borligi ma\u02bclum bo\u02bbldi. Noma\u02bclum tolaning nimadan olinganini zamonaviy laboratoriya tekshiruvlari ham ko\u02bbrsata olmagach, buni qadimiy yozma manbalar orqali aniqlash ishlari boshlandi. Bunda aynan Samarqandda ko\u02bbchirilgan o\u02bbsimliklar haqidagi manbalar va o\u02bbz davrining qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalari faoliyatiga e\u02bctibor qaratildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taxminan 40-90 yillarda yashagan qadimgi yunon olimi Dioskuridning \u201cO\u02bbsimliklar kitobi\u201d jahon olimlari tomonidan tibbiyot va farmokologiya tarixida katta o\u02bbrin tutishi e\u02bctirof etilgan. Bu asar Bag\u02bbdodda IX asrda arab tiliga tarjima qilingan. X asrda esa Samarqandda Abdulloh Natiliy tomonidan qayta ishlangan. Abdulloh Natiliy nusxasining 1083-yil 6-fevralda Samarqandda ko\u02bbchirib tugatilgan juda qadimgi qo\u02bblyozmasi bugun Niderlandiyaning Leyden universiteti kutubxonasida (Ms.or. 289) saqlanadi. Agar Samarqand qog\u02bbozini tayyorlashda o\u02bbsimliklar tolasidan foydalangani hisobga olinsa, uning mashhur sifati mazkur ilmiy asar bilan bevosita bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblganiga hech qanday shubha qolmaydi. Aytish mumkinki, samarqandlik ustalar qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqarish xom ashyosi va texnologiyasini tanlashda o\u02bbz davrining ilmiy yutuqlariga asoslangan. Shuning uchun ham qog\u02bboz sifati yuqori bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqandlik qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalar faoliyatini o\u02bbrganish orqali ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasi va xom ashyosi haqida ham ma\u02bclumot olish mumkin. Shuni hisobga olib, Samarqand qog\u02bbozini kim tayyorlagan<\/strong>? degan savolga javob topishga harakat qilindi. Afsuski tadqiqotlarda bu haqda ma\u02bclumot uchramadi. Yana qadimiy qo\u02bblyozma asarlarga murojaat qilishga to\u02bbg\u02bbri keldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu boradagi eng ishonchli manbalar Samarqand shahri tarixiga oid asarlar hisoblanadi. Ularda keltirilgan qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalar haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlar tadqiqotchilar e\u02bctiboridan chetda qolgan ekan. Shuning uchun mazkur tadqiqotga jalb qilingan manbalar haqida ham quyidagi umumiy ma\u02bclumotlarni keltirish maqsadga muvofiq deb topildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shaharlar tarixi janri islom olamida ayniqsa, mo\u02bbg\u02bbullargacha bo\u02bblgan davrda juda rivojlangan. Odatda bu janrdagi kitoblar shahar geografiyasi va uning tarixiga oid bo\u02bblimlar bilan boshlanadi. Keyin esa shaharning o\u02bbziga xos jihatlari va afzalliklari (\u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u0644) haqidagi bo\u02bblim keladi. Nemis olimining fikricha, bunday kitoblarni yozish sabablaridan biri mahalliy aholi o\u02bbrtasidagi vatanparvarlik bo\u02bblgan [9: 16].<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrta Osiyoda ham o\u02bbz vaqtida shaharlar tarixining salmoqli qismi yozilgan, ammo ularning aksariyati bizgacha yetib kelmagan [5]. Agar ulardan nimadir saqlangan bo\u02bblsa ham, arab tilidagi asl nusxa parchalari yoki fors tiliga qilingan tarjimalarning qisqartirilgan shakli bo\u02bbladi. Shahar tarixining to\u02bbliq qadimiy arab tilidagi matni bugungi kungacha yetib kelgani juda kam uchraydi [20].<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu turdagi manbalarda juda ko\u02bbp sonli, ko\u02bbpincha mingdan ortiq shaxslar nomi keltiriladi. Ular orasida turli kasb egalari bo\u02bblgan hunarmandlar ham bor. Shuning uchun Samarqand tarixiga oid asarlar bizning mavzuimiz uchun eng muhim manba hisoblanadi. Ana shunday asarlardan biri XII asrning birinchi yarmida yozilgan. Uning muallifi Najmiddin Abu Xafs Umar ibn Muhammad Nasafiydir. U 461\/1068-yilda O\u02bbrta Osiyoning ilmiy markazlaridan biri bo\u02bblgan Nasaf (hozirgi Qarshi) shahrida tug\u02bbilgan. Umrining ko\u02bbp qismini Samarqandda o\u02bbtkazib, 537\/1142-yilda vafot etgan va shu shaharda dafn etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Najmiddin Abu Xafs Umar ibn Muhammad Nasafiy gumanitar fanlar sohasidagi eng mashhur olimlardan biridir. Manbalardan ma\u02bclumki, u islom ilmlarining turli sohalariga oid yuzdan ortiq risola va asar yozgan. Uning bizgacha yetib kelgan kitoblari orasida \u201cAl-qand fi zikri ulamoi Samarqand\u201d nomli tarixiy asari alohida ahamiyatga ega. Bu manba arab tilida yozilgan bo\u02bblib, nomi \u201cSamarqand olimlari bilimidagi shirinliklar\u201d yoki \u201cSamarqand olimlari xotirasiga oid qanddek shirin kitob\u201d deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin. Olim o\u02bbz asarini umrining so\u02bbnggi yilida (537\/1142) yozgan. Bu asar uning shogirdi Abulfazl Muhammad ibn Abdujalil Samarqandiy tomonidan qisqartirilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu asarning Parij (Bibliotheque Nationale \u2116 6284) va Istanbul (Turhan Valide \u2116 70) shaharlarida saqlanayotgan arab tilidagi ikki qadimiy qo\u02bblyozma nusxasi ma\u02bclum. Ular ushbu kitobning saqlanib qolgan parchalari hisoblanadi. Ikkala qo\u02bblyozma ham katta ilmiy qiymatga ega bo\u02bblib, ko\u02bbp joylarda bir-birini sezilarli darajada to\u02bbldiradi va har biri boshqasida yo\u02bbq qismlarga ega.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arab tilida yozilgan bu asarda VIII asr o\u02bbrtalaridan to muallif zamonigacha, ya\u02bcni XII asr birinchi yarmigacha bo\u02bblgan davrda Samarqandda yashagan olimlar haqida qisqacha biografik ma\u02bclumot berilgan. Shuni alohida ta\u02bckidlash lozimki, Najmiddin Abu Xafs Umar ibn Muhammad Nasafiyning bu asari bizgacha yetib kelmagan al-Idrisiy (vaf. 405\/1015) va al-Mustag\u02bbfiriy (vaf.432\/1041) kabi olimlarning \u201cSamarqand tarixi\u201d nomli kitoblarining davomi sifatida yozilgan. Agar keyingi ikki muallif yozgan asarlar qo\u02bblyozmalari topilsa, Samarqand tarixiga oid ko\u02bbplab yangi ma\u02bclumotlar olish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAl-qand fi zikri ulamoi Samarqand\u201d asarining Istanbulda saqlanayotgan qo\u02bblyozma matni Saudiya Arabistoni (Ar-Riyod shahri)da nashr etilgan [1]. Tehron (Eron Islom Respublikasi) nashrida esa Istanbul va Parij qo\u02bblyozmalari matnlari bir nom ostida nashr etilgan [2]. Bu manba germaniyalik [9] va tojikistonlik [14] olimlar tadqiqotlariga jalb qilingan. O\u02bbzbekistonlik olimlar tomonidan ham Samarqand shahrining tarixi [15:17] va tarixiy geografiyasini o\u02bbrganishda foydalanilgan [16:18]. Ushbu satrlar muallifi tomonidan mazkur asar ilk bor Samarqand qog\u02bbozi ustalari tarixiga oid manba sifatida o\u02bbrganilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kabi arab-fors tillarida yozilgan asarlarda qog\u02bboz ustalari al-Kog\u02bbaziy <\/strong>( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0630\u064a ) yoki al-Kog\u02bbadiy<\/strong> ( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u063a\u062f\u064a ) laqabi bilan tilga olinadi. Bu laqab \u0643\u0627\u063a\u0630\u00a0 \u2013 kog\u02bbaz<\/strong> so\u02bbzidan kelib chiqqan. Agar bu so\u02bbzning oxirgi harfini<\/span>
\n( \u0630 ) nuqtasiz yozsak ( \u062f ), u kog\u02bbad<\/strong> deb o\u02bbqiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAl-qand fi zikri ulamoi Samarqand\u201d asarida keltirilgan ma\u02bclumotlarga ko\u02bbra, har bir asrda mashhur qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalar bo\u02bblgan. Ular haqida biz topgan dastlabki ma\u02bclumotlar IX asrga to\u02bbg\u02bbri keladi. Bu vaqtda Samarqandda maxsus qog\u02bboz bozori<\/strong> bo\u02bblgan. 281\/895-yilda vafot etgan Abu Sulaymon Dovud bu bozorda dallol edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, quyida Samarqand qog\u02bbozi ustalaridan ayrimlarining nomlari keltirilgan: Abu Tavba Said al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 259\/874-yilda vafot etgan; Abu Solih Shu\u02bcayb al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 272\/886-yilda vafot etgan; Abu Turba al-Qog\u02bbadiy \u2013 IX asr; Abul Fazl ibn Ahmad al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 IX-X asrlar; Shu\u02bcayb ibn al-Lays al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 IX-X asrlar; Abul Fazl Muhammad ibn Ibrohim al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 IX-X asrlar; Muhammad ibn Abdulloh al-Qog\u02bbaziy \u2013 X asr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Abul Fazl Mansur ibn Nasr al-Qog\u02bbaziy <\/strong>\u2013 423\/1033 yilda vafot etgan. U \u201cQog\u02bbazul Mansuriy\u201d \u2013 (\u201cMansur qog\u02bbozi\u201d) nomi bilan mashhur qog\u02bboz turini yasovchi usta bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ustadan keyin Samarqandda XI asrda Abu Ali Hasan ibn Nosir<\/strong> al-Qog\u02bbaziy<\/strong> shuhrat qozongan. U tayyorlagan qog\u02bboz juda chiroyli, oq va sifatli bo\u02bblib, \u201cQog\u02bbazul Hasaniy\u201d (\u201cHasan qog\u02bbozi\u201d) nomi bilan mashhur bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa va takliflar<\/strong> o\u02bbrnida quyidagi fikr-mulohazalarni bildirish mumkin:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Samarqand davlat universiteti qo\u02bblyozmalar fondi ajdodlarimiz tarixi, ilm-fani, tili va adabiyotiga bag\u02bbishlangan. Bu noyob jamg\u02bbarma katta ilmiy ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblib, nafaqat universitet faxri, balki mamlakatimiz milliy boyligi hisoblanadi. Bu bebaho xazina kelgusi avlodlar uchun donolik va bilim o\u02bbrgatuvchi hamda yangi tadqiqotlar uchun ajoyib manbadir. Shuning uchun ham ularni saqlash va foydalanish masalalariga alohida e\u02bctibor qaratish talab qilinadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Samarqand davlat universitetining Aichi san\u02bcat universiteti bilan hamkorlik qilishi yurtimizda kam o\u02bbrganilgan mavzu hisoblangan qadimgi qo\u02bblyozma asarlarning qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganish imkonini berdi. Professor Koji Shibazaki rahbarligidagi yapon olimlari bilan hamkorlikda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar Samarqandda tut tolasidan qog\u02bboz tayyorlash XVIII asrdan keyin rivojlanganini ko\u02bbrsatdi. Bu esa Samarqand qog\u02bbozining ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasini asrlar kesimida, ya\u02bcni o\u02bbz davrining mashhur ustalari faoliyati bilan birga o\u02bbrganish zarurligini anglatadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Qadimiy Samarqand qog\u02bbozining yuqori sifati chuqur ilmiy yondashuvlar va qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalarning mahoratiga asoslangan. Har bir davrning mashhur ustalari bo\u02bblib, ular o\u02bbz atrofida keng tarqalgan o\u02bbsimlik xom ashyosi va ularni qayta ishlashning yangi texnologiyalarini topish uchun doimiy izlanish olib borgan. Natijada, ular eng sifatli qog\u02bboz tayyorlashga erishgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Samarqand tarixiga oid qadimiy qo\u02bblyozma asarlardan qog\u02bboz yasovchi ustalar haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlarni topib o\u02bbrganish o\u02bbsha davrning ijtimoiy hayoti va ilmiy yutuqlarini yoritishga xizmat qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Yetakchi xorijiy davlatlar olimlari tomonidan qog\u02bboz tarkibini o\u02bbrganish borasida olib borilayotgan tadqiqotlarni yurtimizda ommalashtirish zarur. Eng yangi portativ mikroskop kamera va shu kabi uskunalardan foydalanish mahalliy tadqiqotchilarga yangi qulayliklar yaratadi. Shuningdek, yangi ilmiy yutuqlarni qo\u02bblga kiritishga asos bo\u02bblib xizmat qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>FOYDALANILGAN<\/strong> ADABIYOTLAR<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
    \n
  1. Al-Nasafi, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs \u02bbUmar b. Muhammad, al-Qand fi dhikr \u02bbulama\u02bb Samarqand, ed. Nazar Muhammad al-Faryobi. \u2013 Ar-Riyod: Maktabat al-Kavsar, 1412\/1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Al-Nasaf\u012b, Najm al-D\u012bn Abu Hafs \u02bbUmar ibn Muhammad, al-Qand f\u012b dhikr-i \u02bbulam\u0101\u02bb-i Samarqand, ed. by Yusuf al-Hadi, Tehr\u0101n: Ayene-ye M\u012bras, 1378\/1420\/1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Amar\u00a0Z., Gorski\u00a0A., Neumann\u00a0I. Raw Materials in the Paper and Textile Industry in al-Sham during the Middle Ages in Light of an Analysis of Documents from the Cairo Genizah\u00a0\/\/\u00a0IPH Congress Book. 2004. Vol. 15.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Enami K, Sakamoto S, Okado Y, Mori M, Masuda K. Paper Made from Millet and Grass Fibre Found in the Secular Documents of Pre-Tang and Tang Dynasty \/\/ IPH Congress Book. 2012. Vol. 19.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Frye R.N. City Chronicles of Central Asia and Khurasan: A History of Nasaf? \/\/ M\u00e9langes Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc. \u2013 Istanbul, 1953. \u2013 P.165-170. Reprinted in: Islamic Iran and Central Asia (7th<\/sup>-12<\/span>th<\/sup> centuries). \u2013 London: Variorum Reprints, 1979. XXXI.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Helman-Wazny\u00a0A.Tibetan historic manuscripts as a source of information on past papermaking in Inner Asia \/\/\u00a0IPH Congress Book. 2004. 15.<\/li>\n
  7. Liu\u00a0A.W. \u2013 S.Comparing the properties of contemporary chinese papers manufactured in China with Japanese Kozo Washi paper\u00a0\/\/\u00a0IPH Congress Book. 2008. Vol. 17.<\/li>\n
  8. Paireau F. An approach of Japanese handmade paper texture \/\/ IPH Congress Book. 1998. Vol. 12.<\/li>\n
  9. Paul J\u00fcrgen. The histories of Samarqand \/\/ Studia Iranica, Tome 22,<\/li>\n
  10. Rischel A. \u2013 G. Looking at Central Asian paper of Turkish, Tibetian and Chinese origin from the Silk Roads \/\/ IPH Congress Book. 1998. Vol. 12.<\/li>\n
  11. Rischel A. \u2013 G. Analysis of the papermaker\u2019s choice of fibrous materials and technology along the paper road \/\/ IPH Congress Book. 2002. Vol. 14.<\/li>\n
  12. Rischel A. \u2013 G. Arabian paper \u2013 the oriental link between asiatic and european paper (A comparative macroscopic and microscopic analysis) \/\/ IPH Congress Book. 2006. Vol. 16.<\/li>\n
  13. \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u041f., \u0426\u044b\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0414.\u041e. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \/\/ \u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. 2017. \u0422\u043e\u043c 62. \u0412\u044b\u043f. 2.<\/li>\n
  14. \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041b. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c XIV \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0445\u0440\u0430 \/\/ \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u041d \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u2116 3 (23), 1991.<\/li>\n
  15. \u041a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0428.\u0421. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \/\/ \u041e\u041d\u0423, 2003. \u2116 3.<\/li>\n
  16. \u041a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0428.\u0421. \u0410\u0431\u0443 \u0425\u0430\u0444\u0441 \u0430\u043d-\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0444\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \/\/ \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0443\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0439-\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0436\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0422\u0414\u0428\u0418, 2003.<\/li>\n
  17. \u041a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0428.\u0421. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \/\/ O\u2018zbekiston moddiy madaniyati tarixi (\u0418\u041c\u041a\u0423). \u2013 \u0422.: \u0424\u0430\u043d, 2006.<\/li>\n
  18. \u041a\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0428.\u0421. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u201c\u0410\u043b-\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u201d \u0410\u0431\u0443 \u0425\u0430\u0444\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u043d-\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0444\u0438 \/\/ \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0441\u0438\u0451 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438: \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. 3-\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u045e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0422\u0414\u0428\u0418, 2011.<\/li>\n
  19. \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0438, \u0425\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0446\u0443\u043a\u043e, \u0421\u0430\u0442\u043e \u041d\u0430\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0411\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0422\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0440\u043e, \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u042e\u0440\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u041e\u044f\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0401\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0438\u043a\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 (JSPS) \u201c\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u201d \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u201c\u0411\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u201d \/\/ \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u201c\u0411\u044e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0410\u0438\u0442\u0438\u201d. \u2116 48.<\/li>\n
  20. \u0425\u0430\u043c\u0437\u0430 \u0431. \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u0431. \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0441-\u0421\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d. \u2013 \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0434: \u0438\u0437\u0434. \u041d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u043d, 1950.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    MUHAMMADIXON BUZRUKOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    SamDU Qo\u02bblyozmalar fondi mudiri,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    tarix fanlari bo\u02bbyicha falsafa doktori (PhD)<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Samarqand butun O\u02bbrta asrlar davomida dunyodagi eng yuqori sifatli qog\u02bboz ishlab chiqaruvchi va yetkazib beruvchi asosiy markaz bo\u02bblgan. Samarqand qog\u02bbozida yaratilgan qo\u02bblyozma asarlar va miniatyuralar bugun ham dunyodagi mashhur kutubxona, muzey va kolleksiyalarning noyob mulki hisoblanadi. Ana shunday xazinalardan biri Samarqand davlat universiteti kutubxonasidir. Xorijlik tadqiqotchilar qadimgi qo\u02bblyozma asarlar va hujjatlarni kodikologik jihatdan tadqiq etishda, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39556,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[3448,3452,3450,3442,3444,3446],"yoast_head":"\nSAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETIDA SAQLANAYOTGAN ENG QADIMGI QO\u02bbLYOZMA ASARLARNING QOG\u02bbOZ TARKIBI XUSUSIDA - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETIDA SAQLANAYOTGAN ENG QADIMGI QO\u02bbLYOZMA ASARLARNING QOG\u02bbOZ TARKIBI XUSUSIDA\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=39555&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETIDA SAQLANAYOTGAN ENG QADIMGI QO\u02bbLYOZMA ASARLARNING QOG\u02bbOZ TARKIBI XUSUSIDA - 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