{"id":36635,"date":"2024-07-26T10:52:24","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T05:52:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36635"},"modified":"2024-07-26T10:52:24","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T05:52:24","slug":"samarqand-matbuotida-jadidlarning-islom-dini-va-urf-odatlar-o%ca%bbrtasidagi-tafovut-masalasidagi-qarashlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36635&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"SAMARQAND MATBUOTIDA JADIDLARNING ISLOM DINI VA URF-ODATLAR O\u02bbRTASIDAGI TAFOVUT MASALASIDAGI QARASHLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Turkistonda XIX asr oxirida vujudga kelgan va XX asr boshida rivojlangan ma\u02bcrifatparvarlik harakati vakillari bo\u02bblgan jadidlar faoliyati matbuot bilan bog\u02bbliq kechdi. Ular matbuotda eng ko\u02bbp e\u02bctibor qaratgan masala ijtimoiy hayot bilan bog\u02bbliq maqolalar bo\u02bbldi. Ular bu borada islom dini, uning amallari, urf-odat masalasiga ko\u02bbp bora murojaat qildi. Matbuot ishi Toshkent, Samarqand, Farg\u02bbona va Buxoroda rivojlanib bordi. Ular orasida alohida o\u02bbrin egallagan Samarqand matbuotida ijtimoiy hayotdagi marosimlar masalasi ko\u02bbp marotaba e\u02bclon qilingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand jadidlari urf-odat masalasiga jiddiy e\u02bctibor bilan qaradi va uning oqibatini matbuot orqali xalq ommasiga yetkazishga harakat qildi. Samarqandda 1908-yildan yangi usuldagi matbuotni yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyish uchun harakat boshlandi. O\u02bbsha yildan Behbudiy mustamlaka ma\u02bcmurlaridan gazeta chiqarish uchun ruxsat olishga harakat qila boshlagan [1:186]. Bu esa 1913-yilga kelib, o\u02bbz natijasini berdi va dastlabki nashr \u201cSamarqand\u201d gazetasi ochildi. Abdulla Avloniy bu haqda \u201cElu xalqning ko\u02bbzini ochishga bois bo\u02bbldi\u201d deb yozadi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqand matbuotida ilk gazeta \u201cSamarqand\u201d bo\u02bblsa, dastlabki jurnal \u201cOyina\u201d edi. 1913-yil 20-avgustda Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy tashabbusi bilan uning birinchi soni nashrdan chiqqan. Samarqanddagi ilk matbuot namunalari hisoblangan ushbu gazeta va jurnallarni nashr qilishdan maqsad aholiga zamonaviy ilm-fan yutuqlari va ma\u02bcrifiy bilimlarni yetkazish edi. Lekin Turkiston harbiy senzurasi bosh shtabi doimo bu nashrlar faoliyatini kuzatib borgan. Ayniqsa, ularda \u201cRossiya manfaatiga zid maqolalar paydo bo\u02bblishi mumkin\u201dligi gumon qilinib, muharrirlari ta\u02bcqib ostiga olingan. Shu kabi ta\u02bcqiblar va turli tuhmatlar natijasida 1915-yil 15-iyunda \u201cOyina\u201d jurnali yopiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqandda mazkur gazeta va jurnallardan tashqari \u201cMehnatkashlar tovushi\u201d va \u201cZarafshon\u201d singari nashrlar ham bo\u02bblib, ularda ham ijtimoiy masalalarga katta e\u02bctibor qaratilgan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiyning \u201cOyina\u201d jurnalida \u201cBizni kemiruvchi illatlar\u201d[2] maqolasi nashr qilinadi. Uni muallif \u201c…butun tirikligimizg\u02bba sorilgon va bizni inqirozg\u02bba va tahlikag\u02bba va jahannamg\u02bba yumalataturgon to\u02bby, azo ismindagi ikki qattol dushmanni derman\u201d, [3:338] degan jumla bilan boshlaydi. Maqolada to\u02bby va azada bo\u02bblayotgan isrofgarchilik haqida asosli ma\u02bclumot keltiradi. Jumladan, Samarqandning Panjikent qasabasidagi to\u02bbyda Navro\u02bbz sayridagi mushakbozlikdan uch kishi o\u02bblgani,\u00a0 xatna to\u02bbylaridagi ot-uloqda yuzlab kishilar halok bo\u02bblishini qayd etadi. To\u02bby va azaga\u00a0 sarf-xarajatlar orqasidan kelib chiqayotgan muammolar va bunga yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbymaslik haqida shariatda keltirilgan farzlarni ham aytib o\u02bbtadi: \u201cShore\u02bci a\u02bczam, payg\u02bbambari akram sollallohu alayhi vasallam hazratlari o\u02bblganni tez ko\u02bbmub va ko\u02bbmgandan so\u02bbngra tez tarqalib, ishg\u02bba ketmoqg\u02bba va o\u02bblukxona xalqini uch kundan ziyoda ta\u02bcziya tutmasg\u02bba, qaro kiymasg\u02bba, kir, falokat bo\u02bblmasg\u02bba amr etarlar\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy to\u02bby va ma\u02bcrakalar urf-odat jihatidan kerakli bo\u02bblsa-da, kishilarning iqtisodiy turmushini nihoyatda og\u02bbirlashtirib yuborayotganini, odamlarning yer va bog\u02bblarini sotib to\u02bby qilayotganini, natijada, Samarqandga kelgan yahudiylar aholi yerlarini sotib olib, o\u02bbzini arosatga tushirayotganini afsus bilan yozadi. O\u02bbz fikrini quyidagicha isbotlaydi: \u201cSamarqandda bir mahalla borki, aksar xalqi faqru zaruratdan, to\u02bbg\u02bbrisi, aql noqisligidan havlilarini pulg\u02bba qiziqib yahudiylarg\u02bba sotgan uchun mahallag\u02bba oz musulmon qoldi. Mahalla maktabi yo\u02bbq bo\u02bbldi. Masjidi-da yaqinda yo\u02bbqolur. Mana,\u00a0 aqlsizligimizning oxiri va isroflarimizning xotimasi dinimizg\u02bba futur kelmoqig\u02bba sabab bo\u02bblur. Din uchun, masjid va maktab uchun aqcha, sarvat, davlat, somon kerakdur. To\u02bby va ta\u02bcziyag\u02bba sarf qilinaturgon oqchalarimizni biz, turoniylar, ilm va din yo\u02bblig\u02bba sarf etsak, anqarib ovrupoyilardek taraqqiy etarmiz va o\u02bbzimiz-da, dinimiz-da obro\u02bby va rivoj topar. Yo\u02bbq, hozirgi holimizg\u02bba davom etsak, din va dunyog\u02bba zillat va miskinatdan boshqa nasibamiz bo\u02bblmaydur\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maqola so\u02bbngida Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy bu kabi illatlarni yo\u02bbqotish xususida \u201cto\u02bby va ta\u02bcziyag\u02bba sarf qilinaturgon oqchalarimizni biz, turoniylar, ilm va din yo\u02bblig\u02bba sarf etsak, anqarib ovrupoyilardek taraqqiy etarmiz va o\u02bbzimiz-da, dinimiz-da obro\u02bby va rivoj topar. Yo\u02bbq, hozirgi holimizg\u02bba davom etsak, din va dunyog\u02bba zillat va miskinatdan boshqa nasibamiz bo\u02bblmaydur\u201d[3:342]\u00a0 deb xulosa qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samarqandda 1918-yildan \u201cMehnatkashlar tovushi\u201d nomi bilan chiqa boshlagan gazetada Hoji Muin tomonidan e\u02bclon qilinadi. Maqolada yuqoridagi kabi illatlar qoralangan[4:1-2]. \u201cTo\u02bby va aza marosimi\u201d deb nomlangan bu maqola uch qismdan iborat: xatna to\u02bbyi, nikoh to\u02bbyi, o\u02bblik va ta\u02bcziya marosimi. Muallif maqolani \u201chatto avom xalqining ko\u02bbbisi dinning amr va nahyilarindan yuzdan biriga amal qilmag\u02bbon holda, ota-bobolaridan qolg\u02bbon urf va odatlardan chetga chiqmasliq uchun bor kuchi ila tirishadir\u201d deb boshlaydi. Bu bilan XX asr boshida jamiyatda mavjud bo\u02bblgan muammolarning sababi shariat qoidalariga amal qilmaganlikdan kelib chiqayotganini asoslaydi. Turli marosimlar yuki ostida ezilishning sababi ilmsizlik ekanini, odamlarni o\u02bbziga asir etgan odatlarning eng zararlisi xatna, nikoh to\u02bbyi va har xil marosimlar bo\u02bblayotganini qayd qiladi. Bunga qarshi chora ko\u02bbrish hukumat darajasiga ko\u02bbtariladi. Shu sababli Toshkentda musulmon sho\u02bbrosi tomonidan urf-odatlarni isloh qilish uchun hukumat qarori chiqariladi. Bu qaror ham gazetalarda nashr qilinadi. O\u02bbsha paytda 5-6 kungacha \u201cbazm\u201d, \u201cko\u02bbpkari\u201d va boshqa marosimlar bilan bo\u02bblib o\u02bbtadigan xatna to\u02bbyi Turkistondan boshqa xalqlarda mavjud emasligi, bu marosim uchun musulmon davlatlarida bir ziyofatgina berilishi ta\u02bckidlanadi. Nikoh to\u02bbydagi katta xarajat talab qiladigan marosimlarni yo\u02bbq qilish va 20-30 kishi bilan faqatgina \u201cnikoh\u201dni o\u02bbtkazishning o\u02bbzi yetarli bo\u02bblishini muallif qayd etadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoji Muin aza marosimini ham tanqid ostiga olib, uni isloh qilish kerakligini, \u201cuch\u201d, \u201cyetti\u201d, \u201cyigirma\u201d, \u201cqirq\u201d, \u201cyil\u201d kabi kunlarda xalqqa osh berishni to\u02bbxtatish zarurligini yozadi. Shuningdek, o\u02bbsha kunlarda faqat 3-4 kishi kelgan holda marhum haqqiga xatmi Qur\u02bcon qilinib, duo o\u02bbqish zarurligini ta\u02bckidlaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Umuman, jadid ma\u02bcrifatparvarlari tomonidan ko\u02bbtarilgan ushbu masalani isloh qilish taklifi islom dini qoidalariga to\u02bbg\u02bbri kelishi va dunyoviy jihatdan odamlar mushkulini oson qilishga xizmat qilishi bilan ahamiyatli edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

To\u02bby masalasida \u201cOyina\u201d jurnalida Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiyning \u201cA\u02bcmolimiz yoinki murodimiz\u201d maqolasi e\u02bclon qilinadi. Unda o\u02bbsha davr kishisining bir ma\u02bcraka qilish uchun qanday holatga tushishi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi fikri keltiriladi: \u201cBechora kosibning a\u02bcmoli to\u02bbydur. O\u02bbzi rohat yuzi ko\u02bbrmaydur. Kecha-kunduzki 18, balki 20 soatni mehnatg\u02bba o\u02bbtkaraturg\u02bbon kosiblarimiz bordur. Haqqincha yemaydur, kiymaydur. O\u02bbn va yigirma sanalar mehnat va mashaqqat etar va xudodan o\u02bbg\u02bbil tilar, to\u02bby qilmoq uchun. Ana, bechoraning a\u02bcmoli. Yigirma sanalik mehnati uch kun to\u02bbyda tamom\u201d [5:130]. Bu kabi misollar muallif tomonidan ko\u02bbplab keltiriladi. To\u02bby-ma\u02bcraka o\u02bbtkazgan kishining holati haqida ham to\u02bbxtalib, uylangan va o\u02bblik ko\u02bbmgan kishi hunarmand-kosib yoki dehqon bo\u02bblsa, uzoq vaqt qarz to\u02bblab yurishga majbur bo\u02bblishini ta\u02bckidlaydi. Maqolada keltirilgan ushbu ma\u02bclumotlar XIX asr oxiri \u2013 XX asr boshidagi aholi ijtimoiy holatini yoritib berishi bilan muhim ahamiyatga ega.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kabi urf-odatlar bilan bog\u02bbliq xarajatlarni kamaytirish va buning o\u02bbrniga Turkiston yoshlarini ilm-fan rivojlanayotgan Kavkaz, Qrim, Orenburg va Qozonga ta\u02bclim usullarini o\u02bbrganish uchun yuborish to\u02bbg\u02bbri bo\u02bblishini qayd etadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jadid ma\u02bcrifatparvarlari urf-odatlar borasida to\u02bby va aza marosimlaridan tashqari inson salomatligi haqida ham so\u02bbz yuritgan. Shuningdek, mavjud odatlarning bu boradagi salbiy ta\u02bcsirini bayon qiladi. Bu bo\u02bbyicha Hoji Muin \u201cOyina\u201d jurnalida o\u02bbzining \u201cTib va hifz us-sihhatda rioyatsizligimiz\u201d nomli maqolasini e\u02bclon qilgan[6]. Unda muallif musulmonlar uchun odat bo\u02bblib qolgan kasallikni davolashda muolaja uchun folbin, azayimxonlardan maslahat va shifo istab borishni tanqid qiladi. Folbinlar so\u02bbziga ishonishni shariat taqiqlashini ham aytib o\u02bbtadi. Bu borada \u201cPayg\u02bbambarimiz sollallohu alayhi vasallamning xastalar uchun tabiblarg\u02bba murojaat etmoqg\u02bba buyurganlari, hatto o\u02bbzlari ham tabiblardan doru so\u02bbraganlari marviydur\u201d deb qayd etiladi. Muallif tahlil qilayotgan davrga kelib tib ilmi zaiflashgani, tabiblarni faqat dori sotib, pul ishlash bilan shug\u02bbullanib qolgani ham folbin va duoxonlarga murojaat etish urfga aylanishiga sabab bo\u02bblganini ko\u02bbrsatadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cZarafshon\u201d gazetasida ham Hoji Muinning \u201cTo\u02bby-ta\u02bcziya isroflari\u201d nomli maqolasi e\u02bclon qilinadi[7]. Unda 1917-yilgacha matbuotda tinimsiz e\u02bclon qilingan maqolalar va hukumatning chiqargan qarorlari tufayli 6-7-yil davomida to\u02bby va ta\u02bcziya marosimlari ancha tartibga tushgan bo\u02bblsa-da, 1924-yilga kelib ahvol yana eski holatiga qaytgani aytib o\u02bbtiladi. Jumladan, \u201cNikoh to\u02bbylaridag\u02bbi \u201cto\u02bbqquz\u201d ro\u02bbmolcha, ta\u02bcziya kunlarida qabr ustida xalqqa pul va yirtish berish, uch, yetti, yigirma, qirq qilishlar yana burung\u02bbi holig\u02bba qaytdi. Kambag\u02bbal xalqimiz u rasmu-rusum va urf-odatlarning ijrosi bilan yana ezila boshladi. Bunday isrofchiliqlar orasida yana bog\u02bb sotish, hovli garov qo\u02bbyish va kekirdakkacha qarzga botishlar ko\u02bbrina boshladi\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilganda, Turkiston jadidlari tomonidan matbuotda nashr qilingan va o\u02bbz davrining asosiy illatlari yoritilgan maqolalarni o\u02bbrganish hozirgi kunda ham dolzarb ahamiyatga ega. Bunday salbiy holatni ko\u02bbra olgan va xalqning ko\u02bbzini ochish uchun e\u02bclon qilingan matbuot materiallarini o\u02bbrganish davr talabidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    Do\u02bbstqorayev B. O\u02bbzbekiston jurnalistikasi tarixi. \u2013 T., 2009.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy. Bizni kemirguvchi illatlar. \u201cOyina\u201d jurnali.1915-yil 13-son.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy. Bizni kemirguvchi illatlar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    Hoji Muin. To\u02bby va aza marosimi haqida. \u201cMehnat\u00adkashlar tovushi\u201d gazetasi. 1919-yil 22-mart.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy. A\u02bcmolimiz yoinki murodimiz. \u201cOyina\u201d jurnali, 1913-yil 6-7-sonlar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    Hoji Muin. Tib va hifz us-sihhatda rioyatsizligimiz. \u201cOyina\u201d jurnali. 1914-yil 33-son.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    Hoji Muin. To\u02bby-ta\u02bcziya isroflari. \u201cZarafshon\u201d gazetasi. 1924-yil 24-mart.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    GULMIRA OCHILOVA,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzR FA Tarix instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, PhD<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Turkistonda XIX asr oxirida vujudga kelgan va XX asr boshida rivojlangan ma\u02bcrifatparvarlik harakati vakillari bo\u02bblgan jadidlar faoliyati matbuot bilan bog\u02bbliq kechdi. Ular matbuotda eng ko\u02bbp e\u02bctibor qaratgan masala ijtimoiy hayot bilan bog\u02bbliq maqolalar bo\u02bbldi. Ular bu borada islom dini, uning amallari, urf-odat masalasiga ko\u02bbp bora murojaat qildi. Matbuot ishi Toshkent, Samarqand, Farg\u02bbona va Buxoroda rivojlanib …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36636,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nSAMARQAND MATBUOTIDA JADIDLARNING ISLOM DINI VA URF-ODATLAR O\u02bbRTASIDAGI TAFOVUT MASALASIDAGI QARASHLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SAMARQAND MATBUOTIDA JADIDLARNING ISLOM DINI VA URF-ODATLAR O\u02bbRTASIDAGI TAFOVUT MASALASIDAGI QARASHLARI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36635&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SAMARQAND MATBUOTIDA JADIDLARNING ISLOM DINI VA URF-ODATLAR O\u02bbRTASIDAGI TAFOVUT MASALASIDAGI QARASHLARI - 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