{"id":36700,"date":"2024-07-31T15:06:20","date_gmt":"2024-07-31T10:06:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36700"},"modified":"2024-07-31T15:06:20","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T10:06:20","slug":"xix-asr-ikkinchi-yarmi-xx-asr-boshlarida-samarqandning-eski-shahar-hududi-va-ijtimoiy-hayoti-tarixidan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36700&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"XIX ASR IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA SAMARQANDNING \u201cESKI SHAHAR\u201d HUDUDI VA IJTIMOIY HAYOTI TARIXIDAN"},"content":{"rendered":"

Samarqand shahri Buxoro amirligining asosiy siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy markazlaridan biri bo\u02bblgan. Bu shahar ajoyib tabiati, hosildor yeri va go\u02bbzal bog\u02bblari bilan ham amirlikning boshqa hududlaridan ajralib turgan. XIX asr ikkinchi yarmiga oid manbalarda shaharning go\u02bbyoki ulkan bir bog\u02bbdan iborat ekani alohida ta\u02bckidlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar ming yillar davomida shakllangan bo\u02bblib, unda tarixiy yodgorliklar atrofini bir-biriga zich qilib qurilgan oddiy va qurilishi nihoyatda sodda uylar mavjud edi. XIX asr boshiga kelib esa Samarqand yana yirik shaharga aylangan. 1812-yilda amirlikka kelgan ingliz ayg\u02bboqchisi Mir Izzatullaning guvohlik berishicha, bu davrda Samarqand kundan-kunga rivojlanayotgan shahar edi. [12:196]. Shaharning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy yuksalishiga uning qulay geografik joylashuvining ahamiyati katta bo\u02bblgan. Shahar Zarafshon daryosi janubida joylashgan bo\u02bblib, shimol, sharq va janubdan baland tog\u02bblar bilan o\u02bbralgan hamda g\u02bbarbdan unga keng ekin maydonlari tutashgan. Shahar joylashuvi shimoli-sharqdan Xitoy va Sharqiy Turkistondan, janubi-sharqdan Hindistondan, g\u02bbarb tomondan Xorazm va Buxoro orqali keluvchi Eron, Kaspiybo\u02bbyi yerlaridan, shimoldan esa Rossiyadan keluvchi savdo karvonlari uchun qulay joy bo\u02bblgan. Mana shu jihatlar shaharda savdo ishlari rivojiga o\u02bbz ta\u02bcsirini ko\u02bbrsatgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Namlikning kuchli ekani Samarqand havosini toza va bahavo qilgan. Shuning uchun samarqandliklar ancha sog\u02bblom, rangi toza bo\u02bblgan [17:5].<\/span><\/p>\n

Abu Tohirxojaning \u201cSamariya\u201d asarida shahar iqlimining ajoyib va mo\u02bbtadil ekani, shuning uchun \u201cfirdavsmonand\u201d \u2013 jannat misoli, deb keltiriladi. Yozda Samarqand nisbatan salqin va iqlimi mo\u02bbtadil ekani, har tomondan esuvchi mayin shamol va toza havo kayfiyatni ko\u02bbtarishi, ruhiy sokinlikni ta\u02bcminlashi haqida ma\u02bclumot bergan [2:14]. Iqlimi, tabiati va muhiti odamlarning \u201cfirdavsmonand\u201d shaharda yashashga bo\u02bblgan intilishini kuchaytirgan. Bu o\u02bbz navbatida, urbanizatsiya jarayoniga va aholining demografik holatiga ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

E\u02bctiborli jihati shundaki, Zarafshon vohasi va umuman Samarqand shahri yirik markaz hisoblansa-da, shahar aholisi katta qismining turmush-tarzi qishloq xo\u02bbjaligi, ya\u02bcni atrofdagi aholi bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblgan. Shahar aholisi soni ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblmasa-da, atrofida yashovchilar miqdori katta bo\u02bblgan va ular Samarqand iqtisodiy hayotida faol ishtirok etgan. Shu nuqtayi nazardan, shahar aholisi va uning turmush tarzi haqidagi ma\u02bclumotni keltirganda, bu yerga yaqin hudud aholisi turmushi va xo\u02bbjaligi bilan bog\u02bbliq ma\u02bclumotlarni inobatga olish muhimdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrda shahar aholisi soni va uning o\u02bbsish dinamikasi haqida ma\u02bclumotlar manbalarda turlicha keltiriladi. Meyendorf ma\u02bclumotlariga ko\u02bbra, 1820-yilda Samarqandda 50 ming aholi istiqomat qilgan bo\u02bblsa, N.Xanikov 1841-yilda 25 ming, 1863-yilda A.Vamberi 20 minggacha, 1868-yilda V.V.Radlov shahar aholisi sonini 10 mingdan oshiq deb keltiradi. P.P.Ivanov va boshqa tadqiqotchilar asarida esa 30 mingga yaqin kishi istiqomat qilgan, deb keltirilsa [5:27], xorijiy mualliflar asarida XIX asrning 70-yillarida Samarqandda 6000 xonadon bo\u02bblib, unda 30 ming aholi yashagani qayd etiladi. 1889-yilda Samarqand shahri aholisi soni 40 ming atrofida bo\u02bblib, shulardan 6 mingtasi Yevropadan ko\u02bbchib kelganlar va 1500 kishi esa yahudiy millatiga mansub bo\u02bblgan. 1839-yilda Buxoro yahudiylari Samarqandga Mashhaddan ko\u02bbchirib keltirilgan, qolgan guruhi esa 1859-yilda Qobuldan ko\u02bbchirilgan [3:230]. Boshqa manbalarda Samarqand atroflarida 80.000 o\u02bbzbek oilasi istiqomat qilgan, deb ko\u02bbrsatiladi [19:506]. Shahar aholisi soni haqida yagona fikr mavjud emasligi aholining milliy va etnik tarkibi, ijtimoiy guruhlar va umuman, xalq turmushining ko\u02bbpgina sohalari bo\u02bbyicha xulosa chiqarish imkonini qiyinlashtiradi. Biroq ishonch bilan ta\u02bckidlash mumkinki, Samarqand shahri va uning atrofi vohadagi aholi eng zich istiqomat qilgan hudud bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yangi tadqiqotlarda ham shaharda 30 ming aholi borligi ko\u02bbrsatilgan [4:111]. Mazkur fikr ancha ishonarli, chunki o\u02bbrganilayotgan davrda Zarafshon vohasi, umuman, Buxoro amirligida aholining katta qismi\u00a0 qishloqlarda istiqomat qilib, qishloq xo\u02bbjaligi bilan mashg\u02bbul bo\u02bblgan. Shunday bo\u02bblsa-da, Samarqand shahri viloyat markazi, madaniyat, hunarmandchilik va savdo markazi sifatida katta ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrning 60-yillari oxirlarigacha Samarqand shahri hududi kengayib borgan. N.V.Xanikovning ma\u02bclumot berishicha, \u201cshahar aylanasi 13 verstga, uning kvadrat yuzasi 2280000 sajenga yoki 2533,31 tanobga teng bo\u02bblib, Buxoro shahri hududidan 500 tanobga katta\u201d bo\u02bblgan [18:100]. N.V.Xanikovning ushbu ma\u02bclumotlari bu davrda shaharning kengaygani va urbanizatsiya jarayoni jadallashgani haqidagi fikrimizni tasdiqlaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr o\u02bbrtalarigacha O\u02bbrta asrlar shaharlari kabi Camarqand mudofaa devorlari bilan o\u02bbralgan bo\u02bblib, xandaqlari va mudofaa burjlari bo\u02bblgan. \u201cShahar devorlari Rossiya imperiyasi bosqini davrida buzib tashlangan. So\u02bbzangaron mahallasi qismida uning ayrim qoldiqlari kuzatiladi\u201d [14:85-89].<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand shahrining XIX asrdagi mavqeiga ta\u02bcrif berganda T.S.Saidqulovning \u201cshahar xonlikning (amirlik) bosh shahri hisoblangan\u201d, [11:8], F.Nazarovning: \u201cbirinchidan, tarixiy va diniy sabablar tufayli, ikkinchidan, mamlakatdagi aholisi eng zich, boy viloyat markaziy shahri sifatida\u201d ma\u02bclum ekani to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi fikrlarini keltirib o\u02bbtish o\u02bbrinlidir [7:44].<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand va uning atrofi, umuman, Zarafshon vohasi hududi doimo aholi zich joylashgan hudud hisoblangan. Bu xususdagi ma\u02bclumotlarga ko\u02bbra, Zarafshon okrugi aholisi Rossiya aholisiga nisbatan ham zich istiqomat qilgan. Aholi zichligi bo\u02bbyicha, hatto, G\u02bbarbiy Yevropadagi viloyatlardan ham qolishmasligi qayd etilgan [11:9].<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston o\u02bblkasining birinchi general-gubernatori K.P.Kaufman ham o\u02bbz hisobotlarida Zarafshon daryosi havzasida aholi zichligi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida ma\u02bclumot berib, uni Italiyadagi Lombardiya bilan taqqoslaydi [11:10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Rossiya istilosi arafasida Samarqand shahri boshqaruvi turkiy urug\u02bb vakili Sherali inoq qo\u02bblida bo\u02bblgan. Samarqand shahri aholisi haqida gap borganda uning tarkibiy qismlari bo\u02bblgan mahallalar tavsifini berish o\u02bbrinlidir. Shahar topografiyasi, o\u02bbz o\u02bbrnida, mahalla xususiyatidan kelib chiqib, aholi xo\u02bbjalik hayoti, ishlab chiqaruvchi kuchlarning rivojlanishi va shahar bo\u02bbylab joylashuvini ta\u02bcminlaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zero, shahar\u00a0 aholisi o\u02bbz mashg\u02bbuloti va turmush tarziga qarab alohida-alohida guzarlarda istiqomat qilgan. Samarqand shahri qiyofasi doimo yangi tashkil etilgan mahalla yoki mavzelar kengayishi hisobiga o\u02bbzgarib borgan. Shahar guzarlari ijtimoiy ahamiyatdan tashqari ma\u02bcmuriy ahamiyatga ham ega bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand guzarlari to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida tadqiqot olib borgan M.M.Abramov shaharni ma\u02bcmuriy jihatdan to\u02bbrt yirik dahaga bo\u02bblgan [1:4].<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Payqoboq; 2) Qalandarxona; 3) Xoja Ahror; 4) So\u02bbzanganron.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbz navbatida, Payqoboq 22 ta, Qalandarxona 20 ta, Xoja Ahror 22 ta, So\u02bbzanganron 27 ta guzardan (kvartal) iborat bo\u02bblgan [20:48].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar mikrotoponimikasini guzarlar xususiyatidan kelib chiqib, yetti guruhga ajratish mumkin. Birinchi guruhni shahar guzarlari aholisining kasb-koriga qarab nomlash mumkin. Zargaron mahallasida tillo buyumlar yasovchi ustalar, So\u02bbzangaronda igna yasovchi ustalar, Charmgaronda ko\u02bbnchilik va teri mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaruvchi ustalar, Xarrotonda yog\u02bboch ustalari, Kulolonda kulol ustalar, Zingaronda egar-jabdug\u02bb va ot abzali yasovchi ustalar, Sharbatdorda turli shirin ichimliklar tayyorlovchilar istiqomat qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ikkinchi guruh guzarlar boshqa shaharlardan ko\u02bbchib kelishiga qarab nomlangan. Ya\u02bcni aholi qaysi hududdan kelgan bo\u02bblsa, o\u02bbshanday nomlangan. Jumladan, Toshkandi, Xo\u02bbjandi, Urguti, Zomini, Yomini, Shahrisabzi, Urmitani, Qashqari, Panjakenti kabi guzarlar bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uchinchi guruh guzarlar nomi shahar me\u02bcmoriy yodgorliklari nomlari bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblgan. Bunga Ruhobod, Go\u02bbri Amir, Oq-saroy, Namozgoh, Ko\u02bbkmachit, Xonaqo, Madrasai Safed guzarlarini kiritish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

To\u02bbrtinchi guruhga Samarqand shahri topografiyasi bilan bog\u02bbliq guzarlar kiritildi: Labi g\u02bbor, Chaqar, Toli Regak, Baland ko\u02bbprik, Bog\u02bbi baland, Kabolai yakum, Kabolai duyum, Puli mirzo, Gilburch va hokazo.<\/span><\/p>\n

Beshinchi guruhga shahar tabiati bilan bog\u02bbliq guzar nomlarini kiritish mumkin. Ular Kavarzor, Lolazor kabi mahallalar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oltinchi guruhga Navadon, Obimashad, Doniyorbek, Kulobod, Qo\u02bbshhovuz kabi shahardagi suv inshootlari, sun\u02bciy ariqlar, suv manbalari nomlaridan kelib chiqqan guzarlar kiradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yettinchi guruhga olimlar nomi berilgan guzarlarni, jumladan, Faqih Abu Lays, Maxdumi Xorazmiy, Dahbediy va hakozolar kiradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Guzarni aholining umumiy yig\u02bbilishlarida saylanadigan oqsoqollar boshqargan. Har bir mahallaning markazi bo\u02bblib, u yerda masjid va choyxona bo\u02bblgan. Ushbu markazlarda savdo-ishlab chiqarish ustaxonalari, do\u02bbkonlar va uncha katta bo\u02bblmagan bozorlar ham bo\u02bblgan [1:5]. Rossiya istilosidan keyin ham eski shahardagi guzarlar shaharning hududiy bo\u02bblinishi doirasida o\u02bbz mavqei va o\u02bbrniga ega bo\u02bblsa-da, huquqiy jihatdan davlat tuzilishi tizimiga kirmas edi. Shunday bo\u02bblsa-da, guzarlarni ijtimoiy boshqarish, tartib-intizomni ta\u02bcminlash borasida yozilmagan qonun borligini eslatish joizdir. Rasmiy-huquqiy masalalar qozi va muftiylar muhokamasida qonun doirasida bajarilgan. Qozi va muftiylar bir necha guzarda shahar hokimi va keyinchalik imperiya hukumati farmoni bilan tayinlangan [8:81].<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr o\u02bbrtalarida Samarqand baland qal\u02bca devorlari bilan o\u02bbralgan bo\u02bblib, oltita darvozasi bo\u02bblgan. 1. Shaharning janubi-sharqida ignachi kosiblar yashovchi mahalla nomi bilan ataluvchi So\u02bbzangaron darvozasi; 2. Shahar sharqidagi Qalandarxona darvozasi; 3. Shahar shimoli-sharqidagi Darvozai shoh yoki Shohizinda darvozasi; 4. Shaharning janubi-g\u02bbarbiy tomonida Payqaboq darvozasi; 5.Shaharning g\u02bbarbida joylashgan Darvozai Buxoro; 6. Shaharning janubidagi Xoja Ahror darvozasi [15:113].<\/span><\/p>\n

Darvozalar dushman hujumidan shaharni muhofaza qilgan. Imperiya hukumatining kuchli qurol-aslahalari borligi uchun bu darvozalarga ehtiyoj qolmadi va rus harbiylari ularni olib tashlagan hamda shahar qal\u02bcasini buzib yubordi. Bu davrda shahar mahallalarida chuqur ijtimoiy tabaqalanish jarayoni kechgan. Shaharda asilzodalar bilan birga oddiy xalq qatlamiga mansub kishilar yashagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar aholisi etnik tarkibi nihoyatda xilma-xil bo\u02bblgan. O\u02bbzbeklar, tojiklar bilan birga, eroniy, arab, afg\u02bbon, hind, lo\u02bbli va yahudiylar kabi kam sonli millat vakillari istiqomat qilgan. Tarixiy ma\u02bclumotlarda ularning XIX asr 60-yillarida son jihatdan aholi tarkibidagi ulushini turlicha uchratish mumkin. Shuningdek, ayrim etnik birliklarning bu shaharga qay tarzda kelgani, ularning kundalik yumushi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi ba\u02bczi ma\u02bclumotlar ham uchraydi. Yahudiylar haqida V.V.Radlov \u201cular 100-150-yil oldin Erondan avval Buxoroga, keyin Samarqandga ko\u02bbchib kelgan\u201d, deb ma\u02bclumot beradi [10:38]. A.F.Fayziyevning keltirishicha, yahudiylar alohida mavzeda istiqomat qilgan. 1843-yili Amir Nasrullo Samarqand shahrida, sharqiy darvoza yaqinida, Chokardiza qabristoni yonida o\u02bbn ming kumush tangaga alohida guzar tashkil qilishi uchun ularga 11 tanob yerni sotgan [17:8]. Ular asosan etikdo\u02bbzlik, zardo\u02bbzlik va hunarmandchilikning boshqa turlari bilan shug\u02bbullangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asr ikkinchi yarmida Samarqand shahri aholisining ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotida jiddiy o\u02bbzgarish sodir bo\u02bbldi. Imperiya boshqaruv tizimining o\u02bbrnatilishi yangi etnik qatlamni yuzaga keltirdi. Siyosiy kuch sifatida Rossiya imperiyasi tarkibidagi turli millat vakillaridan iborat soha mutaxassislarining ko\u02bbchirib keltirilishi ham bu jarayonga ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatdi. D.L.Ivanovning keltirishicha, Samarqandda yashovchi yahudiylar amirlik davrida ba\u02bczi huquqlardan mahrum bo\u02bblib, shaharda o\u02bbzlari uchun sinagoga (ibodatxona) qurish, otda yurish, musulmonlar kiyimini kiyish, etik kiyish va yashash joyini erkin tanlash huquqiga ega emas edi. Yahudiylar uchun bozor orqasida alohida mavze ajratilib, ularning hammasi o\u02bbsha mavzeda istiqomat qilgan. Shu tariqa \u201cjugut guzar\u201d shakllangan. Samarqand imperiya qo\u02bbshinlari tomonidan egallangach, mahalliy aholi va yahudiylar imperiya uchun bir xil \u2013 qaram aholi maqomiga ega bo\u02bbldi. Yahudiylarga nisbatan amirlik davrida joriy etilgan taqiqlar bekor qilingan. Natijada ular imperiyaning o\u02bblkadagi hokimiyatiga nisbatan hurmat bilan munosabatda bo\u02bbla boshladi. Yahudiylar ruslar bilan yaqinlashib, tezda rus tilini o\u02bbzlashtira boshladi [5:53].<\/span><\/p>\n

Yahudiylarning siyosiy dunyoqarashi va ijtimoiy hayotdagi faolligi yangi tuzumga ko\u02bbnikishini tezlashtirdi. Yahudiylar savdogarlari boshqa savdogarlarga raqobatdosh bo\u02bblgan. Ular birinchilardan bo\u02bblib, yangilikka qo\u02bbl urgan va rus ta\u02bclim muassasalarida o\u02bbqiy boshlagan. Bundan tashqari, yahudiylar qo\u02bbshni xonliklarda bo\u02bblayotgan barcha siyosiy jarayonlarni tezda anglab, u haqda ruslarni ogohlantirib turgan [5:54].<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand atrofida o\u02bbzbeklarning qang\u02bbli, nayman, qo\u02bbng\u02bbirot, qipchoq xitoy, qiyot, chig\u02bbatoy, do\u02bbrmon, ming, qirq, yuz, qoraqalpoq, saroy, qirg\u02bbiz, turk, mang\u02bbit, bahrin kabi urug\u02bblari istiqomat qilgan [19:515]. Samarqandda etnik birlik sifatida hindlar ham istiqomat qilgan. Ular Samarqandga savdo maqsadida kelgan va shu yerda o\u02bbrnashib qolgan. Ular asosan sudxo\u02bbrlik, hind mahsulotlarini sotish va shu kabilar bilan shug\u02bbullangan [1:8].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shahar aholisining ijtimoiy guruhlarini ularning mashg\u02bbulot turiga qarab ham tasniflash mumkin. Mahsulot turiga qarab, savdo qiluvchi mayda savdogarlar \u2013 bazzozlar, attorlar va baqqollar kabi nomlar bilan atalgan [8:47].<\/span><\/p>\n

Eski shahar hududi esa 364 desyatina (396,76 gektar), 2100 kv sajenni (4473 kv,m) tashkil qilib, past balandliklardan iborat. Eski shaharda keng va tor ko\u02bbchalar soni 166 ta bo\u02bblib, ulardan 11 tasi qayroqtosh bilan qoplangan hamda uzunligi 15,5 verstni tashkil etgan. Ushbu 11 ta ko\u02bbchadan tashqari, 12-ko\u02bbchaga toshli quvur va ko\u02bbprik qurilgan [16:7]. Ushbu ko\u02bbpriklar rus hukumati tomonidan to\u02bbg\u02bbri shaklda atrofiga daraxtlar ekilib, aholi yurishi uchun qulay etib qurilgan. Boshqa barcha ko\u02bbchalar: tor, egri-bugri eski uslubda, chang-to\u02bbzonli, suv yurishi uchun ariqlarga ega bo\u02bblmagan, ularning eng muhimlari 55 ta kerosin chiroq yordamida yoritilgan [16:6].<\/span><\/p>\n

Eski shaharda 4 ta yirik markaziy maydon bo\u02bblib, bular: 1. Registon maydoni, unda tosh yotqizilgan va u bozor hayoti markazi vazifasini o\u02bbtagan; 2. Bibixonim maydonida tosh yotqizilmagan. U yerda bozor va 3 ta non rastasi bo\u02bblgan [16:9]; 3. Bibixonim maydoni qarshisida mol bozori maydoni bo\u02bblib, unga ham tosh yotqizilmagan. Unda yirik shoxli hayvonlar, tuya va qo\u02bbylar sotilgan; 4. Shaharda somon bozor maydoni ham mavjud bo\u02bblib, u mustamlaka ma\u02bcmuriyati qurdirgan qal\u02bcaning janubiy qismida joylashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eski shaharda Amir Temur maqbarasi yonida xiyobon mavjud bo\u02bblib, unga turli xil daraxtlar ekilgan [16:13]. Shohizinda masjidi ro\u02bbparasida ham rus hukumati tomonidan xiyobon tashkil qilingan. Ikkita xiyobon ham chiroyli manzarasi bilan ajralib turgan, ko\u02bbchalarida tosh yotqizilgan va yaxshi holatda saqlangan. Bu xiyobonlar mahalliy aholi sayr qilishi uchun eng qulay joy bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eski shaharda 5 ta davlat, 172 ta jamoat, 5154 ta xususiy uy mavjud bo\u02bblgan [13:16]. Xususiy uylardan, ayniqsa, savdogar Hoji Mirvafoning uyi e\u02bctiborni tortadi. Uy g\u02bbishtdan qurilgan bo\u02bblib, ikki qavatli ham rus, ham mahalliy me\u02bcmorchilik uslublari asosida bunyod etilgan. Boshqa mahalliy aholi uylari bir yoki ikki qavatli bo\u02bblib, ko\u02bbchaga qaratilgan derazalarsiz, sinchli guvaladan qurilgan. Qiya tuproq tom qismiga ega ko\u02bbrinishda pechkasiz qurilgan, ko\u02bbmir bilan isitilgan. Shuning uchun uylar sovuq, poli loy suvoq yoki pishiq g\u02bbishtdan qurilgan. Uylarning hovlilari tor, betartib joylashgan. Shahardagi qurilishlarning zichligi tufayli daraxt va hovuzlar ayrim uylardagina uchraydi. Mahalliy aholi esa ehtiyoj uchun, xo\u02bbjalik va bog\u02bblarni sug\u02bborish uchun Siyob, Siyobcha kanallaridan, Obimashhad, Abdidarun, Ko\u02bbnchilik kabi chashma buloqlar suvidan foydalangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Shuni ta\u02bckidlash joizki, rus me\u02bcmorlari davlat va jamoat binolari hamda xususiy uylarni loyihalashtirishda mahalliy me\u02bcmorchilik yutuqlariga tayangan. Shu masala bo\u02bbyicha G.N.Chabrov \u201cRus me\u02bcmorlari va quruvchilari turar joy binolarini qurishda mahalliy usullarni jon-jon deb qo\u02bbllagan. Yog\u02bboch uylar o\u02bbrniga loy uy qurgan, shift va pollarni mahalliy namuna bo\u02bbyicha yasagan. Yog\u02bbochni tejash maqsadida ichki osma eshiklar o\u02bbrniga gilam va paloslardan foydalangan, uylarning zaruriy qismi \u2013 ayvonni rus quruvchilari uncha xush ko\u02bbrmagan, biroq keyinchalik keng qo\u02bbllay boshlagan\u201d deb keltiradi [6:37].<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu davrda shahar ikki qismga: \u201ceski\u201d va \u201cyangi\u201d shahar qismlariga bo\u02bblinib, ma\u02bcmuriy jihatdan \u201ceski\u201d shahar 4 ta dahaga va \u201cyangi\u201d shahar alohida qismlarga ajratildi. Shaharni ma\u02bcmuriy jihatdan bo\u02bblinishida dahalarning (Payqaboq, Qalandarxona, Xoja Ahror, So\u02bbzangaron) tarixiy xususiyatlari va geografik holati hisobga olingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytganda, XIX asr ikkinchi yarmi \u2013 XX asr boshlarida Samarqand Rossiya imperiyasining Turkistondagi muhim iqtisodiy va siyosiy ahamiyatga ega shahri bo\u02bblib, bu yerdagi umumiy siyosiy va ijtimoiy vaziyat umumturkiston darajasida edi. Bu davrda shahar me\u02bcmorchiligida o\u02bbziga xos aralash uslub namunalari hatto bugungi kunda ham shaharga ko\u02bbrk berib turibdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iqtisodiy va siyosiy jarayonlar o\u02bbz o\u02bbrnida ijtimoiy hayotning murakkabligiga sabab bo\u02bblishi bilan birga, madaniyatning xilma-xilligi va rang-barang bo\u02bblishiga ham o\u02bbz ta\u02bcsirini o\u02bbtkazgan. Samarqand shahrining o\u02bbziga xos xususiyatlaridan biri \u2013 unda turli etnik guruhlar yashagani va ularning ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotdagi roli edi. Samarqandning \u201ceski shahar\u201d qismidagi hayot ma\u02bcmuriy jihatdan katta o\u02bbzgarishlarga duch kelmagan. Avvalgidek, shahar dahalarga bo\u02bblingan va ular guzarlarga bo\u02bblingan holda an\u02bcanaviy idora etish usuli bilan boshqarilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u041c. \u0413\u0443\u0437\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, 1989. \u2013 \u0421. 4.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    \u0410\u0431\u0443 \u0422\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0440 \u0425\u043e\u0436\u0430. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u2013 \u0422.: \u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441, 1989. \u2013 \u0411.14.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Curzon Georg N. Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian question. Frank Cass&CoLTD, 1967. \u2013 P.230.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    \u0417\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0414. \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0448\u0430\u04b3\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 XIX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u0438\u043a\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0438 \u044f\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u2013 XX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u2013 \u0422., 2013. \u2013 \u0411.111.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414.\u041b. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u2013 \u041c., 1872. \u2013 \u0421.53.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    \u0418\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0416. XIX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u0438\u043a\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0438 \u044f\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u2013 XX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u201c\u044f\u043d\u0433\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u04b3\u0430\u0440\u201d \u049b\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438… \u2013 \u0411.37.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0424. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431, 1891. \u2013 \u0421.44.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  8. \n
    Morrison A.S. Russian rule in Samarkand 1868-1910. A Comparision with British India. \u2013 Oxford University Press. 2008. \u2013 P.81.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  9. \n
    \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0411. XIX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u043e\u0445\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 XX \u0430\u0441\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0438\u0436\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438 … \u2013 \u0411.47.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  10. \n
    \u0420\u0430\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u0412. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0417\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u2013 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0422. IV. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431, 1880. \u2013 \u0421. 38.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  11. \n
    \u0421\u0430\u0438\u0434\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0422.\u0421. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432) \u2013 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434, 1970. \u2013 \u0421.8.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  12. \n
    \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u042e.\u0410. \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u041a\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0444 \u0432 1813 \u0433. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u201c\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440-\u0418\u0437\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043b\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044e 1812-1813 \u0433\u0433.\u201d \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0422\u0430\u0448\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u044b\u043f. \u0425. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u043d. 14. \u2013 \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442, 1957. \u2013 \u0421.196.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  13. \n
    \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 1891 \u0433\u043e\u0434. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434, 1891. \u2013 \u0421.16.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  14. \n
    \u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u0410. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u041a\u043d.: \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435. \u2013 \u041c., 1979. \u2013 \u0421. 85-89.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  15. \n
    \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438. \u2013 \u0422.: \u040e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0440\u0438\u0451\u0442\u0438, 2004. 7-\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u2013 \u0411.113.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  16. \n
    \u040e\u0437\u0420 \u041c\u0410. \u0418 5-\u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434, 1-\u0440\u045e\u0439\u0445\u0430\u0442, 551-\u0438\u0448, \u0432. 13.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  17. \n
    \u0424\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0424. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435).\u2013 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434, 1992. \u2013 \u0421.8.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  18. \n
    \u0425\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041d.\u0412. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431., 1843. \u2013 \u0421.100.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  19. \n
    \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0445\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u041b. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431, 1876. \u2013 \u0421.515.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  20. \n
    \u04b2\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0420. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430. \u2013 \u0422.: \u0422\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u0440, 2011. \u2013 \u0411.48.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    OLIMJON IRISQULOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    SamDU dotsenti<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Samarqand shahri Buxoro amirligining asosiy siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy markazlaridan biri bo\u02bblgan. Bu shahar ajoyib tabiati, hosildor yeri va go\u02bbzal bog\u02bblari bilan ham amirlikning boshqa hududlaridan ajralib turgan. XIX asr ikkinchi yarmiga oid manbalarda shaharning go\u02bbyoki ulkan bir bog\u02bbdan iborat ekani alohida ta\u02bckidlangan. Shahar ming yillar davomida shakllangan bo\u02bblib, unda tarixiy yodgorliklar atrofini bir-biriga zich …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36701,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nXIX ASR IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA SAMARQANDNING \u201cESKI SHAHAR\u201d HUDUDI VA IJTIMOIY HAYOTI TARIXIDAN - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"XIX ASR IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA SAMARQANDNING \u201cESKI SHAHAR\u201d HUDUDI VA IJTIMOIY HAYOTI TARIXIDAN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36700&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"XIX ASR IKKINCHI YARMI \u2013 XX ASR BOSHLARIDA SAMARQANDNING \u201cESKI SHAHAR\u201d HUDUDI VA IJTIMOIY HAYOTI TARIXIDAN - 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