{"id":37129,"date":"2024-08-21T09:20:57","date_gmt":"2024-08-21T04:20:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=37129"},"modified":"2024-08-21T09:20:57","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T04:20:57","slug":"xiii-xiv-asrlarda-movarounnahrda-arxitektura-inshootlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37129&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"XIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

XIII\u2013XIV asrning o\u02bbrtalarida Turon me\u02bcmorchilik va hunarmandchiligida asta-sekin qayta tiklanish jarayoni boshlandi, biroq bu holat Elxoniylar Eronidagi kabi keng miqyosli emas edi. Bu davrda me\u02bcmorchilikda shohona ambitsiyalar mavjud emas edi va shu sababli mahobatli binolar qurilgani kuzatilmaydi. Bu temuriylardan avvalgi o\u02bbziga xos davr bo\u02bblib, yorqin namoyon bo\u02bblmagan. Biroq ma\u02bclum darajada me\u02bcmorchilik va san\u02bcatda temuriylar uslubi shakllanishiga zamin hozirlagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan, Turon hududida o\u02bbrnashgan ba\u02bczi mo\u02bbg\u02bbul xonlari turli sabablar tufayli islomni qabul qila boshladi. Biroq ular deyarli shaharsozlik rivojlanishiga va masjidu madraslar qurilishiga hissa qo\u02bbshmadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turonda mo\u02bbg\u02bbullarga qaramlik davriga oid yozma manbalar deyarli mavjud emas. Yozma manbalar ozligi tufayli bu davr me\u02bcmorchiligini yoritishda asosan arxeologik va keyingi davr yozma manbalari va zamonaviy tadqiqotchilar ishlaridan foydalanish mumkin. Xususan, ushbu mavzuni yoritishda Ibn Battutaning \u201cSayyohatnoma\u201d [3] va Muhammad Haydar Mirzoning \u201cTarixi Rashidiy\u201d asarlari [5], shuningdek, tadqiqotchilardan Bobojon G\u02bbafurov [6], O\u02bbmirqul Qarayev [4], Lobar Asrorova [1], xorijliklardan Bernard O\u02bbKeynning [2] ilmiy tadqiqotlaridan foydalanildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chig\u02bbatoy ulusi davriga oid me\u02bcmoriy inshootlar ozchilikni tashkil etadi. Buni ularning ko\u02bbchmanchilik an\u02bcanasiga sodiq qolishga urinishi deyish mumkin. Bu holat Oltin O\u02bbrdada ham kuzatiladi [2:277-287]. O\u02bbtroq aholi asosan Turonning g\u02bbarbida, jumladan, Urganch, Buxoro va Samarqand shaharlarida bo\u02bblib, ularning ko\u02bbpchiligi musulmon edi. Bugungi kungacha saqlanib qolgan me\u02bcmoriy obidalarning aksariyati o\u02bbsha yerlarda joylashganini ta\u02bckidlash joiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIII asr o\u02bbrtalarida, xususan, XIV asrda amalga oshirilgan qurilish ishlarining kengayishi Turon hududida shahar hayoti va iqtisodiyotning nisbatan o\u02bbsganini ko\u02bbrsatadi [6:466]. Qurilish xarajatlari diniy ulamo va zodagonlar, hatto, mo\u02bbg\u02bbullarning hukmron tabaqasi alohida vakillari tomonidan ham moliyalashtirilgan. Biroq quruvchilar mahalliy ustalar edi. Turon me\u02bcmorlari va turli amaliy san\u02bcat ustalari o\u02bbz ishlanmalarini rivojlantirgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu davrga oid bir qancha me\u02bcmoriy yodgorliklar saqlanib qolgan bo\u2018lib, ular asosan maqbaralardan iborat. Biroq XIII\u2013XIV asrlardagi qurilish faqat ushbu turdagi binolar bo\u02bblgan deb ham bo\u02bblmaydi. Yozma manbalardan ma\u02bclumki, bu davrda madrasa va ko\u02bbshklar ham qurilgan. XIII asr o\u02bbrtalarida Buxoroda ikkita yirik madrasa, xususan, mo\u02bbg\u02bbul xoni Kebekxon Nasaf yaqinida masjid ham qurdirgan. Qo\u02bbhna Urganchdagi balandligi 62 metrli minora XIII asr arxitekturasining noyob yodgorligi hisoblanadi. Yana bir shunga o\u02bbxshash minora XX asrda boshlarida qulab tushgan. Bu ikki minora masjidning bir qismi sanalgan. Bu davrning saqlanib qolgan eng qadimiy binosi shayxul olam Sayfiddin Boxarziy maqbarasi hisoblanadi. U XIV asrda to\u02bbliq ta\u02bcmirlangan, keyinchalik maqbaraning qadimiy binosi yonida mayda naqsh va sirkor koshinlar bilan bezatilgan ziyoratxona va kichik xilxona qurilgan. Maqbaraning eng oxirida ta\u02bcmirlangan qismi ziyoratgohning kirish qismi hisoblanadi. Bu qadimiy yodgorlik sodda tarzda qurilgan bo\u2018lib, me\u02bcmorchilikning rustika[1]<\/sup><\/a> uslubida barpo etilgan [1:23], biroq u muhtasham bino hisoblanadi. Maqbaraning o\u02bbzi kichikroq gumbaz, ziyoratxona esa kattaroq gumbaz bilan yopilgan. 1333-yilda Ibn Battuta bu yerga kelib, uni o\u02bbz \u201cSayohatnoma\u201dsida xotirlaydi [3:66]. Shayxning bizgacha yetib kelgan Buxoro yaqinida joylashgan maqbarasida xonaqoh mavjud emas [6:470].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, Buxoro shahrida bunyod etilgan Bayonqulixon maqbarasi ayni shu davrga xos yodgorliklardan bo\u02bblib, Sayfiddin Boxarziy qabri yaqinida qurilgan. Maqbara binosi mayda naqsh va sirkor koshinlar bilan bezalgan ziyoratxona va kichik xilxonadan iborat. Bayonqulixonning qabr toshi londonlik kolleksioner qo\u02bblida saqlanadi. Sayfiddin Boxarziy maqbarasi ham shu davr yodgorliklaridan biri hisoblanadi. XIII asr oxiri \u2013 XIV asr boshlariga kelib, Xorazm shaharlari ham qayta tiklana boshlagan. Ayni shu davrga kelib, bu yerda Shayx Muxtor Valiy maqbarasi qurilgan. 1287-yilda tasavvufning yirik namoyandasi Shayx Muxtor Valiy vafot etgan va shundan keyin bu maqbara qurilishi boshlangan. Qabr ustiga gumbazli dahma qurilib, keyinchalik hujrali xonaqoh bilan kengaytirilgan. Maqbara turli o\u02bblchamdagi g\u02bbishtlardan qurilgan bo\u02bblib, yog\u02bboch o\u02bbymakorligi bilan nafis bezatilgan to\u02bbrt eshik bugungi kungacha saqlanib qolgan [1:23].<\/span><\/p>\n

Keyingi davr manbalarida Turonning sharqiy qismidagi qurilishlar haqida alohida ma\u02bclumotlar bor. XIV\u2013XVI asrlarda Ashpar, Taroz, Alabur, Otbosh va Issiqko\u02bbl shahrida turli qal\u02bcalar, Olmaliq yaqinidagi Tug\u02bbluq Temur maqbarasi, Talas vodiysida Tikturmas, Manas gumbazi va boshqalar qurilgan. Mo\u02bbg\u02bbuliston xoni Muhammadxon (1408\u20131416) tomonidan ham inshootlar qurilgan. Bu haqda Muhammad Haydar Mirzo shunday yozadi: \u201cMuhammadxon Chotirko\u02bblning shimoliy qirg\u02bbog\u02bbida toshdan rabot qurdirdi… O\u02bbsha rabotning olti eshigi, balandligi yigirma gaz[2]<\/sup><\/a> bo\u02bblgan. Darvozasidan kirsangiz, o\u02bbng tomonida o\u02bbttiz gazga yaqin yo\u02bblak… Uning g\u02bbarbiy chekkasida (rabot) o\u02bbn besh gazli masjid qurilgan. Har tomondan yigirmadan ortiq eshiklar bor. Bu inshootlarning hammasi\u00a0 butunlay toshdan (qurilgan)\u201d [4:148].<\/span><\/p>\n

Chig\u02bbatoy ulusining poytaxtlaridan bo\u02bblgan Olmaliqdagi koshindan ishlangan Tug\u02bbluq Temur maqbarasi chindan ham o\u02bbziga xos jozibaga ega. Tug\u02bbluq Temur maqbarasi faqat ark va gumbazlardan barpo qilingani bilan Buxoro va undan g\u02bbarbdagi maqbaralarga o\u02bbxshaydi. Shuni ta\u02bckidlash joizki, Buxorodagi Bayonqulixon maqbarasidan farqli o\u02bblaroq, Tug\u02bbluq Temur maqbarasi islom me\u02bcmorchiligi bilan shug\u2018ullanuvchi tarixchilar e\u02bctiboridan chetda qolmoqda. Tug\u02bbluq Temur maqbarasi hozirgi kunda Xitoyning Shinjon Uyg\u02bbur provinsiyasi shimoliy qismida, Qozog\u02bbiston bilan chegaradosh Huochen shahrida joylashgan. Bu yerlar qadimda Olmaliq shahri deb atalib, Chig\u02bbatoyxon davrida yozgi qarorgoh (yayloq) vazifasini o\u02bbtagan. Keyinchalik Chig\u02bbatoy ulusining sharqiy qismi poytaxtiga aylangan. O\u02bbsha shaharda joylashgan maqbara aftidan 1363-yilda Chig\u02bbatoyxonning so\u02bbnggi avlodi Tug\u02bbluq Temurxon (1359\u20131363) vafotidan keyin qurilgan [2:278].<\/span><\/p>\n

Maqbara haqida tarixiy manbalarda ham ma\u2019lumot berilgan. Xususan, Muhammad Haydar Mirzoning \u201cTarixi Rashidi\u201d asarida maqbara 760\/1358\u20131359-yilda asli iroqlik usta Sha\u02bcrbof[3]<\/sup><\/a> tomonidan bunyod etilgani aytib o\u02bbtilgan [5:508]. Biroq bu jumla hozirda saqlanib qolmagan [2:280]. Shuni ta\u02bckidlash joizki, Muhammad Haydar mirzo maqbaraga nisbatan forscha \u201cborgoh\u201d atamasini qo\u02bbllagan. Bu atama sud (yarg\u02bbu), sud o\u02bbtkaziladigan chodir ma\u02bcnosini anglatgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u02bbishtdan qurilgan maqbaraning eni o\u02bbn bir metr, bo\u02bbyi o\u02bbn olti metrga yaqin bo\u02bblib, kirish qismida monumental ark joylashgan. Maqbaraning o\u02bbrtasidan shiftgacha o\u02bbn to\u02bbrt metrni tashkil qilib, tashqi ko\u02bbrinishi oq suvoqli g\u02bbishtli gumbazdan ishlangan. Ichkarida Tug\u02bbluq Temur va uning farzandlari qabri joylashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oqlangan devorlardan tashqari asosan ko\u02bbk va oq koshinlar ham ishlatilgan. Peshtog\u02bbi yashil, ko\u02bbk, binafsha, jigarrang, qora va oq ranglardan tashkil topgan o\u02bbzaro bog\u02bblangan yulduzlar va gulsimon naqshlari koshinlar bilan bezalgan. Arkasida ko\u02bbk va oq koshinlar bilan kufiy xatida \u201cAlloh\u201d so\u02bbzi bitilgan. Yog\u02bboch eshik atrofidagi bejirim ishlangan koshinlar hozirgi kungacha saqlangan bo\u02bblib, pastki qismi ham xuddi shunday jimjimador qilib bezatilgan. Biroq ichki qismi bezatilmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bino rejasida gumbaz ostida joylashgan asosiy markaziy xonadan tashqari bir qancha kichik qo\u02bbshimcha xonachalar ko\u02bbzda tutilgan. Pastki qismida to\u02bbrtta yuqori qavat, ya\u02bcni kirish eshigi qarshisida qo\u02bbshimcha yana uchta xonacha bor. Bu xonalardan tashqari, so\u02bbfiylar ibodati uchun mo\u02bbljallangan chillaxona ham barpo etilgan. Ular doimo marhum Tug\u02bbluq Temurga atab duoi fotiha qilgan [2:281].<\/span><\/p>\n

Maqbara yonida o\u02bbziga o\u02bbxshash, biroq kichikroq bino bo\u02bblib, oddiygina g\u02bbishtli karniz bilan bezatilgan. Bu yordamchi binoda Tug\u02bbluq Temur qizining qabri borligi aytiladi [2:283].<\/span><\/p>\n

Binoning xattotlik namunasi XIV asr Chig\u02bbatoy me\u02bcmorchiligi xattotligiga xos bo\u02bblsa-da, g\u02bbayrioddiy xususiyatga ega. Ya\u02bcni \u0623 \u201calif\u201d pastki qismining chap tomonidagi egrilik tufayli \u0644 \u201clom\u201d yoki boshqa keyingi harfga qo\u02bbshilib ketadi. Buning boshqa misollarini Shohi Zindadagi Qusam ibn Abbos ziyoratgohi va Bayonqulixon maqbarasida ham ko\u02bbrish mumkin. Yana bir o\u02bbziga xos jihati \u201cdol\u201dning kichraytirilgan shakli bo\u02bblib, bu o\u02bbxshashlik oz bo\u02bblsa-da, 1361-yilga oid Shohi Zindadagi Qutlug\u02bb og\u02bba maqbarasida ham uchraydi [2:286].<\/span><\/p>\n

Manbalarda keltirilishicha, Turonning sharqiy qismida yana ko\u02bbplab me\u02bcmoriy obidalar bo\u02bblgan. Bularga misol qilib 711\/1311\u20131312-yilga taalluqli Imom Muhammad faqih Bolosog\u02bbuniy maqbarasi, Mavlono Sirojiddin Abu Ya\u02bcqub Yusuf Sakkokiy daxmasini sanab o\u02bbtish joiz [5:508-509].<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqoridagilardan tashqari, Najmiddin Kubro, To\u02bbrabekxonim, Muhammad Bashar maqbaralari XIV asrning nodir me\u02bcmoriy yodgorliklari sirasiga kiradi. Bu davrda maqbaralar bilan birga masjid, madrasa va saroylar ham qurilgan. Ko\u02bbhna Urganchda qurilgan qo\u02bbsh minorali masjidning birgina minorasi saqlanib qolgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIV asrning 60-yillarida, ya\u2019ni mo\u02bbg\u02bbullar hukmronligining oxirlarida Samarqandda bir necha yirik me\u02bcmoriy inshootlar qurilgan. Ulardan biri 1360\u20131361-yillarda qurilgan Qutlug\u02bb Oqo maqbarasidir. O\u02bbziga xos uslubda qurilgan ushbu yodgorlik ba\u02bczi manbalarda Amir Temurning xotinlaridan biri Qutlug\u02bb Oqo nomi bilan bog\u02bbliq ekani aytiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peshtoqdagi yozuv parchalarida maqbara qurilgan vaqti 762\/1361-yil deb ko\u02bbrsatilgan. Bu yozuvlardan shuni anglash mumkinki, inshoot aslzodalar uchun qurilgan. Daxmada yosh bolaning qabri ham bor. Maqbaraning peshtoqi va ichkarisi ziynati o\u02bbymakor sirli koshin bilan ishlangan bo\u02bblib, uni ham Hoji Ahmad maqbarasi me\u02bcmori qurgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bundan tashqari, XIV asr 30-yillariga kelib, Qusam ibn Abbos majmuasining ziyoratxona qismi qaytadan quriladi. Asli XI asrga oid bo\u02bblgan binoning gumbazi yangidan qurilib, sirli koshin bilan qoplangan. Devoriy gumbaz qo\u02bbyilgan sakkiz ustunli qismining janubi-g\u02bbarbiy tomonidan islimiy naqshda hijriy \u201c753\u201d[4]<\/sup><\/a> sanasi jimjimador qilib yozilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIV asrga oid ko\u02bbplab, ya\u02bcni Shohizinda majmuasidagi bir qancha maqbaralar (Qussam ibn Abbos maqbarasi yonidagi ziyoratgoh, 1360-yilgi maqbara, Xoja Ahmad maqbarasi va boshqalar), Najmiddin va To\u02bbrabekxonim maqbaralari bor. Panjikentdagi Muhammad Bashoro maqbarasi, Xo\u02bbjanddagi hozir vayron bo\u02bblgan Duvaxon (Tuvanbek) maqbarasi va boshqalar shular jumlasidandir. Aksariyat maqbaralar tashqi ko\u02bbrinishi va me\u02bcmorchiligi jihatdan ikki guruhga bo\u02bblinadi: nisbatan ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblgan guruhi bir gumbazli, ikkinchi guruhi esa Sayfiddin Boxarziy maqbarasi kabi ikki gumbazli ziyoratgohdan iborat maqbaralardir. Bu davrda gumbazsimon peshtoq asosida bir qancha yangi loyihada maqbaralar qurilgan. Shuningdek, bu davrda qo\u02bbsh va hatto uch qavatli maqbaralar qurilgani ko\u02bbzga tashlanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chig\u02bbatoy xonadoni vakillaridan Kebekxon Qarshi yaqinida \u201cKebekxon maqbarasi\u201d nomi bilan tanilgan maqbara qurdirgan. Bu maqbara bugungi kungacha saqlanib qolmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu davrning me\u02bcmoriy bezaklari juda murakkab va rang-barang bo\u02bblib, amaliy kasblarning yanada rivojlanganidan dalolat beradi. Gil va sirlangan koshindagi gul tasvirlari binolarni bezashda keng qo\u02bbllanilgan. Ba\u02bczan pishiq g\u02bbishtga\u00a0 o\u02bbyilgan naqshlar ko\u02bbk yoki osmon tusidagi yaltiroq ranglar bilan qoplangan, boshqa hollarda faqat yozuv ko\u02bbzga tashlanadi, ikkinchi darajali ichki naqshlar esa o\u02bbymakorlik uslubida ishlangan g\u02bbishtlar ostiga qoldirilgan. Binolarni bezashda sirlangan koshinlar juda ko\u02bbp ishlatilgan. Ba\u02bczan ular sirlangan yuzani oltin yoki rangli tasvirlar bilan bezagan. Devorlari oddiy, ammo oqlangan tarzda, teng oraliqlarda vertikal ravishda o\u02bbrnatilgan sirlangan g\u02bbishtlar bilan bezatilgan. Devorlarning suvalgan yuzasi ba\u02bczan juda chiroyli naqshlar bilan qoplangan. Binoni bezashning an\u02bcanaviy usuli saqlanib qolgan. Masalan, XI\u2013XII asrlarga oid o\u02bbymakor (sirli koshinsiz) naqshlar XIV asr me\u02bcmorlik amaliyotida ham uchraydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eng murakkab o\u02bbsimliksimon va geometrik (islimiy) tasvirlar go\u02bbzalligi va rang-barangligi, pishiq g\u02bbishtga ishlangan naqshlar, sirlangan koshin va devor rasmlari kishi e\u02bctiborini tortadi. Bu ajoyib namunalarni yaratgan turonlik kulollar yoxud o\u02bbymakorlar zukkoligi haqiqatdan ham kishini hayratga soladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, muhtasham me\u02bcmoriy yodgorliklarda xattotlik san\u02bcati namunalari ham bor bo\u02bblib, o\u02bbzining avvalgi yuksak saviyasini saqlab qolganini ham aytish joiz. Ularning birida fors tilida buni yasagan ustaning ismi va inshoot qurilgan sana bor: \u201cAmali Usto Abdurrahmon; soli haftsadu bistu yak\u201d (milodiy 1321-yil) [3:470].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa sifatida shuni ta\u02bckidlash kerakki, mo\u02bbg\u02bbullar bosqini Turon me\u02bcmorchiligiga o\u02bbzining salbiy ta\u02bcsirini o\u02bbtkazmay qolmadi. Bosqinning ilk chog\u02bblarida shahar taraqqiyoti bir muddat to\u02bbxtab qoldi. Biroq ajdodlarimizning bunyodkorlik salohiyati va qurilish sohasidagi boy tajribasi natijasida an\u02bcanaviy me\u02bcmorchilik bilan birga, yangicha yondashuv asosida me\u02bcmoriy inshootlarni qurish ishlari asta-sekinlik bilan rivojlana bordi. Shuni ham ta\u02bckidlash kerakki, ko\u02bbchmanchi mo\u02bbg\u02bbullarning ham o\u02bbtovlar qurish bo\u2018yicha o\u02bbziga xos an\u02bcanasi bor edi. Mo\u02bbg\u02bbullarning o\u02bbtroqlikka o\u02bbtishi natijasida ular Turonda mavjud me\u02bcmoriy an\u02bcanalarni qabul qilgan holda yangi-yangi binolar qurish ishlariga bosh-qosh bo\u02bbla boshladi. XIV asrda Turonda iqtisodiyotning nisbatan o\u02bbsishi qurilish ishlarining kengayishiga olib keldi. Natijada, bu holat qandaydir ma\u02bcnoda temuriylar davri me\u02bcmorchiligi va san\u02bcatiga zamin hozirladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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  1. Asrorova L.Q. Alouddin Buxoriy \u201cHayratul fuqaho\u201d asarining islom manbashunosligida tutgan o\u2018rni. Tarix fan. bo\u2018yicha falsafa doktori dissertatsiyasi. \u2013 T., 2019.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Bernard O\u02bcKane. Chaghatai Architecture and the tomb of Tughluq Tem\u00fcr at Almaliq. Brill. Muqarnas. Vol. 21. Essays in Honor of J.M.Rogers. 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Ibrohimov N. Ibn Battuta va uning O\u2018rta Osiyoga sayohati. \u2013 T., 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041e.\u041a. \u0427\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0441. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0443. \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u2013 \u0411\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043a, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Muhammad Haydar Mirzo. Tarixi Rashidiy. \u2013 T.: Sharq, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. \u0492\u0430\u0444\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0411.\u0492. \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d. \u2013 \u0414\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0435: \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0448, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    [1]<\/sup><\/a> Rustika \u2013 lotincha, rusticus oddiy, dag\u02bbal qilib terilgan devor turi.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [2]<\/sup><\/a> 1 gaz 105 santimetrni tashkil etadi.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [3]<\/sup><\/a> Sha\u02bcrbof \u2013 Iroq tomonlarda to\u02bbquvchini shunday atashganligini Muhammad Haydar mirzo o\u02bbz asarida ta\u02bckidlagan.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [4]<\/sup><\/a> Milodiy 1352-yil.<\/span><\/div>\n
    Zafar SHAMSIDDINOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    O\u2018zR FA Tarix instituti kichik ilmiy xodimi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    XIII\u2013XIV asrning o\u02bbrtalarida Turon me\u02bcmorchilik va hunarmandchiligida asta-sekin qayta tiklanish jarayoni boshlandi, biroq bu holat Elxoniylar Eronidagi kabi keng miqyosli emas edi. Bu davrda me\u02bcmorchilikda shohona ambitsiyalar mavjud emas edi va shu sababli mahobatli binolar qurilgani kuzatilmaydi. Bu temuriylardan avvalgi o\u02bbziga xos davr bo\u02bblib, yorqin namoyon bo\u02bblmagan. Biroq ma\u02bclum darajada me\u02bcmorchilik va san\u02bcatda temuriylar uslubi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37131,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nXIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"XIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37129&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"XIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"XIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37129&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-21T04:20:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/arxitektura2108.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"445\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37129&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37129&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"XIII\u2013XIV ASRLARDA MOVAROUNNAHRDA ARXITEKTURA INSHOOTLARI - 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