{"id":36830,"date":"2024-08-07T10:10:52","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T05:10:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36830"},"modified":"2024-08-07T10:10:52","modified_gmt":"2024-08-07T05:10:52","slug":"qoqon-shahrida-milliy-davriy-matbuotning-shakllanishi-va-rivojlanishi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36830&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"QO\u2018QON SHAHRIDA MILLIY DAVRIY MATBUOTNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rossiya imperiyasi O\u2018rta Osiyo xonliklarini bosib olgach, bu yerda o\u2018zining boshqaruv usulini joriy etdi. Turkistondagi rus hukumati qaror va buyruqlarini xalqga yetkazish maqsadida o\u2018lkada gazeta chop eta boshladi. Mana shunday dastlabki gazeta 1870-yilda chop etilgan \u201cTurkistanskiye vedomosti\u201d edi [10:8]. Gazeta dastlab hukumatning qaror va buyruqlarini e\u2019lon qilish bilan shug\u2018ullangan bo\u2018lsa-da, u o\u2018lkada matbuotning rivojlanishiga asos bo\u2018ldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gazetalar dastlab Toshkentda, general-gubernatorlik markazida\u00a0 chop etilgan bo\u2018lsa, keyinchalik viloyatlar va o\u2018lkaning yirik shaharlarida ham chop etila boshlandi.\u00a0 Bu o\u2018rinda, albatta, jadidlar va o\u2018lkadagi mahalliy sarmoyadorlar xizmatini ta\u2019kidlash joiz. Ularning sa\u2019y-harakati evaziga 1906-yilda milliy tilda \u201cTaraqqiy\u201d gazetasi chop etila boshlandi [5]. Bu omil o\u2018lkada milliy tildagi gazetalarning chop etilishida muhim rol o\u2018ynadi. 1876-yilda Qo\u2018qon xonligi tugatilib, o\u2018rnida Farg\u2018ona viloyati tashkil etilgach, viloyat markazi sifatida Qo\u2018qon emas balki Skobelev (Yangi Marg\u2018ilon) belgilandi. Ammo Qo\u2018qon shahri xonlik markazi sifatida o\u2018z salohiyatini yo\u2018qotmagan edi. Bu yerdagi sarmoyadorlarning rus burjuaziyasi bilan hamkorligi hududda yangi madaniyatning ham shakllanishiga olib keldi. Bular qatoriga davriy matbuotni ham qo\u2018shish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mavzuga oid adabiyotlarni tahlil qilsak, ularni uch guruhga bo\u2018lish mumkin:<\/span><\/p>\n

Birinchi guruhga shu davr mualliflari tomonidan davriy matbuot tahlil etilgan maqolalarni ko\u2018rsatib o\u2018tish mumkin [3].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ikkinchi guruhga sovet davrida chop etilgan ilmiy adabiyotlarni kiritish mumkin [4]. Ushbu adabiyotlarda milliy matbuotdan ko\u2018ra sovet matbuotiga, matbuotning yuzaga kelishida Oktabr inqilobing ahamiyatiga ko\u2018proq urg\u2018u berilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uchinchi guruhga mustaqillik yillarida chop etilgan tadqiqotlarni kiritish mumkin [5]. Ushbu tadqiqotlarda milliy matbuot tarixi va uning o\u2018lkadagi taraqqiyparvarlik o\u2018rni ochib berilgan. Shuningdek, milliy matbuotning jamiyat taraqqiyotidagi o\u2018rni ko\u2018rsatib berilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSadoi Farg\u2018ona\u201d gazetasi Qo\u2018qonda chop etilgan milliy tildagi nashrlarning to\u2018ng\u2018ichi edi [6:44]. O\u2018z davrining taraqqiyparvar va sarmoyadorlaridan bo\u2018lgan Obidjon Mahmudov muassisligida chop etilgan ushbu gazetaning musahhihi (korrektori) Ashurali Zohiriy bo\u2018lgan. Usmon Nuriy tarjimon bo\u2018lib ishlagan. Bu gazeta 1914-yil 3-apreldan 1915-yil iyun oyigacha chop etilgan bo\u2018lib, jami 123 ta soni chiqqan [9:159]. Gazetaning 1914-yil 3-aprel kuni chiqqan 1-sonida \u201cHaftada uch marta chiqadurg\u2018on ilmiy, fanniy, siyosiy turkcha gazetadur\u201d deb ma\u2019lumot berib o\u2018tilgan. \u201cSadoi Farg\u2018ona\u201dning maqsadi haqida uning noshiri va muharriri Obidjon Mahmudov gazetaning 1-sonida bosilgan \u201cMaqsad va maslak\u201d maqolasida bunday yozadi: \u201cGazetani nashr etishdan maqsadimiz tijorat emas, balki xalqimizga qo\u2018limizdan kelgan qadar xizmat etmoqdir. Xalqimizda matbuot va jaridai milliyaga kundan-kun shavq va rag\u2018bat o\u2018zgardi. Gazeta moddiy jihatdan ta\u2019minlangan\u201d[7] deb takidlab o\u2018tgan. \u201cSadoi Farg\u2018ona\u201d gazetasining 1914-yil 17-iyuldan chiqa boshlagan \u201c\u0424\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u0445\u043e\u201d nomli ruscha varianti ham bo\u2018lgan [9:40-b]. Gazeta A-2 formatda, to\u2018rt sahifada, Qo\u2018qon shahar Haydarbek mahallasidagi Obidjon Mahmudovning shaxsiy bosmaxonasida\u00a0 500-600 nusxada chop etilar edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gazetaning obuna narxi Qo\u2018qon shahri va Rossiya shaharlari aholisi uchun 1 yilga 5 so\u2018m, 6 oyga 3 so\u2018m, 3 oyga 2 so\u2018m, 1 oyga 60 tiyin bo\u2018lgan. Xorijiy mamlakat fuqarolari uchun esa narx 2 barobar qimmat bo\u2018lgan, ya\u2019ni 1 yilga 12 so\u2018m, 6 oyga 7 so\u2018m, 3 oyga 4 so\u2018m, 1 oyga bir yarim so\u2018m bo\u2018lgan [9:159].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ziyo Said gazeta muxbirlari kam ekani haqida ma\u2019lumot berib o\u2018tgan bo\u2018lsa-da, gazeta sahifalariga nazar tashlasak,\u00a0\u00a0 H.Niyoziy, Cho\u2018lpon, Tavallo (To\u2018lagan Ho\u2018jamyorov), Hamid Said, Saidahmad Vasliy, Ibrohim Davron, Mulla Abdullabek Musobekhoji o\u2018g\u2018li va Shokirali Muxtorov kabi mashhur ziyolilar maqola va materiallari bilan ishtirok etganini ko\u2018rishimiz mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ushbu gazeta aholi ma\u2019naviyatini yuksaltirishda salmoqli o\u2018rin egalladi. Xususan, gazetaning faol xodimi bo\u2018lgan Ashurali Zohiriy gazetaning birinchi sonidagi \u201cSo\u2018z boshi\u201d nomli maqolasida \u201cGazeta har bir millatning tilidur, gazetasiz millat tilsizdur. Zero, tili va adabiyoti yo\u2018q millat millat emasdur\u201d [8] deb, gazeta va adabiyot har bir millatni millat sifatida ko\u2018rsatuvchi oyna ekanini birinchilardan bo\u2018lib takidlab o\u2018tgan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nashr moddiy qiyinchiliklar sababli faoliyatini to\u2018xtatishga majbur bo\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

1917-yil 2-apreldan boshlab Obidjon Mahmudov \u201cTirik so\u2018z\u201d nomli yana bir gazetani nashr eta boshlaydi [13:24]. Gazeta mushtariylarga \u201chaftada 3 marotaba chiqadurgon adabiy, iqtisodiy, taraqqiy gazetadur\u201d deb tanishtirilgan. \u201cPechatnoye delo\u201d matbaasida chop etilgan. Gazetaning nima maqsadda tashkil qilingani haqida muharriri: \u201c…ahvoli zamonag\u2018a qarab ba\u2019zi puxta joylarda eshitkan va bilgan so\u2018zlarni gazet orqalik bildurib turmoqni zarur fahmlab, ya\u2019ni \u201cTirik so\u2018z\u201d gazetasini chiqarmoqg\u2018a majbur bo\u2018ldim\u201d deb aytib o\u2018tgan [9:157]. Ammo bu nashr ham ommalasha olmay, faoliyatini to\u2018xtatadi. Hozirgi kunda ushbu gazetaning birgina soni Alisher Navoiy nomidagi O\u2018zbekiston Milliy Kutubxonasining \u201cNodir nashrlar\u201d bo\u2018limida saqlanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1917-yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab Qo\u2018qonda \u201cG\u2018ayrat\u201d\u00a0 kutubxonasi muassisligida \u201cEl bayrog\u2018i\u201d gazetasi chop etila boshlandi. Nashr dastlab Qo\u2018qondagi mahalliy savdo-sanoat egalarining fikr tarqatuvchisi bo\u2018lib chiqqan bo\u2018lsa-da, noyabr oyida ushbu shaharda \u201cTurkiston Muxtoriyati\u201d e\u2019lon qilingach, gazeta mazkur hukumatning nashri sifatida faoliyat yurita boshladi [10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Muxtoriyat nashriga aylangach, uning sahifalarida rus istibdodining vatanimizdagi mustamlakachilik siyosati, uning o\u2018lkadagi paxta yetishtirish va uni tashib ketish kabi bir yoqlama ishlari tanqid qilingan. Jumladan, \u201cTurkistonda yetishgan xom-ashyo bundan so\u2018ng chetga chiqarilmaydi. Turkistonda paxta o\u2018rniga habobot (g\u2018alla) ekilur\u201d degan fikr ochiq bayon etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gazeta muharrirlari Po\u2018lat Soliyev (1882 \u2013 1938) va Ashurali Zohiriy edi. Gazetada Abdulla Begiy, No\u2018sherovon Yovushev, Ismoil Obidiy, Yunusjon Og\u2018aliqov va bir nechta ziyolilar o\u2018z maqolalari bilan ishtirok etgan. Gazeta haftada ikki marta, 800-1000 ta nusxada mix bosmada Turkiston Muvaqqat hukumati bosmaxonasida chop etilgan. 1918-yil fevralda Turkiston Muxtoriyati tugatilgach, gazeta ham o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatadi. Gazetaning bor-yo\u2018g\u2018i 20 ta soni chop etilgan [13:24].<\/span><\/p>\n

Abdulhamid Cho\u2018lponning ma\u2019lumotiga ko\u2018ra, 1917-yilda Qo\u2018qonda \u201cRavnaqul islom\u201d nomli gazeta ham chop etilgan [12:44]. Ushbu nashr \u201cXaloyiq\u201d jamiyati muassisligida nashr qilingan. Toshmuhammad Nurmuhammad o\u2018g\u2018li muharrir sifatida faoliyat yuritgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Davr muarrixlari \u201c …ushbu gazeta o\u2018z davrida \u201cdemokrat tarfdorlarining gazetasi\u201d sifatida nom qozonganini e\u2019tirof etgan. Ya\u2019ni bu davrda o\u2018zini demokrat deb atovchi qatlam tomonidan chop etilganini qayd etadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ammo bir-ikki oy faoliyat yuritgandan so\u2018ng moddiy qiyinchiliklar sabab o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatadi. Abdulla Avloniy 1917-yilda Qo\u2018qonda Ahmad Devishev mutasaddiligida \u201cXalq g\u2018ayrati\u201d nomli gazeta ham chop etilgani haqida ma\u2019lumot bergan. Ammo u ham bir necha son chiqqach, o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatgan [10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkistonda gazetalar faoliyati yo\u2018lga qo\u2018yilgach, asta-sekinlik bilan jurnallar ham chop etila boshlandi. Bular sirasiga \u201cOyina\u201d, \u201cAl-Izoh\u201d, \u201cAl-Isloh\u201dni misol keltirish mumkin. Qo\u2018qonda ham bu davrda bir nechta jurnal chop etilgan. Bunday jurnallardan dastlabkilaridan biri \u2013 bu \u201cKengash\u201ddir. U 1917-yil mart oyi oxirlaridan boshlab chop etila boshlangan [13:25]. Ikki haftada bir marta nashr etilgan. Muharriri Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy bo\u2018lgan. Jurnal Qo\u2018qon muallimlari tomonidan chiqarilgan. Jurnalning ikkinchi sonida bosilgan maqola boy va ulamolarga ma\u2019qul tushmagani sababli Hamza jurnaldan chetlashtiriladi. Uning o\u2018rniga Rahimjon Hoji Tursunmuhammad o\u2018g\u2018li muharrirlik qiladi. Jurnal 8 bet hajmda, toshbosmada 400 dona bosilar edi. Oltinchi sonidan so\u2018ng o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatadi [14:391]. Bugungi kunda jurnalning uchta soni saqlanib qolgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u2018qonda chop etilgan navbatdagi jurnal \u2013 bu \u201cYurt\u201d bo\u2018lib, u 1917-yilning 1 iyunidan chiqa boshlagan [6:57]. Bu o\u2018z davrining salmoqli jurnallaridan biri hisoblangan. Uning shiori \u201cYashasin muhtoriyatli xalq jumhuriyati!\u201d edi. Jurnal ikki qismdan iborat bo\u2018lgan. Birinchi qismida adabiyot, siyosat, ijtimoiy, tarixiy, huquqiy, ta\u2019lim-tarbiya, oila masalalariga oid maqolalar o\u2018rin olgan bo\u2018lsa, ikkinchi qismida qishloq aholisining ijtimoiy muammo va masalalari yoritilgan. Bu holat jurnalning oddiy xalq orasida ommalashishiga sabab bo\u2018lgan. Ashurali Zohiriy jurnalning muharriri va noshiri bo\u2018lib faoliyat yuritgan. Jurnalda o\u2018z davrining ziyolilaridan Ahmad Zaki Validiy, Ahmad Sardor, Shokirqul Muxtoriy, Subhiy va boshqalar o\u2018z maqolalari bilan ishtirok etgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jurnal 16 betlik bo\u2018lib, mix bosmada ming nusxa atrofida chop etilgan. Ziyo Saidning ta\u2019kidlashicha, jurnal texnik jihatdan o\u2018z davrinng eng ko\u2018rkam jurnallaridan biri bo\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cKengash\u201d o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatgandan so\u2018ng uning o\u2018rniga 1917-yil avgust oyida \u201cHurriyat\u201d nomli jurnal nashr etila boshlandi [13:21]. Ziyo Said Mahmudxo\u2018ja Rizoiy ushbu jurnalning bosh muharriri sifatida faoliyat yuritgan deb malumot bersa, tadqiqotchi B.Do\u2018stqoraev \u201cHurriyat\u201d jurnali 1917-yilning 7-aprelidan chiqa boshlagani, dastlabki ikki soniga Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy muharrir, noshiri Hoji Rahimjon Shodi bo\u2018lgani haqida ma\u2019lumot beradi [15:62-b]. Ammo jurnalning to\u2018rt soni chiqqandan so\u2018ng o\u2018z faoliyatini to\u2018xtatgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, bu davrda Qo\u2018qonda telegram varaqalari ham chop etilgan. Bular sirasiga 1919-yil yilda bir sonigina chop etilgan \u201cOktyabr varaqasi\u201d, 1921-yilda nashr qilingan \u201cQizil yoshlar\u201d va \u201cTutqun\u201d varaqalarini misol keltirish mumkin. \u201cQizil yoshlar\u201d va \u201cTutqun\u201d varaqalarini ham bir-ikki sonigina chop etilgan [6:101].<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqoridagilardan kelib chiqib, shuni aytish mumkinki, Qo\u2018qon shahri ham matbuot shakllangan hududlardan biri bo\u2018lgan. Bu yerda chop etilgan gazeta va jurnallar ham o\u2018lka xalqlarining ijtimoiy-siyosiy hamda ma\u2019naviy hayotini yuksaltirishga munosib hissa qo\u2018shgan. Mazkur holat ham bu davrda aholini ma\u2019rifatli qilish asosiy masala bo\u2018lganidan dalolat beradi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    Mingnarov A. Ijtimoiy \u2013 siyosiy jarayonlarning milliy matbuotda yoritilishi. \u2013 T.: Istiqlol nuri. 2013.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  13. \n
    Hamza. To\u2018la asarlar to\u2018plami. 5-tom. \u2013 T.: Fan, 1988. \u2013 B.391.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  14. \n
    Farg\u2018ona jurnalistikasi \/\/ Tuzuvchi va mas\u2019ul muharrir M.Obidov. \u2013 T.: Sharq, 2009.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    SEROBJON XAMRAQULOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    Qo\u2018qon davlat pedagogika instituti, PhD<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Rossiya imperiyasi O\u2018rta Osiyo xonliklarini bosib olgach, bu yerda o\u2018zining boshqaruv usulini joriy etdi. Turkistondagi rus hukumati qaror va buyruqlarini xalqga yetkazish maqsadida o\u2018lkada gazeta chop eta boshladi. Mana shunday dastlabki gazeta 1870-yilda chop etilgan \u201cTurkistanskiye vedomosti\u201d edi [10:8]. Gazeta dastlab hukumatning qaror va buyruqlarini e\u2019lon qilish bilan shug\u2018ullangan bo\u2018lsa-da, u o\u2018lkada matbuotning rivojlanishiga asos …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nQO\u2018QON SHAHRIDA MILLIY DAVRIY MATBUOTNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"QO\u2018QON SHAHRIDA MILLIY DAVRIY MATBUOTNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36830&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"QO\u2018QON SHAHRIDA MILLIY DAVRIY MATBUOTNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI - 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