{"id":37069,"date":"2024-08-19T09:42:07","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T04:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=37069"},"modified":"2024-08-19T09:42:07","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T04:42:07","slug":"qadimiy-va-navqiron-kesh-shahrisabzning-savdo-iqtisodiy-bozorlari-topografik-munosabatlarining-xronologik-tahlili","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37069&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"QADIMIY VA NAVQIRON KESH \u2013 SHAHRISABZNING SAVDO-IQTISODIY BOZORLARI TOPOGRAFIK MUNOSABATLARINING XRONOLOGIK TAHLILI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarixiy manbalarning guvohlik berishicha, \u0406X-X asrlarda \u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharlarida bozor iqtisodiy ixtisoslashib, professional mashg\u2018ulotga aylangan va XV asrning oxiri XVI asrlar orasida yanada rivojlangan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Avvalo shuni ta\u2019kidlash joizki, \u043e\u2018zbeklarda bozorga borib savdo-sotiq qilishni \u00abbozor-\u043e\u2018char qilish\u00bb deyiladi. Shu \u043e\u2018rinda savol tug\u2018iladi: bozor degani savdo qilinadigan joy ekanligi ma\u2019lum, lekin o\u2018char degani qanday ma\u2019noni anglatadi? Bozor s\u043e\u2018zining eroniy tillardagi qadimiy shakli vazar, ilk davrlarda vachar, vatsal, sug\u2018diy matnlarda vatsar b\u043e\u2018lgan b\u043e\u2018lib, ma\u2019nosi \u2013 bozor, savdo qiladigan joydir [1]. \u041e\u2018zbek tilida bozor-\u043e\u2018char juft s\u043e\u2018z, sinonim va bir \u043e\u2018zakdan hosil b\u043e\u2018lgan. O\u2018char vachar s\u043e\u2018zining adaptatsiya shakli, sug\u2018d tilidan \u043e\u2018zgartirib qabul qilingan. Vachar qadimiy eroniy tillardan fors-tojik tiliga bozor shaklida \u043e\u2018tgan. Demak, \u043e\u2018zaro aloqalar markazi b\u043e\u2018lgan bozor s\u043e\u2018zining yasalishida turli xalqlarning \u043e\u2018zaro madaniy aloqalari aks etgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharsozlik madaniyatining qadimdan rivojlangan viloyatlaridan biri b\u043e\u2018lgan Qashqadaryo vohasi savdo-iqtisodiy munosabatlari V.S. Rastorgueva, Y.K. Molchanova,\u00a0\u00a0 A.Sagdullayev, P. Ravshanov, S. Korayev, B. Bobojonov, O.A. Suxareva tadqiqotlarida tahlil qilingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shaharlarning yirik savdo markazlariga aylanishida\u00a0 bozorlarning ahamiyati beqiyos edi. Odatda shaharlarning mavjudligini k\u043e\u2018rsatuvchi belgilardan biri \u2013 bozorlarga doimo alohida ahamiyat berilgan. Bozorlarning katta-kichikligi, boyligi va boshqa jihatlari shaharlarning mamlakatda tutgan \u043e\u2018rni va u yerdagi siyosiy vaziyat bilan chambarchas bog\u2018liq b\u043e\u2018lgan[2]. Agar mamlakatda iqtisodiy tanazzul kechayotgan b\u043e\u2018lsa, bozorlarning ahvoli og\u2018irlashgan, aksincha b\u043e\u2018lsa, bozorlar gullab-yashnaganligini kuzatish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sharq bozorlari G\u2018arb dunyosidagi savdo manzillaridan k\u043e\u2018plab \u043e\u2018ziga xos\u00a0 xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turgan. Jumladan, \u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharlarida shaharning markazi, yani yuragi bozorlar hisoblangan va aynan shu bois hukmdor saroyi yoki qasri emas, balki aynan bozorlargina k\u043e\u2018plab Sharq shaharlarining topografik markazi b\u043e\u2018lgan. Shuningdek, \u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharlarida jamiyatning turli vakillari: mansabdor shaxslar, hunarmandlar, savdogarlar, ziyolilar bilan bir qatorda yirik yer egalari ham yashar edi. Bu esa bevosita \u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharlari tarixiy taraqqiyotining ayrim davrlarida G\u2018arbiy Yevropa shaharlaridan ajratib turuvchi xususiyatlaridan biridir[3].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar aholisining asosiy qismi hunarmandchilik va savdo-sotiq bilan mashg\u2018ul b\u043e\u2018lgan. Bu yerda k\u043e\u2018nchilik, kulolchilik, t\u043e\u2018qimachilik, tikuvchilik, kashtachilik, zard\u043e\u2018zlik, temirchilik, degrezlik, misgarlik, zargarlik va boshqa hunarmandchilik turlari rivoj topgan. Shahrisabz ilk \u043e\u2018rta asrlarda Kitob shahri \u043e\u2018rnida joylashgan. KATE keltirgan ma\u2019lumotlar, xususan, Sh. S. Kamoliddinov yozishicha, vaqt \u043e\u2018tishi bilan shahar markazi hozirgi Shahrisabz atrofiga k\u043e\u2018chgan.[4] Jumladan, eski shahar tashqarisida yangi inshootlar qurilgan b\u043e\u2018lib, shahar hukmdori saroyi va bozor ham shu yerda joylashgan. Keyinchalik shaharning mudofaa devori bilan \u043e\u2018rab olinishi va mustahkamlanishi Amir Temur faoliyati bilan bog\u2018liq. Ammo XVII asrning ikkinchi yarimiga kelib iqtisodiy inqiroz sababli Shahrisabz ham og\u2018ir ahvolda qolgan. Bu hol XIX asr boshlarigacha davom etgan[5].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahrisabz shahri ham uch qism \u2013 \u043e\u2018rtaq\u043e\u2018rg\u2018on, qal\u2019a va raboddan iborat b\u043e\u2018lgan. Bek q\u043e\u2018rg\u2018oni shaharning shimoli-sharqiy burchagida joylashgan hamda u xalq orasida Shahrisabz Afrosiyobi nomi bilan atalgan. Q\u043e\u2018rg\u2018onning ikkita darvozasi b\u043e\u2018lib, Sharqiy darvoza T\u043e\u2018pxona, janubiy darvoza K\u043e\u2018k darvoza deb nomlangan. Q\u043e\u2018rg\u2018on oldida shaharning asosiy maydoni \u2013 Registon joylashgan. Shahar markazida joylashgan aylanma gumbazli Chorsudan shaharning t\u043e\u2018rt tomoniga k\u043e\u2018chalar ketgan va bu k\u043e\u2018chalar orqali shahar darvozalariga borilgan[6]. Shaharni tashqi muhitdan ajratib turuvchi qal\u2019a devorining 6 ta darvozasi b\u043e\u2018lgan. Shimoliy darvoza \u2013 Kitob, sharqiy darvoza \u2013 Kunchiqar, g\u2018arbiy darvoza \u2013 Kushxona, janubiy darvoza \u2013 Charmgar deb atalgan. Bundan tashqari, janubi-sharqiy burchakda ikkinchi darajali Qalmiq darvoza va Simxona darvozalari ham b\u043e\u2018lgan. Shaharda 7 ta karvonsaroy va 2 ta hammom b\u043e\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar guzarlarga b\u043e\u2018lingan va har bir guzar \u043e\u2018z masjidiga ega b\u043e\u2018lgan.\u00a0 A.L.Kun[7] keltirgan ma\u2019lumotlarga k\u043e\u2018ra, XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida shaharda 14 ta guzar mavjud edi, XX asr boshiga kelib esa guzarlarning soni 53 taga yetgan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Shahar aholisining asosiy qismi hunarmandchilik va savdo-sotiq bilan mashg\u2018ul b\u043e\u2018lgan. Bu yerda k\u043e\u2018nchilik, kulolchilik, t\u043e\u2018qimachilik, tikuvchilik, kashtachilik, zard\u043e\u2018zlik, temirchilik, degrezlik, misgarlik, zargarlik va boshqa hunarmandchilik turlari rivoj topgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0 Shahar ahlining yana bir qismi hunarmandchilik buyumlari savdosi bilan shug\u2018ullangan. Ular Shahrisabz bozorlarida \u043e\u2018zlarining alohida rastalariga ega b\u043e\u2018lgan. Yirik savdogarlar shaharlararo savdo-sotiq bilan shug\u2018ullangan. Jumladan, Shahrisabz begi ham savdo uchun maxsus mablag\u2018 saqlagan. Savdogarlarning asosiy qismi shahar bozorlariga yaqin guzarlarda istiqomat qilishgan. Shahrisabzning markaziy bozori Chorsu bek \u043e\u2018rdasidan janubda joylashgan. XV asrning oxiri \u2013 XVI asr boshlarida bunyod etilgan ushbu Chorsu bozori hozirgacha yaxshi saqlanib qolgan. Uning vujudga kelishini XV asr oxiri \u2013 XVI asr boshlariga mansub deb hisoblanadi. Chorsu timi XVIII asrning 80-yillariga oid, Niyozbek nomi bilan bog\u2018liq, qabilidagi qarashlar ham mavjud. Yodgorlik 1598-1602 yil sanasi bilan r\u043e\u2018yxatga olingan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u041e\u2018rta Osiyo bozorlari qurilishi jihatidan bir qancha umumiy xususiyatlarga ega b\u043e\u2018lgan. Odatda bozorlar odamlar gavjum b\u043e\u2018ladigan shaharning markaziy qismida, katta k\u043e\u2018chalar kesishgan yerlarda va k\u043e\u2018chalar b\u043e\u2018ylab vujudga kelgan. Yirik shaharlarda tijoriy ishlab chiqarishni \u043e\u2018zida aks ettiradigan bitta asosiy bozor b\u043e\u2018lgan. Bunday bozor k\u043e\u2018pincha asosiy k\u043e\u2018chalar kesishadigan joylarda \u043e\u2018rnashgan b\u043e\u2018lib, \u00abchorsu\u00bb, \u00abchoxarsu\u00bb deb yuritilardi. \u201cChorsu\u201d s\u043e\u2018zi dastlab zardushtiylarning muqaddas Avesto kitobida chovrusuk (t\u043e\u2018rt tomonlama) shaklida uchraydi va \u201cbozor\u201d ma\u2019nosini anglatgan. Keyinchalik bu s\u043e\u2018z chaharsu va nihoyat chorsu shaklini olgan[8]. Chorsular asosan usti yopiq gumbazli bozorlar b\u043e\u2018lib, ularning mayda\u00a0 b\u043e\u2018limlarida ma\u2019lum mollar sotilar edi. Bundan tashqari, fors tilida yozilgan manbalarda chaharbozor (chorbozor) degan s\u043e\u2018z ham uchraydi. \u041e\u2018rta Osiyoda qadimdan Chorsu bilan birga rasta deb yuritiladigan maxsus joylar, hamda tim va tok deb ataladigan qubba k\u043e\u2018rinishidagi bozorlar ham b\u043e\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tim s\u043e\u2018zi juda qadimiy s\u043e\u2018z b\u043e\u2018lib, bir necha ma\u2019nolarni anglatgan. Hozirgi \u043e\u2018zbek adabiy tilida usti yopiq bozor yoki rasta tomi tim deyiladi, bozor qorovuli timbon deyilgan. Arablar kelmasdan ilgari \u041e\u2018rta Osiyoda tim deganda har qanday bozor tushinilgan va bu s\u043e\u2018zning \u201cbozor\u201d ma\u2019nosi s\u043e\u2018nggi vaqtlargacha saqlanib qolgan. Tim s\u043e\u2018zi Tojikistonning Mug\u2018 tog\u2018idan topilgan qadimgi (VIII asr) sug\u2018d yozuvlarida va arab tilida yozilgan manbalarda uchraydi. Sug\u2018d tilida ham tim\u00a0 \u201cd\u043e\u2018kon\u201d, \u201csavdo binosi\u201d ma\u2019nolarini anglatgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Timlar arxitektura jihatdan uzunchoqroq shaklda, g\u2018ishtdan qurilgan b\u043e\u2018lib, usti yopiq savdo inshootini tashkil qilgan. Unda turli rastalar joylashgan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Shaharda har kuni savdo b\u043e\u2018ladigan ushbu bozordan tashqari bir qancha mayda bozorlar mavjud b\u043e\u2018lgan. Jumladan, shaharning g\u2018arbiy qismida joylashgan somon bozorida chorva mollari savdosi olib borilgan. Shaharda hunarmandchilik guzarlari, bozorlar, karvonsaroylar bilan birgalikda k\u043e\u2018plab masjid, madrasalar, hammom va boshqa jamoatchilik binolari ham qad ko\u2018targan. Umuman, Shahrisabz shahri nafaqat hunarmandchilik, balki yirik savdo\u00a0 markazi ham edi[9].<\/span><\/p>\n

1875-yilda “Turkiston xabarlari” gazetasining muharriri N.A.Mayev Shahrisabzga tashrifi haqida yozib, jumladan, bek \u043e\u2018rdasi yaqinida, qal\u2019a devori qarshisidagi keng maydondan odamlar bilan liq t\u043e\u2018la bozor boshlanib ketganligini qayd etadi[10]. Uni mahalliy amlokdorlar shahar bozori va butun shahar b\u043e\u2018ylab olib yurishganini xotirlaydi. Bundan tashqari, Chorsu bozorida kunduz kunlari savdo-sotiq b\u043e\u2018lsa, kechalari \u043e\u2018yinchi bolalarning tomosha k\u043e\u2018rsatishligiga e\u2019tibor qaratadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahrisabz vohasida juda qadimdan hunarmandchilik markazlari rivojlangan b\u043e\u2018lib, ular asosan ma\u2019lum bir soha bilan bog\u2018liq b\u043e\u2018lgan guzarlarga b\u043e\u2018lingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Shahrisabzda bir-biriga bog\u2018liq hunarmandchilik turlari bilan shug\u2018ullanuvchi aholi yonma-yon guzarlarda yashaganini kuzatish mumkin. Masalan, Shahrisabzda k\u043e\u2018nchilik bilan bog\u2018liq b\u043e\u2018lgan sovungarlik va yelimgarlik bilan shug\u2018ullanuvchi aholi shaharning janubiy sharqida joylashgan Katta charmgar, Kichik charmgar, Meshgar hamda Yoyilma guzarlarida yashagan. Shuningdek, poyabzal tikish bilan shug\u2018ullanuvchi hunarmandlar, xususan, kavushd\u043e\u2018zlar Namaton guzarida, yuqori tabaqa ahli uchun yashil teridan nozik va yuqori sifatli kovush tikuvchilar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kitob guzari, etikd\u043e\u2018zlar X\u043e\u2018ja Mirhamid va Qalqon guzarida, yaxdond\u043e\u2018zlar va qamchind\u043e\u2018zlar Chuyton guzarida, sovungarlar Kunduzak guzarida, telpakd\u043e\u2018zlar va p\u043e\u2018stind\u043e\u2018zlar Telpakd\u043e\u2018z guzarida k\u043e\u2018pchilikni tashkil etgan. Kulolchilik va Hazrati shayx guzarida asosan kulollar yashagan, kulollik guzarining bir qismi charxchilik deb nomlangan. Bu yerda temirchilar yashagan. Shahrisabz degrezlari asosan Degrez va Chuyi xaytak guzarida, misgarlar Hovuzi Mardonda, zargarlar esa Balaxovuz, Hovuzi Mardon hamda Kunduzak guzarlarida istiqomat qilgan[11].<\/span><\/p>\n

Qishloq x\u043e\u2018jaligi va chorva bozorlari shahar chetida yoki tashqarisida joylashgan. Shu \u043e\u2018rinda ta\u2019kidlash joizki, ba\u2019zida chorva bozori sotilayotgan hayvon turiga qarab \u00abot bozor\u00bb, \u00abq\u043e\u2018y bozor\u00bb, \u00abmol bozor\u00bbga b\u043e\u2018lingan. Bu bozorlar atrofida \u043e\u2018z navbatida chorva uchun zarur b\u043e\u2018lgan pichan va yem-xashak bozorlari b\u043e\u2018lgan. Biz bunday manzarani, Shahrisabz bozorlarining k\u043e\u2018rinishida ham kuzatishimiz mumkin. Jumladan, Shahrisabzda ham Somon bozori shaharning chekka qismida yoki mol bozori shahardan tashqarida joylashgan. Bozorlar nafaqat shaharlardagi, balki uning atrofidagi iqtisodiy hayotning rivojlanishiga ham ijobiy turtki b\u043e\u2018lgan. Shahar atrofi va qishloqlarda yetishtirilgan mahsulotlar \u2013 paxta, zigir, g\u2018alla, sholi, tamaki, chorvachilik mahsulotlari va boshqa k\u043e\u2018pgina\u00a0 mahsulot turlariga shaharlarda talab katta b\u043e\u2018lgan. Bu mahsulotlarning ayrimlari shahar hunarmandlari uchun xom-ashyo hisoblangan. Bu esa k\u043e\u2018plab hunar turlarining, xususan, qishloq ehtiyojlarini qondirishga ixtisoslashgan sohalarning rivojlanishiga samarali ta\u2019sir k\u043e\u2018rsatgan. Shu tariqa shahar iqtisodiyotining yetakchi sohasi- hunarmandchilik bilan qishloqlar \u043e\u2018rtasida vujudga kelgan \u043e\u2018zaro aloqadorlik bir tomondan, qishloqlardagi iqtisodiy taraqqiyotni, ikkinchi tomondan esa shahar x\u043e\u2018jaligini, shu jumladan, shahar bozorlarining rivojlanishida asosiy omil b\u043e\u2018lgan. Shahrisabzning savdo ahamiyati shahar aholisida savdogarlarning salmoqli qatlamining rivojlanishiga yordam berdi. Shahrisabz bozorining keng qatorlarida ma\u2019lum tovarlar savdosiga ixtisoslashgan k\u043e\u2018plab mayda savdogarlar b\u043e\u2018lgan. Boshqa shaharlar bilan savdo qiluvchi yirik savdogarlar k\u043e\u2018p b\u043e\u2018lgan. Ular orasida karvon uchun tuya boqadigan Shahrisabz bekligi ham b\u043e\u2018lib, tuyalar ch\u043e\u2018lga joylashtirilgan[12].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytish mumkinki, Shahrisabzda eng qadimgi davrlardan boshlab mahalliy aholi tomonidan yaratilgan va qolaversa boshqa yurtlardan olib kelingan turli-tuman mahsulotlarni sotish ichki va tashqi savdoni, bozor, do\u2018kon, karvonsaroylar tizimi rivojlanishiga olib kelgan. \u041e\u2018z navbatida bozorlar va savdo aloqalari urbanizatsion jarayonlarda doimo muhim mavqe va \u043e\u2018ringa ega b\u043e\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan<\/strong> adabiyotlar<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    Bobojonov Behruz Bahodir \u043e\u2018g\u2018li. Kesh\u2013Shahrisabz vohasining tarixiy guzarlari. \u2013 QarDU xabarlari. 2022.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  10. \n
    \u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u0410. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0422., \u0410\u041d \u0423\u0437CC\u0420.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  11. \n
    N.A.Mayev. Buxoro xonligi ocherklari. 2012. \u2013 B.24.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  12. \n
    \u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u0410. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u2013 \u0422., \u0410\u041d \u0423\u0437CC\u0420.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    BEHRUZ BOBOJONOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    Shahrisabz davlat pedogogika instituti o\u2019qituvchisi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tarixiy manbalarning guvohlik berishicha, \u0406X-X asrlarda \u041e\u2018rta Osiyo shaharlarida bozor iqtisodiy ixtisoslashib, professional mashg\u2018ulotga aylangan va XV asrning oxiri XVI asrlar orasida yanada rivojlangan.\u00a0 Avvalo shuni ta\u2019kidlash joizki, \u043e\u2018zbeklarda bozorga borib savdo-sotiq qilishni \u00abbozor-\u043e\u2018char qilish\u00bb deyiladi. Shu \u043e\u2018rinda savol tug\u2018iladi: bozor degani savdo qilinadigan joy ekanligi ma\u2019lum, lekin o\u2018char degani qanday ma\u2019noni anglatadi? Bozor s\u043e\u2018zining …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37070,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nQADIMIY VA NAVQIRON KESH \u2013 SHAHRISABZNING SAVDO-IQTISODIY BOZORLARI TOPOGRAFIK MUNOSABATLARINING XRONOLOGIK TAHLILI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"QADIMIY VA NAVQIRON KESH \u2013 SHAHRISABZNING SAVDO-IQTISODIY BOZORLARI TOPOGRAFIK MUNOSABATLARINING XRONOLOGIK TAHLILI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37069&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"QADIMIY VA NAVQIRON KESH \u2013 SHAHRISABZNING SAVDO-IQTISODIY BOZORLARI TOPOGRAFIK MUNOSABATLARINING XRONOLOGIK TAHLILI - 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