{"id":37002,"date":"2024-08-15T09:44:38","date_gmt":"2024-08-15T04:44:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=37002"},"modified":"2024-08-15T09:44:38","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T04:44:38","slug":"xix-asrning-ikkinchi-yarmi-xx-asr-boshlarida-buxoro-amirligida-an%ca%bcanaviy-hunarmandchilik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37002&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"XIX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA BUXORO AMIRLIGIDA AN\u02bcANAVIY HUNARMANDCHILIK"},"content":{"rendered":"

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi \u2013 XX asr boshida Buxoro amirligi shahar va qishloqlarida to\u02bbqimachilik, zargarlik, misgarlik, temirchilik, cho\u02bbyangarlik, charmgarlik, etikdo\u02bbzlik, mahsido\u02bbzlik, kavushdo\u02bbzlik, kulolchilik, beshiksozlik, sandiqsozlik kabi yuzga yaqin hunarmandchilik sohalari bo\u02bblgan. Ularda minglab usta hunarmandlar aholining kundalik turmushida zarur bo\u02bblgan turli-tuman mahsulotlarni tayyorlab, xalqimizning turmush darajasini yuksalishiga, Buxoro amirligining jahon bozorida o\u02bbz o\u02bbrniga ega bo\u02bblishiga beqiyos hissa qo\u02bbshishgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoroda hunarmandchilikning ip-gazlama sohasi ko\u02bbproq rivojlangan edi. Ko\u02bbpchilik ip yigirish, to\u02bbqish, matolarni bo\u02bbyash, gazlama ishlab chiqarish sohasida band edi. Buxoro matolari Volga bo\u02bbyi va Sibir o\u02bblkalarida ham ma\u02bclum bo\u02bblgan. Shoyi matolar ishlab chiqarish ham rivojlangan edi. Pilla qurti amirlikning deyarli ko\u02bbpchilik yerlarida yetishtirilgan. Atlas, adras, parcha, beqasam Buxoroning eng mashhur matolari hisoblanar edi. Shuningdek, jun mato to\u02bbqish sohasi, qorako\u02bbl yetishtirib, undan mahsulot tikish, teri oshlash, mo\u02bbyna mollari sohasi ham ancha rivojlangan edi. Buxoroda hunarmandchilik xo\u02bbjaligi asosiy o\u02bbrin tutib, oddiy to\u02bbquv dastgohlari keng tarqalgan edi. Buxoroning mashhur ganch, yog\u02bboch o\u02bbymakorligi, naqqoshlik, duradgorlik, kulolchilik sohalari bilan ham asosan mahalliy hunarmandlar band bo\u02bblgan. Butun Turkistonda esa Samarqand va Buxoroda ishlab chiqarilgan qog\u02bbozlar mashhur bo\u02bblgan. Zardo\u02bbzlik, gilamdo\u02bbzlik ham boshqa xonliklarga nisbatan Buxoro amirligida ancha taraqqiy etgan soha hisoblangan[4:186]. Hunarmandlarning ishi og\u02bbir bo\u02bblib, deyarli barchasi qo\u02bbl mehnatiga asoslangan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

XVII asr oxiridan boshlab hunarmandchilikning rivojlanishi savdo iqtisodiy munosabatlarning rivojiga ham katta hissa qo\u02bbshdi, ichki savdo rivojlandi. Ichki savdoda ko\u02bbproq oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, ip-gazlama mollari, qorako\u02bbl va paxta asosiy o\u02bbrin egallagan. Amirlik poytaxtidan tashqari Samarqand va Qarshi ham ichki savdoning yirik markazlaridan bo\u02bblgan. Janubdan keladigan aksariyat savdogarlar Buxoro tilla tangalarini sotib olib, amirlikdan boshqa mahsulot olmasdan, sotib olingan qiymati yuqori tilla tangalarni o\u02bbz yurtlarida sotib, undan katta foyda ko\u02bbrishgan[3:82-83].<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrda Buxoro amirligidagi oltin, kumush va mis chaqa pullar muomalada bo\u02bblib, ular faqatgina saroy yaqinidagi zarbxonada zarb qilingan. Ma\u02bclumotlarga ko\u02bbra 1 Buxoro oltin pul birligi Rossiyaning 6 rubliga, Buxoro 1 kumush tangasi 34 Rossiya kopeykasiga, 1 Buxoro mis chaqasi 1,5 rus kopeykasiga teng bo\u02bblgan[4:196]. Tilla pul birligi 22 kumush tangadan, 1 kumush tanga 50 mis pul birligidan (chaqa) iborat bo\u02bblgan[9:105]. Yuqorida ta\u02bckidlanganidek, amirlikning qiymati yuqori pullari, jumladan, tilla tangalari xorijiy savdo ahli tomonidan juda qadrlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro qadimdan mintaqadagi yirik hunarmandchilik markazlaridan biri bo\u02bblib kelgan. Bu davrga kelib shaharda 250 ta kosibchilik va fabrika matolari sotiladigan yoyma do\u02bbkonlar, 100 ta choy,\u00a0\u00a0 70 ga yaqin chinni hamda 50 dan ortiq sarroflar do\u02bbkoni bo\u02bblgan. Shuningdek, alohida misgarlar, temirchilar, qassoblar, qandolatchilar rastalari bo\u02bblgan. Oziq-ovqatlar, ya\u02bcni un, sabzavot, g\u02bballa, quruq mevalar katta omborlarda saqlangan. Bulardan tashqari o\u02bbtin, yog\u02bboch, paxta bozorlari faoliyat yuritgan. Qorako\u02bbl savdosi mavsumida teri savdosi juda qizg\u02bbin kechgan[5:126].<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlikda eng ko\u02bbp tarqalgan hunarlardan biri to\u02bbqimachilik bo\u02bblib, paxta tolasidan chit, doka, adras, beqasam, duro\u02bbya, yakro\u02bbya matolari, ipak tolasidan esa atlas, xonatlas, shohi kabi matolar tayyorlanib, chetga chiqarilgan. To\u02bbqimachilik sanoatida bo\u02bbyoqchilik (rangrezlik) katta o\u02bbrin egallagan. Rangrezlar bo\u02bbyoq tayyorlashda tabiiy mineral va o\u02bbsimliklardan foydalanishgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro shahri amirlikning yirik to\u02bbqimachilik markazi hisoblangan, bu yerda mavjud to\u02bbqimachilik korxonalariga nafaqat shahardan, balki uzoq-yaqin qishloqlardan ham paxta va pilladan tayyorlangan kalava-ip keltirilgan. Buxoro shahrida XX asr boshida 46 ta to\u02bbquvchilik ustaxonasi bo\u02bblgan[13:201].<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr oxiriga kelib, buxorolik to\u02bbquvchilar ipak va yarim ipak matolar ishlab chiqarishga o\u02bbta boshladi. Buxorolik ustalar tayyorlagan ipak matolar juda xaridorgir edi. XX asr boshiga kelib shaharda 30 ga yaqin ipak to\u02bbqish ustaxonalari bo\u02bblib, ularda bir necha o\u02bbndan yuztagacha to\u02bbquvchi ishlagan. Ayniqsa, shaharning janubi-g\u02bbarbida to\u02bbqimachilik keng tarqalgan. Shahar va uning atrofida jami 12000 ta to\u02bbquvchilik dastgohi bo\u02bblgan. Keyinchalik ipak yigirish ustaxonalarining soni 46 taga yetadi, ularning har birida 200 tagacha ishchilar ishlar edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlik aholisi o\u02bbrtasida bo\u02bbz, qalami, chit kabi paxta matolar tarqalgan bo\u02bblib, ulardan kiyim-kechak, ko\u02bbrpa-to\u02bbshak tayyorlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XX asr boshida rus fabrikantlari buxorolik ustalar qo\u02bbllaydigan naqshlarni o\u02bbzlashtirib olib, o\u02bbz fabrikalari chitlarini chiqaradi, bu esa mamlakat bozorida o\u02bbsha nusxadagi mahalliy chitgarlikka qattiq zarba berdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rossiya imperiyasi XIX asrning 70-yillarida tashkil qilgan \u201cMoskva-Toshkent shirkati\u201d Turkiston general-gubernatorligi, Buxoro, Xiva xonliklari hududlarida ipakchilik korxonalarini tashkil qilib, ko\u02bbplab miqdorda sifatli ipak va ipak matolarni Rossiya bozorlariga yetkazib bergan[15:3]. XX asr boshida amirlik markazi Buxoroda 46 ta, Qarshi shahrida 19 ta ipakchilik korxonasi bo\u02bblgan[6:6].<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro adrasi nafaqat mintaqa shaharlari, balki Sharqiy Turkiston va Afg\u02bbonistonga ham katta miqdorda chiqarilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida Buxoro shahri Markaziy Osiyodagi yagona zardo\u02bbzlik markazi edi. Bu davrda mamlakat hukmdorlari zardo\u02bbzlik san\u02bcatiga alohida e\u02bctibor qaratgan. Saroydagi va xususiy zardo\u02bbz ustalar tomonidan amir va uning oila a\u02bczolari, amaldorlar, yuqori tabaqa vakillari buyurtmasiga binoan zardo\u02bbzi kiyim-kechak tayyorlangan. Amirlikning boshqa shahar va qishloqlarida zardo\u02bbzlik korxonalari mavjud bo\u02bblmagan. 1894-yilda amir Abdulahadning Karmanaga butunlay ko\u02bbchib o\u02bbtishi bilan arkdagi zardo\u02bbzlik korxonasi Karmanadagi Chorbog\u02bbgul saroyiga ko\u02bbchirilib, unda tajribali zardo\u02bbzlar faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. Saroy ustaxonalaridan tashqari Buxoro shahrida 20 ga yaqin xususiy zardo\u02bbzlik ustaxonalari bo\u02bblib, ularda asosan mayda buyumlar do\u02bbppi, belbog\u02bb, qopchiqcha, peshonaband, bolalar to\u02bbni va etigi tayyorlangan. Zardo\u02bbzlar asosan Mir Do\u02bbstim va Zardo\u02bbzon guzarlarida yashashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mamlakatda mahalliy kiyim-kechak tikish katta malaka talab qiluvchi hunar darajasiga ko\u02bbtarilgan bo\u02bblib, bu sohada do\u02bbppido\u02bbzlik, telpakdo\u02bbzlik, to\u02bbn tikish alohida o\u02bbrin tutgan. Mamlakat shahar va qishloqlarida bu hunarlar juda keng tarqalgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Telpakdo\u02bbzlik eng keng tarqalgan hunar sohalaridan biri bo\u02bblib, hatto Buxoro shahrida alohida telpakdo\u02bbzlar rastasi (toqi Telpakfurushon) bo\u02bblgan. XX asr boshida shaharda mavjud bo\u02bblgan 34 ta telpakdo\u02bbzlik do\u02bbkonidan 13 tasi toqi Telpakfurushonda joylashgan. Telpak asosan qorako\u02bbl teri, qo\u02bby, tulki, qunduz terilari va baxmal matodan tikilgan[7: 85].<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro amirligida to\u02bbn tikish bilan qadimdan ayollar shug\u02bbullanib kelgan bo\u02bblsa, XIX asr oxirlarida Buxoro bozorlarida Zinger tikuv mashinalari paydo bo\u02bblgach, bu ish bilan erkaklar ham shug\u02bbullana boshlagan. Buxoro shahrida choponfurushlarning 70 ga yaqin do\u02bbkoni bo\u02bblib, ular Hovuzi Lesak bo\u02bbyida ikki qator rasta bo\u02bblib joylashgan edi. Bu yerda 20 ga yaqin ancha yirik do\u02bbkonlar bo\u02bblgan va ularda 2 mingdan 3 mingtagacha to\u02bbn saqlangan [11:58-59].<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi \u2013 XX asr boshida amirlikda metallni qayta ishlash sohalari \u2013 temirchilik, cho\u02bbyangarlik, zargarlik, misgarlik, rextagarlik kabi sohalar keng rivojlangan. Shu davrda Buxoro shahrida 150 ta temirchi faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatib, shundan 50 tasi o\u02bbroqsozlik, 30 tasi ketmonsozlik bilan mashg\u02bbul bo\u02bblgan[8:51]. Qolgan ustalar zanjir, zulfin, mix kabi mayda buyumlar, duradgor, toshtarosh, yer qazuvchilar uchun asbob-uskunalar tayyorlab berar edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro shahri o\u02bbsha davrdagi yirik zargarlik markazi bo\u02bblib, bu yerda 400 ga yaqin zargar faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. Ular tayyorlagan taqinchoq va buyumlar 40 ta do\u02bbkonda sotilgan. Zargarlik buyumlari bilan savdo qiluvchi Toqi Zargaron rastasi butun mintaqada mashhur edi. Zargarlar turli taqinchoqlarni tayyorlashda tilla, kumush, mis hamda qimmatbaho toshlar \u2013 qizil yoqut, la\u02bcl, zumrad, feruza, lojuvard, dur, marjon, sadafdan foydalanishgan. Zargarlikda Rossiyadan keltirilgan yangi materiallar asosida ishlab chiqarish texnikasi nisbatan yangilanishi sababli mahsulotlar arzonlashgan. Buxoro arkida saroyga qarashli \u201cZargarxona\u201dda 20 ga yaqin zargar ustalar faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatib, ular nafaqat kumush, tilla taqinchoqlar, balki tanga zarb qiladigan dastgohlarda kumush, tilla pullar ham tayyorlagan. Shahar yaqinidagi G\u02bburbun qishlog\u02bbida esa mis tanga zarb qilingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qarshi bekligi o\u02bbzining pichoq tayyorlovchi ustalari bilan mashhur bo\u02bblgan. Po\u02bblatdan yasalib, dastasiga oltin yoki kumush qoplangan Qarshi pichoqlari bozorda juda yuqori baholangan. Temirchilikning yana bir sohasi qurol-yarog\u02bbsozlik bo\u02bblib, urush paytlarida qurolsoz ustalar hukumatdan juda katta buyurtmalar olishgan. Tinchlik davrida esa ular pichoq, suvluq, taqa kabi mayda buyumlar yasash bilan kun kechirishgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlikning Hisor, Qorategin, Boysun, Shahrisabz bekliklarida, G\u02bbijduvon, Vobkent, Qorako\u02bbl tumani va Buxoro shahrida ko\u02bbplab cho\u02bbyan quyish korxonalari bo\u02bblgan. Buxoro shahri va uning tevarak-atrofidagi qishloqlarda 40 ga yaqin cho\u02bbyan quyish korxonasi bo\u02bblib, ularda o\u02bbnlab ustalar faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. Cho\u02bbyangarlar asosan omoch tishi, qozon, chiroq, manqal, panjara, ko\u02bbza, choynak, arava g\u02bbildiragi halqasi, o\u02bbg\u02bbircha, yog\u02bblog\u02bbi va boshqa buyumlar tayyorlashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlikning barcha yirik shaharlarida misgarlik do\u02bbkonlari faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatib, birgina Buxoro shahrida ularning soni 200 ga yaqin bo\u02bblgan. Amirlikning misga bo\u02bblgan ehtiyoji asosan Rossiyadan olib kelingan mis hisobidan qoplangan[10:42]. Misgarlar aholining kundalik turmushida keng qo\u02bbllaniladigan ro\u02bbzg\u02bbor buyumlarini yuksak did bilan tayyorlagan. Mis idishlarga turli naqsh va gullar tasvirini tushirish kandakor tomonidan bajarilgan. Kandakorlar buyumlarga 14 xil po\u02bblat qalam yordamida yuzga yaqin naqsh turlarini tushirib bezashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoro amirligi hududida katta miqdorda chorva mollari (ot, tuya, yirik va mayda shoxli hayvonlar)ning boqilganligi hamda amirlikning tog\u02bbli va dashtli hududlarida ko\u02bbplab yovvoyi hayvonlar (bo\u02bbri, tulki, olqor, yovvoyi mushuk, Buxoro bug\u02bbusi, kiyiklar)ning mavjudligi ko\u02bbnchilikning keng rivojlanishiga sabab bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida birgina Buxoro shahrida 150-200 ga yaqin ko\u02bbnchi bo\u02bblgan. Ekologik maqsadlarda, ya\u02bcni terini oshlash jarayonida chiqadigan badbo\u02bby hid aholini bezovta qilmasligi hamda katta miqdorda suv va maydon kerak bo\u02bblganligi sababli ko\u02bbnchilar o\u02bbz korxonalarini shahar tashqarisida qurishgan, o\u02bbzlari esa, shaharning Eshoni pir, Arabon, Mir Ma\u02bcsud, Po\u02bbstindo\u02bbzon, Charmgaron, Kemuxtgaron mahallalarida istiqomat qilgan. Ko\u02bbnchilar tayyorlagan turli-tuman charmdan poyabzal, ro\u02bbzg\u02bbor buyumlari, egar-jabduq, kitob muqovalari, kamar, do\u02bbmbira tayyorlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buxoroga Rossiyadan ko\u02bbnchilik zavodlarida tayyorlangan turli xildagi charm katta miqdorda olib kelingan, shu bilan birga rus charmidan o\u02bbz sifati bilan qolishmaydigan mahalliy charm mahsulotlari Rossiya va Yevropa bozorlariga chiqarilgan. Rossiya va Yevropa shaharlarida turli yillarda o\u02bbtkazilgan ko\u02bbrgazmalarda mahalliy charm mahsulotlari namoyish qilingan[16:81].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ammo amirlik ma\u02bcmuriyati tomonidan ko\u02bbnchilik ishlab chiqarishi umuman qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlanmaganligi va mahalliy bozorlar rus charmi mahsulotlari bilan to\u02bblib borishi mahalliy ko\u02bbnchilarni kasodga uchrata boshlagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlikning yirik shaharlarida mehnat qilgan kosiblarning katta qismini etikdo\u02bbzlar tashkil qilgan. Ular faqat shahar aholisi uchungina emas, balki qishloq va chorvador aholi uchun ham turli-tuman etiklar tayyorlagan. XIX asr oxiriga kelib Buxoro shahrida 20 ga yaqin yirikroq poyabzalchilik korxonalari bo\u02bblib, ularda 10 dan ortiq ustalar yollanib mehnat qilgan. Barcha turdagi poyabzal tikuvchi kosiblar (mahsido\u02bbz, etikdo\u02bbz va h.z.) yetarli mablag\u02bb va xomashyoga ega bo\u02bblishsa, yil davomida uzluksiz mehnat qilishgan. Etikdo\u02bbzlar bir yilda 700-800 so\u02bbmlik, kavushdo\u02bbzlar 1500-1800 so\u02bbmlik mahsulot tayyorlab, shundan 15 foiz sof daromad olgan[17:21].<\/span><\/p>\n

Mamlakatda kulolchilik keng rivojlangan bo\u02bblib, kulollar sopoldan aholi uchun ro\u02bbzg\u02bbor buyumlar, tandir, quvur, bolalar o\u02bbyinchoqlari tayyorlagan. Asosiy xomashyo hisoblangan sariq-qizg\u02bbish tusli maxsus tuproqni cho\u02bbl-biyobonlardan qazib olib kelishgan. Kulollar buyumlarni 200 xil gul, naqsh, murakkab va oddiy husnixat bilan bezaganlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tegirmonchilik amirlik aholisi hayotida katta o\u02bbrin tutgan. Buxoroda tegirmon toshini aylantirish uchun suv yetarli bo\u02bblmaganligi sababli tegirmon toshlari ot yoki ho\u02bbkiz kuchi bilan aylantirilardi. Bundan tashqari har bir oilada qo\u02bbl tegirmoni bo\u02bblib, ro\u02bbzg\u02bbor ehtiyojini qondirgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qog\u02bboz tayyorlashda Buxoro shahri Samarqand, Qo\u02bbqondan keyingi o\u02bbrinda tursa-da, bu yerda tayyorlangan yozuv qog\u02bbozlarining shuhrati nafaqat Turkistonga, balki unga qo\u02bbshni mamlakatlarga ham taralgan. Bu qog\u02bbozlar ipakdan tayyorlangan bo\u02bblib, o\u02bbzining silliqligi, yupqaligi bilan arab yozuvi uchun juda qulay bo\u02bblgan[2:211]. XIX asrning oxirlarida Buxoroga kelgan rus mahkamasi xodimlarining qayd etishicha, shahardagi Qog\u02bboz bozorida nafaqat qog\u02bboz, balki qalam va qo\u02bblyozma kitoblar ham sotilgan[3:57]. N.F. Sitnyakovskiy ma\u02bclumotiga qaraganda, Vobkent tumanida Juvozi qog\u02bboz kanali mavjud bo\u02bblgan. Shohrud kanalidan chiqarilgan Juvoz arig\u02bbi bo\u02bbyidagi Juvozi qog\u02bboz qishlog\u02bbi bo\u02bblib, unda 30 ta xonadon istiqomat qilgan[12:259].<\/span><\/p>\n

Arxiv manbalariga qaraganda, XX asr boshida Buxoroda qog\u02bboz tayyorlash korxonasi shahar atrofidagi Galaosiyo va G\u02bburbun qishloqlarida joylashgan. G\u02bburbun qishlog\u02bbidagi qog\u02bbozbozlik korxonasida 46 kishi mehnat qilgan bo\u02bblsa, Galaosiyo qishlog\u02bbidagi korxonada 51 kishi mehnat qilgan[14:15-36]. Buxoro qog\u02bbozi Samarqand qog\u02bbozi bilan sifat jihatidan raqobatlasha olmasa-da, ammo foydalanilgan asosiy mahsulotlari bilan ajralib turgan. XIX asr o\u02bbrtalarida Samarqand, Qo\u02bbqonda qog\u02bbozni tayyorlashda eski paxta, lattalardan, Buxoroda esa, birinchi navli paxtadan foydalanilgan[14:23].<\/span><\/p>\n

Qog\u02bbozbozlar tomonidan tayyorlangan ipakdek silliq va yumshoq, uzoq yillarga chidamli, turli muhitlarga dosh bera oladigan, nam tortmaydigan turli-tuman qog\u02bbozlar qog\u02bbozbozlarning bu sohada yuqori malakaga ega bo\u02bblganidan dalolat beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amirlikning Boysun, Qorategin, Hisor bekliklari temir rudasiga boy hududlar hisoblangan. Masalan, XX asr boshida Boysun bekligida 25 ta ruda eritish pechlari bo\u02bblib, ularda 50 kishi faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. Darvoz, Qorategin, Hisor bekliklarida 1910-yilda 3000-4000 pud temir va yana shuncha cho\u02bbyan eritilgan. Lekin qazib chiqariladigan ruda amirlik aholisi ehtiyojini to\u02bbla qondira olmagan. Shu sababli Rossiyadan keltiriladigan metallga ehtiyoj katta bo\u02bblgan. Rossiya metali o\u02bbz tarkibining mustahkamligi va sifati bilan ajralib turgan va yuqori baholangan. Masalan, Boysun bekligida qazib olingan temirning 1 pudi 91 tiyindan sotilsa, Rossiya metallining 1 pudi 7-8 so\u02bbm bo\u02bblgan[8:56].<\/span><\/p>\n

Har bir hunarmandchilik sohasi vakillari o\u02bbz kasb uyushmalari va risolalariga ega bo\u02bblgan. Risolada tegishli hunarga oid urf-odat va an\u02bcanalar, ish joyi va shaxsiy pokizalik, halollik, iymon-e\u02bctiqod, xaridor bilan muomala odobi, mahsulot sifati, insoniy fazilatlar, usta va shogird munosabatlari bayon etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Har bir hunarmandchilik sohalari uyushmalarga ajralgan bo\u02bblib, ularni hunarmandlar orasida katta hurmat-e\u02bctiborga sazovor bo\u02bblgan mohir usta bobo boshqargan. Bobo hunarmandlarning risolada ko\u02bbrsatilgan qonun-qoidalar amaliyotini, kasbiy mahorat, mahsulot sifati, hunarmand odobini nazorat qilib, yo\u02bbl-yo\u02bbriq ko\u02bbrsatib turgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi \u2013 XX asr boshida mahalliy bozorlar rus zavod-fabrikalarining arzon mahsulotlari bilan egallab olingach, ular bilan raqobatga bardosh bera olmagan mahalliy hunarmandlarning bir qismi ishlab chiqarish hajmlarini keskin kamaytirishga majbur bo\u02bblsa, ma\u02bclum qismi kasodga uchradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hunarmandchilik dastgohlari texnik jihatdan juda orqada qolganligi ishlab chiqarish hajmini oshirishga to\u02bbsqinlik qilar edi. Faqat qo\u02bbl mehnatiga asoslangan bunday ishlab chiqarish usulida tayyorlanadigan mahsulot tabiiyki zavod-fabrika mahsulotlaridan qimmatroq bo\u02bblar va bu o\u02bbz navbatida hunarmandlarning kasodga uchrashiga olib kelar edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shaharlarda hunarmandlarning ish haqi qishloq hunarmandlariga qaraganda yuqori bo\u02bblsa ham, ularning iqtisodiy ahvoli yengil bo\u02bblmagan. Buxoro shahrida hunarmandlar Turkiston o\u02bblkasining boshqa shaharlari hunarmandlariga qaraganda ko\u02bbproq imtiyozga ega bo\u02bblgan. V.V.Bartoldning yozishicha, amir Shohmurod davrida Buxoro shahrida yashab faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatuvchi barcha hunar sohiblari shahar aholisi qatorida turli soliq, yig\u02bbim va hasharlardan ozod etilgan. Bu haqda maxsus tarxon yorlig\u02bbi chiqarilib, ushbu yorliq 1920-yilga qadar o\u02bbz kuchini saqlab kelgan[1:108]. Ushbu yorliqqa ko\u02bbra, shahar hunarmandlari zakot va tagjoydan boshqa biror-bir soliq to\u02bblamagan, hasharlarda ishtirok etmagan. Tarixiy manbalardagi ma\u02bclumotlarga ko\u02bbra, ushbu qoidalar amir Shohmurod davrida maxsus qonun hujjati bilan tartibga solingan. Qishloq hunarmandlari aholining boshqa barcha tabaqalari qatorida soliq, turli yig\u02bbimlarni to\u02bblashga hamda hasharlarda ishtirok etishi yoki mardikor mablag\u02bbini berishi lozim bo\u02bblgan. Hunarmand o\u02bbz mahsulotini bozorda sotishga imkoniyati va vaqti ham yo\u02bbqligi tufayli olib sotarlar xizmatidan foydalangan. \u201cVofurush\u201d yoki \u201cxomtamachi\u201d deb nom olgan olib sotarlar ko\u02bbp hollarda mablag\u02bbi yo\u02bbq hunarmandlarga oldindan pul berib qo\u02bbyib, mahsulotni bozor narxidan 25-30 foiz arzonga olib sotishgan. Ko\u02bbp hollarda olib sotarlar hunarmandga kerakli xom-ashyoni yetkazib berganlar va buning evaziga tayyor mahsulot olishga kelishgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ustakorlar deb atalgan, yirik hunarmandchilik do\u02bbkoniga ega bo\u02bblgan hunarmandlarning bozorlarda o\u02bbz savdo rastalari bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr oxirlarida kelib hunarmandchilik sohalarida yollanma mehnatdan keng foydalanila boshlangan. Yollanma hunarmandlar \u201cnimkor\u201d deb atalib, ularni ish beruvchilar turli muddatga yollashgan. Bu holat ko\u02bbp ishchi kuchi talab etadigan ko\u02bbnchilik, cho\u02bbyangarlik sohalarida keng tarqalgan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

XX asrga qadar hunarmandlar bobo, oqsoqol boshchiligidagi sex nazoratida bo\u02bblib, og\u02bbir ahvolga tushib qolgan hunarmandlarga sex a\u02bczolari tomonidan yordam berib kelingan. XX asr boshiga kelib asrlar davomida hukm surib kelgan sex uyushmasi o\u02bbrniga ustakorlar boshqargan yirik korxonalar yuzaga kelgan. Ustakorlar endigina shakllanib kelayotgan mahalliy yirik sanoat egalariga, usta, xalfa, shogird esa, yollanma ishchilarga aylanib borganlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrganilgan ma\u02bclumotlar tahlili asosida xulosalar kasb va hunar egalarining o\u02bbz davridan kelib chiqib, yillar davomida zaruriyat va daromad keltirishiga qarab o\u02bbz faoliyatini olib borishgani ma\u02bclum bo\u02bbladi. Kosiblar uyushmasi uyushma a\u02bczolarini himoya qilish va qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlashga qaratilgani ham sohalarning rivojlanishiga sabab bo\u02bblgan. Kasb va hunarlarning aholiga salbiy ta\u02bcsiri bo\u02bblmasligi uchun davlat tarafidan hunarmandlar uchun qulay va aholiga zarar bermaydigan hududlar taklif qilingan. Davlat ham hunarmand va kosiblarning faoliyati iqtisodiy rivojlanish omili ekanligini e\u02bctiborga olib, ushbu sohalar rivojiga befarq bo\u02bblmagan, doimo hunarmandlar va kosiblar uyushmasi oqsoqoli tarafidan yozilgan shikoyat arizalarini ijobiy hal qilishga uringan. Ikkinchi tarafdan, aholining ish bilan ta\u02bcminlangan qatlamining roziligi davlat siyosatida katta ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u0412.\u0412. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u2013 \u041c., 1963.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    \u0412\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0410. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u2013 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, 1885.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 (\u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u041f.\u0418. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0418.\u0412. \u0412\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430). \u2013 \u041c., 1983.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u043c III (XVI \u2014 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430). \u2013 \u0422.: \u0424\u0430\u043d, 1993.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420. \u2013 \u0422.: 1968.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    Qilichev R. Buxoro shahrida hunarmandchilik. \u2013 T.: 1996.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    Qilichev R. XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi XX asr boshida Buxoro shahrida hunarmandchilik. nomzodlik… diss. avtoref. \u2013 T., 1997.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  8. \n
    \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043d \u041c.\u0415. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u2013 \u0422., 1947.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  9. \n
    Muxammadjonov A.R., Ne\u02bcmatov T. Buxoro va Xivaning Rossiya bilan munosabatlari tarixiga doir ba\u02bczi manbalar (XIX asrning 20-50-yillari). \u2013 T., 1957.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  10. \n
    \u0420\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0437 \u0418.\u0410. \u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u2013 \u0422., 1922.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  11. \n
    \u0420\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b.\u0418. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u044b. \u2013 \u0422., 1981.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  12. \n
    \u0421\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d.\u0424. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0417\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0430 \/\/ \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u0420\u0413\u041e. \u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 2. \u2013 \u0422., 1900.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  13. \n
    \u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u0410. \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432. (\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435). \u2013 \u041c., 1966.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  14. \n
    O\u02bbzbekiston Milliy arxivi. 53-jamg\u02bbarma. 2-ro\u02bbyxat. 20-yig\u02bbma jild.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  15. \n
    O\u02bbzbekiston Milliy arxivi. I-1 jamg\u02bbarma. 16-ro\u02bbyxat. 2280-yig\u02bbma jild.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  16. \n
    O\u02bbzbekiston Milliy arxivi. I-72 jamg\u02bbarma. 1-ro\u02bbyxat. 9-yig\u02bbma jild.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  17. \n
    \u0428\u0438\u0448\u043e\u0432 \u0410. \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438 \/ \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f. \u2116 6. \u2013 \u0422., 1910.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Ikromjon AZIZOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    Perfect University dotsenti v.b., PhD<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmi \u2013 XX asr boshida Buxoro amirligi shahar va qishloqlarida to\u02bbqimachilik, zargarlik, misgarlik, temirchilik, cho\u02bbyangarlik, charmgarlik, etikdo\u02bbzlik, mahsido\u02bbzlik, kavushdo\u02bbzlik, kulolchilik, beshiksozlik, sandiqsozlik kabi yuzga yaqin hunarmandchilik sohalari bo\u02bblgan. Ularda minglab usta hunarmandlar aholining kundalik turmushida zarur bo\u02bblgan turli-tuman mahsulotlarni tayyorlab, xalqimizning turmush darajasini yuksalishiga, Buxoro amirligining jahon bozorida o\u02bbz o\u02bbrniga ega bo\u02bblishiga …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37003,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nXIX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA BUXORO AMIRLIGIDA AN\u02bcANAVIY HUNARMANDCHILIK - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"XIX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA BUXORO AMIRLIGIDA AN\u02bcANAVIY HUNARMANDCHILIK\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=37002&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"XIX ASRNING IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA BUXORO AMIRLIGIDA AN\u02bcANAVIY HUNARMANDCHILIK - 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