{"id":36311,"date":"2024-07-12T11:42:56","date_gmt":"2024-07-12T06:42:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36311"},"modified":"2024-07-10T11:45:23","modified_gmt":"2024-07-10T06:45:23","slug":"hakim-termiziyning-al-huquq-asarida-ijtimoiy-huquq-masalalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36311&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"HAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hakim Termiziy (vaf. 932-y.) o\u02bbz asarlarida islom huquqiga oid ko\u02bbplab masalalarni yoritgan. An\u02bcanaviy fiqh masalalarini ularning ma\u02bcnaviy jihatlariga urg\u02bbu bergan holda talqin qilish Hakim Termiziyning o\u02bbziga xos uslubi hisoblanadi. Bu kabi uslubni uning \u201cBayon al-farq\u201d, \u201cNavodir al-usul\u201d, \u201cAl-Akyos val mug\u02bbtarrun\u201d kabi asarlarida uchratish mumkin. Hakim Termiziyning huquqqa oid yana bir muhim asari \u2013 \u201cAl-Huquq\u201d bo\u02bblib, hozirga qadar qo\u02bblyozma holatdadir. Uning yagona deb hisoblangan nusxasi Turkiyaning Ismoil Soib kutubxonasida saqlanadi. Qo\u02bblyozma hijriy 543\/1148-yilda ko\u02bbchirib tugatilgan [2:271]. Mazkur to\u02bbplamda Hakim Termiziy qalamiga mansub 11 asar jamlangan. Ular quyidagilardir: \u201cKitob ar-riyoda\u201d, \u201cBayon al-ilm\u201d, \u201cMasoil fin niyya va g\u02bboyriha\u201d, \u201cJavab kitab minar Ray\u201d, \u201cAl-Akyos val mug\u02bbtarrun\u201d, \u201cAjvibatal masoil\u201d, \u201cFil Farq baynal oyot val karomot\u201d, \u201cKitab al-huquq\u201d, \u201cBad\u02bc ash-sha\u02bcn\u201d, \u201cFi Masoil at-ta\u02bcbir\u201d, \u201cManozil qosidin ilalloh\u201d. \u201cAl-Huquq\u201d asari qo\u02bblyozma to\u02bbplami orasida 177 b \u2013 209 b varaqlarda joylashgan [3:44]. Mazkur asarda Yaratuvchi, Uning Payg\u02bbambari, ota-ona, qarindoshlar va hayot davomida ro\u02bbbaro\u02bb bo\u02bbladigan jamiyatning boshqa a\u02bczolariga oid huquq va majburiyatlar qamrab olingan [1:90-91]. Shuningdek, hayvonlarga oid alohida bir bob ham asardan o\u02bbrin olgan. Asarda muallif inson hayotida duch keladigan diniy, ijtimoiy, siyosiy, shaxsiy, mulkiy huquq va majburiyatlarni jamiyatdagi 16 toifa va hayvonot olamiga nisbatan ochib beradi. Termiziy bob nomlarini atashda \u201cmarofiq\u201d (foydalar, yaxshiliklar) so\u02bbzini ishlatadi: \u201cMarofiq ar-Rasul sollallohu alayhi va sallam\u201d, \u201cMarofiq as-sulton\u201d va shu kabi ulamo, muazzin, imom, ota-ona, farzand, er-xotin, qarindosh, qo\u02bbshni, xizmatkor, yuk tashuvchi hayvon, tabib, g\u02bbassol, harbiy, muhtasib va o\u02bbqituvchilarga tegishli huquq va majburiyatlarni zikr etadi. Har bir bob avvalida o\u02bbsha toifalarning jamiyatga keltiradigan foydasi zikr etiladi. Dalil sifatida mavzuga oid oyat, hadis va sahobiylar asarlari keltiriladi. Ular asosida insonning kimlar oldida qanday majburiyati bor ekani, ular nimadan kelib chiqishi va qanday qilib a\u02bclo tarzda bajarilishi muhokama qilinadi. Hakim Termiziy bu masalalarni yoritishda fiqh va odob-axloq me\u02bcyorlarini uyg\u02bbun holda taqdim etadi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Asar \u201cAlloh rahmatiga olsin, Abu Abdulloh Hakim Termiziyning \u201cHuquq\u201d kitobi, Allohning nomi bilan, Robbim Rahmatingdan kuch olaman\u201d sarlavhasi bilan boshlanadi. So\u02bbng Termiziyga xos qisqa hamd keltiriladi: \u201cAlhamdu lillahi Robbil a\u02bcalamiyn valiyyul hamdi va ahlihi, ammo ba\u02bcd… Biz bandalikni ikki ko\u02bbrinishda topdik, biri \u2013 amr (buyurilgan) va nahy (qaytarilgan)larni qaror toptirish, ikkinchisi \u2013 haqdorlarga shukr keltirish\u201d [4:177b-178a]. Shundan so\u02bbng, shukrga oid Qur\u02bcon oyatlari keltiriladi. Yaratganga shukr keltirish, Uning buyrug\u02bbiga asosan, ota-ona, qarindosh, yetim, miskin, qo\u02bbshni, musofir va qo\u02bbl ostidagi xodimlarga yaxshilik qilish bilan bo\u02bblishi ta\u02bckidlanadi. Mana shunda banda o\u02bbz zimmasidagi haqlardan birini ado etgan hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMarofiq ar-Rasul\u201d bobida Alloh Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.) orqali bandani hidoyatga yo\u02bbllagani, uning joni, moli va sharafini saqlagani uchun \u201cUning haqqidir\u201d, deb u Zotning haqqini ado etish yo\u02bbllari ko\u02bbrsatiladi, ya\u02bcni salavot aytish, Uning qabri oldida ovoz ko\u02bbtarmaslik, avlodlari va arablarni e\u02bczozlash va boshqalar [4:178a-179a]. \u201cMarofiq as-sulton\u201d bobida sultonning jamiyat moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy hayotidagi tartibni saqlashdagi o\u02bbrni, kezi kelganda jazo berishi yoki marhamat ko\u02bbrsatishi kabi faoliyati uchun shukrona keltirish yo\u02bbllari bayon qilinadi: unga quloq solish, itoat va ehtirom ko\u02bbrsatish, orqasidan yomon otliq qilmaslik, o\u02bbzining qilgan duolari bilan uni ham siylash, kerak vaqtda yordam va nasihat berish, shafqat va turli vaziyatlar uchun salohiyat tilab duo qilish, adolatga targ\u02bbib qilish va boshqalar [4:179a-181a]. \u201cMarofiq al-ulamo\u201d bobida ulamolar ummatning hidoyat peshvolari ekani, Payg\u02bbambar o\u02bbrinbosari, ummatga nisbatan farzandlarini tarbiyalayotgan onalar maqomida ekanini aytib, ularning haqlari quyidagicha ado etilishini bayon qiladi: \u201cUni ismi bilan chaqirmaslik, xodimi singari unga ta\u02bczim bilan qarash, o\u02bbzingga ham, unga ham tegishli bo\u02bblmagan masalani so\u02bbramaslik, g\u02bbazablantirmaslik, gap qaytarmaslik, so\u02bbzini bo\u02bblmaslik, oldida tovushni pasaytirish, uning huzurida bekorchi so\u02bbzlar aytmaslik, xato va kamchiliklarida ayblamaslik, sha\u02bcniga tegmaslik, dinini saqlash, maishiy ishlari va muammolarida dastak bo\u02bblish, o\u02bbziga ravo ko\u02bbrgan narsani unga ham ravo ko\u02bbrish\u201d [4:181 a-182 b] va boshqalar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMarofiq al-muazzinin\u201d bobida muazzinlar mas\u02bculiyati, ularga atalgan mukofot va xizmatining ahamiyati yoritilib, haqqi quyidagicha ado etilishi aytiladi: \u201churmat ko\u02bbrsatish, azoniga javob aytish, vaqtidan kechiksa, uni kutib turish va bosim o\u02bbtkazmaslik, masjidda uni kuttirib ushlab qolmaslik, iqomatni aytgunga qadar azon va iqomat o\u02bbrtasida namozini o\u02bbqib olguncha kutib turish, unga masjidni toza ushlash, tartibini saqlashda ko\u02bbmak berish va boshqalar. Zero, u sening diningni saqlashda ishtirok etadi\u201d [4:182b-184a]. \u201cImomlarning yaxshiliklari (foydalari)\u201d bobida Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.) ning imomlarga rushd, adolat va istiqomat so\u02bbrab qilgan duolari sharofati bilan shu xislatlarga ega imomlar namozda oldinga o\u02bbtsa, har bir insonning namozi 25-marta ko\u02bbpayadi. Uning sendagi haqlari: hurmat qilishing, cho\u02bbzib yuborgani yoki qisqa o\u02bbqigani uchun tergamasliging, qo\u02bbshnilaringdan ham uni ustun ko\u02bbrishing, barcha namozxon va muazzin imom tahorat qilayotgan bo\u02bblsa, uni kutib turishi\u201d [4:184a] va boshqalar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOta-ona foydalari va ularning huquqlari\u201d nomli bobda onaning farzand tug\u02bbish va oyoqqa turg\u02bbizishdagi fidoyiligi, otaning qishu yozda oila nafaqasi uchun ter to\u02bbkishi, tarbiya va ta\u02bcliming bilan shug\u02bbullanishi va boshqa senga yaxshiliklarini qayd etib, ularning haqlarini bayon qiladi: \u201cularni o\u02bbzingdan afzal bilishing, o\u02bbzingdan avval yedirishing va kiyintirishing, hamma ishingni ular bilan muvofiqlashtirishing, ularning ishini e\u02bczozlashing, har kuni ertalab salomlashishing, ahvolini, muammolarini, ehtiyojini surishtirishing, tovushingni ularga ko\u02bbtarmasliging, ularning huzurida aziyat yetkazuvchi so\u02bbz aytmasliging, kunduzi orqasida yurib, kechasi esa oldiga o\u02bbtib yo\u02bbl ko\u02bbrsatib ketishing, ehtiyoji uchun molingdan bemalol foydalanishi tadbirini qilishing, vafotidan keyin haqiga istig\u02bbfor aytishing, qilgan yaxshi amallaringdan ularga nasiba bag\u02bbishlashing, o\u02bbrniga haj qilishing, qarzlarini uzishing, qarindoshlarini ziyorat qilishing, yana haqlaridan: ularga o\u02bbqrayib qaramasliging, so\u02bbzini bo\u02bblmasliging, ular turganda o\u02bbtirib olmasliging, ularni ko\u02bbrganda o\u02bbrningdan turishing, yotoqlarida yotmasliging, xursandchilik va qayg\u02bbulariga sherik bo\u02bblishing, boy bo\u02bblsang, hayit kunlari ularning nomidan sadaqa qilishing, qurbonlik qilishing, yana haqlaridan \u2013 o\u02bbzingdan ham ularning haqlariga rioya qilishing, agar turmush qurgan bo\u02bblsang, ko\u02bbnglida rashk qo\u02bbzg\u02bbamaslik uchun ayolingga qiladigan yaxshiligingni yashirishing, onangni har vaqt ayolingdan ustun ko\u02bbrishing va u bilan ko\u02bbproq maslahatlashishing, har bir ishingni ota-onang izni va maslahati, tabarruk duolari bilan qilishing, haj va jihodga ularning izni bilan chiqishing, yana haqlaridan \u2013 agar seni chaqirishsa, zudlik bilan har qanday yumushni tashlab yetib borishing, vafotidan keyin esa qabrlarini ziyorat qilishing. Hadisda keltirilishicha, kim ota-onasi yoki ulardan birining qabrini har juma kuni ziyorat qilsa, mag\u02bbfirat qilinadi va yaxshilardan yoziladi\u201d [4:184a-189b].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFarzand yaxshiliklari (foydalari)\u201d bobida farzand balog\u02bbatga yetgunga qadar undan jannat hidi kelishi, katta bo\u02bblganda ko\u02bbmakchi, ota-onasi vafotidan keyin ularning ismini olib yurishi, yaxshilik qilsa, ularga ham savobi borishi, vasiyat va kelishuvlarni ado etishi aytiladi. Uning haqqi esa: \u201cnafaqa qilishing, yaxshi ism qo\u02bbyishing, odob berishing, uning ismini kunya qilishing, tahqirlamasliging, fazilatli axloq bilan tarbiyalashing, odamlarning qo\u02bbllaridagi narsadan behojat qilishing, kiyinishini yaxshilashing, o\u02bbzingdagi parhezkorlikni unda ham tarbiyalashing, uning Qur\u02bcon tilovatiga e\u02bctibor qilishing, boy bo\u02bblsang balog\u02bbatga yetganda hajga yuborishing, uylantirishing, unga farzand tilab duo qilishing, hech qachon qarg\u02bbamasliging, zero bu narsa uni halok qiladi\u201d[4:189b-190a].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEr-xotin yaxshiliklari (foydalari)\u201d bobida er va ayolning bir-biridan oladigan manfaat va yaxshiliklari zikr qilinadi: \u201csakinat, o\u02bbzaro yordam, hamkorlikdagi maishiy hayot, farzand tarbiyasi, erning oiladagi vazifalari va ayolning vazifalari, ayolning uyidagi vazifalarini o\u02bbz o\u02bbrniga qo\u02bbyishi erkaklarning jihodiga teng ekani, agar ayol taqinchoq, bo\u02bbyoq, xushbo\u02bbylik, misvok, soch va kokil parvarishi, badan tozaligi va shu kabilarni eri uchun qilsa, vojib haqqini ado etgan bo\u02bblishi. Erning majburiyatlari esa \u2013nafaqa, maskan ta\u02bcminoti, ayolni himoya qilish, ayoli uchun bezanishi, hamma o\u02bbz yoshiga munosib ravishda o\u02bbziga qarab yurishi, yoshlarning bezanishi yoshi kattalarnikidan farq qilishi\u201d, kabi masalalar bayon etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mazkur bobda Hakim Termiziy o\u02bbz davrida paydo bo\u02bblgan \u201cmutazohhid\u201d (soxta zohid)lar toifasining nikoh masalasidagi noto\u02bbg\u02bbri qarashlarini isloh qiladi: \u201cBu masalada johil mutazohhidlar toifasi adashib qoldi. Bu masalalarni (oila qurish) soqit qilish zohidlik, deb o\u02bbyladi. Ular haqlarni zoye qilib bo\u02bbldi. Bilmaydiki, zohidlik qalbda, nafsda esa rag\u02bbbat bo\u02bbladi. Nafsga yordam bersang, rag\u02bbbat o\u02bbladi va zohidlik zohir bo\u02bbladi. Zohidlikning ma\u02bcnosi \u2013 narsalardan mustaqil bo\u02bblishingdir. Lug\u02bbatda \u201czahiyd\u201d, ya\u02bcni \u201ckam narsa\u201d deyiladi. Bu zaif johillar ziynatlardan xoli, chunki ularda shahvatini mag\u02bblub qiladigan quvvati yo\u02bbq. Birlarini ko\u02bbrasan: kir bo\u02bblib ketgan xaliqon kiyib olgan, iflosligidan badbo\u02bby hid taraladi, oilasi bilan ham shu holatda yashab keladi, o\u02bbzi beodob va axloqsiz, mana shu holatiga rom bo\u02bblgan. Bular nafrat uyg\u02bbotadigan shaxslardir. Yana aytadilarki, \u201cziynatlanib olgan odamlar Allohning yaratganiga rozi bo\u02bblmay, Alloh yaratgan narsaga o\u02bbzgartirish kirityapti\u201d, deb \u201cAllohning yaratganlarini o\u02bbzgartiradilar\u201d (Niso, 119) oyatini dalil keltiradi. Bu shaytonning adashtirishidir. Zero, bu Allohning yaratganlarini o\u02bbzgartirish emas, balki Alloh inson uchun yaratgan ziynat va taqinchoqlar bilan bezanishdir. Alloh taolo aytadi: \u201cU yangi go\u02bbsht (baliq go\u02bbshti) yeyishlaringiz va taqadigan taqinchoqlar chiqarib olishlaringiz uchun (sizlarga) dengizni ham bo\u02bbysundirib qo\u02bbygan Zotdir\u201d (Nahl surasi 14-oyat).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu taqinchoqlar tilla, kumush va marvaridlardan bo\u02bbladi, ularni Alloh kim uchun yaratdi, chorvalargami yoki odamiylargami? …. Ziynat \u2013 tashqi ko\u02bbrinishni bezashdir, misoli: soch, zulf va kokillarni parvarishlash, surma surish, pardoz qilish, taqinchoqlar taqish, misoli: bilakuzuk, uzuk, shoda, zirak, oyoq halqasi va kiyimlar…<\/span><\/p>\n

Agar ziynatlanish zoye qilinsa, ayollarning nafsi och bo\u02bbla boradi, ko\u02bbzlari va kokillari ko\u02bbrimsiz bo\u02bblib ketadi, kaftlari bo\u02bbzaradi, oqibatda bezanishdan chiqib qoladi\u201d [4:191a-197b].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cQarindoshlarning foydalari va ularning haqlari\u201d bobida nasab qarindoshlar o\u02bbrtasidagi yaqinlik, hamkorlik va yelkadoshlik asosiga tayanishi, begona kishi ham muammolaringda yordam berishi, ammo haqiqiy muammolar kelganda, sendan chetlanishi, qarindoshda esa tomiridagi qon junbishga kelib, bunday qilishga yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbymasligi, seni muhofaza qilishi, begona esa himoya qilmasligi, chunki uning qonida qarindoshlaring qonidagi taft yo\u02bbq, binobarin, silai rahm orqali yuzaga kelgan mehribonchilik qonda yashiringani bayon qilinadi. Qarindosh haqlari \u2013 ziyorat qilishing, imkoning, toqating va yaqinliging darajasida rishtani bog\u02bblab turishingdir. Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.) qarindoshlar bilan aloqani aqalli \u201csalom\u201d berish bilan ushlab turing, deb marhamat qilganlar[4:197a-198a].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cQo\u02bbshnilarning yaxshilik va foydalari\u201d bobida qo\u02bbshni falokat kelganda kechayu-kunduz eng tezkor yordamchi ekani, qarindoshdan oldin yordam qo\u02bblini cho\u02bbzishi, undan maishiy narsalar, uy anjomlari olib turishing yoritiladi: qozon, tovoq, qop, bolta, tarozi, non, xamir kabi. \u201cZero, inson ehtiyojlar olamida yashaydi, jannatdagina odamlar bir-biridan behojat bo\u02bbladi. Bu dunyoda esa odamlarning ishi bir-biriga tushadi, umumiy foydalanish narsalariga eng haqlisi qo\u02bbshnidir, bir-biridan narsa olib turadi. Uylarida foydalaniladigan anjomlar, idish, ko\u02bbrpa-to\u02bbshak, chorva, taom, yana o\u02bbrtalarida qo\u02bbshnichilikdagi beriladigan narsalar, o\u02bbzaro sovg\u02bba, qarz oldi-berdisi kabi o\u02bbzaro munosabatlar insonning umri davomida qo\u02bbshnilar orasida muomalada bo\u02bbladi. Buning haqqi o\u02bbziga munosib tarzda vojib bo\u02bbladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u02bbshnining sendagi haqqi \u2013 unga\u00a0 aziyat yetkazmasliging, sendan zulm ko\u02bbrmasligi. Ahli tafsirga ko\u02bbra, qo\u02bbshning sendan olishi mumkin bo\u02bblgan yordamning avvali \u2013zakot va oxirgisi boltadir. Yana haqlaridan \u2013 qo\u02bbshning yo\u02bbqligida uning narsalariga qarab turishing, musibatlarda yordam ko\u02bbrsatishing, unga ofiyat va tinchlik so\u02bbrab duo qilishing, qaytib kelganida ziyorat qilishing va salomlashishing, yana haqlaridan undan zulmni aritishda va yengishda yordam berishing, qozoningdagi qovurilayotgan go\u02bbsht hidi bilan unga aziyat yetkazmasliging, toki unga ham suzib chiqarmaguningcha, sening uyingga chiqib turadigan bolalaridan ularning ishtahasini qo\u02bbzg\u02bbaydigan, lekin ota-onasi olib bera olmaydigan narsalarni berkitib turishing, toki ota-onasi bundan aziyat chekmasin, agar bolalar bilib qolsa, imkoning yetgancha ularga ham ulashishing. Qo\u02bbshnining haqlaridan \u2013 uning uyidan oshirib uy qurmasliging, shu tufayli qishda quyosh tushishi va yozda shamol aylanishini to\u02bbsmasliging, o\u02bbzingga yaxshi ko\u02bbrgan narsani unga ham ravo ko\u02bbrishing, shu xususiyat asosida qo\u02bbshni bilan muomala qilib, u bilan barcha munosabatlaringda o\u02bbzingga yaxshi ko\u02bbrgan muomalani qila olsang, o\u02bbzingga berilishi yaxshi ko\u02bbrgan narsangni unga taqdim qilsang, u holda sendagi ilm ochilibdi, yo\u02bbling kengayibdi, endi shuni mustahkam tut. Zero Alloh taolo bandalarini qo\u02bbshnilariga yaxshilik qilishga chaqirgan: \u201cQarindoshlar, yetimlar, miskinlar, qarindosh qo\u02bbshni-yu begona qo\u02bbshni, yoningizdagi hamrohingiz, yo\u02bblovchi (musofir)ga va qo\u02bbl ostingizdagi (qaram)larga ham (yaxshilik qiling)\u201d(Niso surasi 36-oyat). Hadislarda Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.)\u00a0 Jabroil menga qo\u02bbshnichilik haqqi borasida shu darajada ko\u02bbp ko\u02bbrsatma berdiki, men qo\u02bbshni ham meros olsa kerak, deb o\u02bbylab qoldim\u201d, deb marhamat qilganlar [4:198a-199b].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cXizmatkorlarning foydalari\u201d bobida xizmatkorlarning qishin-yozin uyingdagi xizmatingni bajarishi, uy yumushlarida yordam berishi, og\u02bbiringni yengil qilishi va boshqalar bayon etilgan. \u201cXodim va xizmatchilarning haqlari: toqati yetmaydigan vazifani yuklamaslik, tunda uxlash vaqti bo\u02bblganda ishlatmaslik, odamlar yotadigan vaqtgacha uni ishlatish mumkin, haqlaridan yana o\u02bbzing yeydigan taomdan yedirishing va o\u02bbzing kiyadigandan kiydirishing, agar taoming nozik ta\u02bcblarning taomi bo\u02bblsa, unda unga xizmatchilar taomini berib, yoniga ishtahasini so\u02bbndiradigan miqdorda o\u02bbz taomingdan ham qo\u02bbshishing, agar kiyinishingda diding nozik bo\u02bblsa, u holda unga xizmatchilarning dag\u02bbal, pishiq, arzon narxli kiyimidan olib ber, yoniga dam oladigan kunlari: bayram (hayit), juma va boshqalarda kiyib o\u02bbzini xursand qiladigan yumshoq po\u02bbrim kiyimlardan qo\u02bbshib ber. Yana haqlaridan \u2013 voyaga yetgan xizmatkorlarni uylantirish va turmushga berish. Ibn Muborak (Marvaziy) Alloh uni rahmat qilsin, hech qachon xizmatkorlariga \u201cbuni qil, buni bajar\u201d, demagan ekan. Zero, buni zolimlarning buyruqlariga o\u02bbxshatgan ekan. Shuning uchun \u201cBuni qilishni nima deb o\u02bbylaysan? Buni bajarishni qanday ko\u02bbrasan?\u201d, der ekan. Haqlaridan yana \u2013 xizmatkorni o\u02bbz ota-onasidan, farzandidan ajratmasliging, tahorat, namoz, Qur\u02bcon o\u02bbqishni o\u02bbrgatishing hamda toqating darajasida muloyimlik bilan to\u02bbg\u02bbri yo\u02bblga solishing. Zero, xizmatkor xo\u02bbjayini xuddi o\u02bbz oilasi kabi ularning yurish-turishiga ham mas\u02bcul bo\u02bbladi, ya\u02bcni hisob-kitob qilinadi\u201d[4:199 b-201 b].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cChorva va ulovlarning foydalari\u201d bobida ulovlarning yuk tashish, safarga borish, mashaqqatni yengillashtirishdagi foydasi bilan birga, go\u02bbshti, suti, terisi va junidan inson foydalanishi bayon qilinadi. \u201cUlarga ham insonga ta\u02bcsir qiladigan ochlik, tashnalik, issiq, sovuq, aziyat, mashaqqat va og\u02bbir mehnat ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatadi. Ularning keltiradigan foydasi uchun shukronasini keltirish zimmangda bo\u02bbladi. Uning shukronasi esa yemishini berish, sug\u02bborish, mehnatdan keyin dam oldirish, toqatidan ortiq yuk ortmaslik, egar osti yara bo\u02bblsa aziyat yetkazmaydigan qilib egar-jabduqlarni to\u02bbg\u02bbrilash, tuyoqlarini qirqish, parvarish qilish, safarda bo\u02bbshanib olishi uchun to\u02bbxtab turish va hatto yuklarini tushirib qo\u02bbyish, charchog\u02bbini ketkazish uchun siypalash, yurganda yumshoq va tekis yo\u02bbl tanlash, yurish qiyin joylarda ustidan tushish, orqasidan itarish yoki jilovidan tortish, uzoq turiladigan joyda ulovni kursi qilib olmaslik va boshqalar. Bu hayvonlar muhtoj narsalarini ifoda etolmaydi va u bilan o\u02bbzini ta\u02bcminlay olmaydi. Kimki, ularning xizmatidan foydalansa-yu, hojatini ado etmasa, shukronasini keltirmagan bo\u02bbladi, Qiyomat kuni Alloh huzurida xusumat qilinadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ularning huquqlaridan \u2013 urmaslik, illo majburiy o\u02bbrinlarda: to\u02bbg\u02bbri yo\u02bbldan tortib ketaversa, qaysarlik qilaversa, hurkaversa, yuk ortishga yaqinlashtirmasagina mumkin. Ammo boshqa holatda urmasin. Sog\u02bbin hayvon bo\u02bblsa, sog\u02bbish uchun kuch ishlatmasin, bolasi bo\u02bblsa, unga nasibasini qoldirsin. Bolasiga rahm ko\u02bbrsatsin va onasidan ajratmasin. Agar so\u02bbymoqchi bo\u02bblsa, pichoqni ko\u02bbziga ko\u02bbrsatmay charxlab olsin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu chorva, yerdagi boshqa hayvonlar, dengiz mavjudotlari, uchib yurgan qushlar hammasi Allohning yaratganlari, barchasi hayvonot olami. Alloh taolo ularni senga foydasi tegishi uchun yaratdi, seni ularga nohaq aziyat yetkazishga haqqing yo\u02bbq. Agar o\u02bbzingni shunday tutsang, zulm ko\u02bbrsatgan, shukrona keltirmagan, ne\u02bcmatga nonko\u02bbrlik qilgan bo\u02bblasan\u201d [4:201b-204a].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTabiblarning foydalari\u201d bobida tabiblarning bandalarga tegadigan manfaatlari bayon qilinadi. Xususan, \u201cular inson ruhiyatini yaxshilab, sinovlarga sabrli bo\u02bblishga yordam beradi. Yana foydalaridan, ular inson badanidagi illatlarni davolaydi, badaning sog\u02bbayadi, kayfiyating ko\u02bbtariladi, ishtahang ochiladi, hayotingdan zavqlanasan, ular Robbing ibodatiga shay bo\u02bblishing uchun kuchga kirgizadi. Shu xizmati tufayli ularga nisbatan senga majburiyat vojib bo\u02bbladi. Tabibning haqlaridan \u2013 agar uning tib ilmiga ishonsang, senga muolaja qilayotganda aytganlariga xilof ish qilmasliging. Agar seni davolash uchun o\u02bbralib yotishni buyursa, itoat qilib o\u02bbralib ol, toki unga yaxshi-yomon gap tegmasin. Bo\u02bblmasa, u odamlarga muomalasini yomon qiladi, fasod ish kattalashib ketadi. Chunki u seni nigohi bilan ko\u02bbrikdan o\u02bbtkazdi, ilmi bilan davoladi, sen esa dorilarni vaqtida ichmading yoki ko\u02bbpaytirib yubording yoxud kamaytirding, buyurganidek o\u02bbranib olmading, u esa seni davolash uchun nima buyurganini eslab qolgan bo\u02bbladi. Sen esa uning aytganini qilmay, ishini yo\u02bbqqa chiqarding va sha\u02bcniga yomon gap keltirding. Uning haqlaridan: unga itoat qilishing, aytganidek bajarishing, xizmatini taqdirlashing, agar uning qo\u02bblida shifo topsang, buni uning o\u02bbzidan ham odamlardan ham berkitmasliging, odamlarga tanitishing, toki bu ishing bergan shifosi uchun Allohga shukrona va tabibga minnatdorchilik bo\u02bbladi. Qaysi bir joyda tabiblar masalasida muammo bo\u02bblsa, o\u02bbsha yurtda kasali bor xonadonga zarar yetadi, aholisiga ko\u02bbp g\u02bbam-tashvish tushadi, ahvoli tang bo\u02bbladi. Tabiblarga bu ilm berilgan, ularning foydasi namoyon bo\u02bblgan, odamlarning ishi esa faqat bunga shukr keltirish, shukronalari esa yuqorida zikr qilingan huquqlarni ado etish bilan bo\u02bbladi\u201d [4:204a-205a].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cG\u02bbassollarning foydalari\u201d nomli bobda g\u02bbassollarning ahamiyati, kasb qiyinchiligi, g\u02bbassol mayyitni dafnga tayyorlab, amalga oshirayotgan ishi mayyit egalariga madad bo\u02bblishi kabi foydalari bayon qilinadi. \u201cG\u02bbassollarning haqlari: ularni hurmat qilishing, e\u02bczozlashing, mayyitni ko\u02bbmishga taalluqli barcha narsani keltirib qo\u02bbyishing, issiq va sovuq suv, ishqor, ip, kafan, idishlar muhayyo qilish, yig\u02bbi-sig\u02bbi tovushlarini unga eshittirmaslik tadbirini ko\u02bbrishing, bu kabi yig\u02bbilar bilan yuragini siqmaslik, bu narsalar bilan uni mashg\u02bbul qilmaslik, unga Allohdan madad tilab duo qilish\u201d [4:205a-206a].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHarbiylar foydalari\u201d bobida vatan himoyasi yo\u02bblida chegara sarhadlarini qo\u02bbriqlayotgan harbiylar \u2013 g\u02bboziy va murobitlar faoliyati ko\u02bbriladi. \u201cMurobitlar \u2013 bu nomni oila ahli, farzandlari, yaqinlari, uy-joyi, barcha qulaylik sharoitlaridan o\u02bbzini bog\u02bblagani \u2013 tiyilgani (ar. robata \u2013 bog\u02bblamoq) uchun olgan. U Allohga qurbatni afzal ko\u02bbrgan. Harbiyning sendagi haqlari \u2013 unga ehtirom ko\u02bbrsatishing, sha\u02bcnini ko\u02bbtarishing, moling, tanang va tiling bilan yordam ko\u02bbrsatishing, uning ishini chiroyli ko\u02bbrsatishing, unga Allohdan sabot va oliy mukofot\u00a0 tilashing, odamlarni ham uni hurmat qilishga, tanishiga undashing, yo\u02bbqligida uyida qolgan molini muhofaza qilishing, ahliga yaxshilik bilan muomala qilishing, muammolarida imkoning darajasida madad bo\u02bblishing, ularning haqqiga duo qilishing. Agar harbiy qaytib kelsa, uning ziyoratiga chiqishing hamda unga baraka va qabul tilab duo qilishing. Agar uni harbiy xizmatga kuzatayotgan bo\u02bblsang ham uni duo bilan kuzatishing. Zero, bu kabi ishlar uning faoliyatiga yordam va madad bo\u02bbladi\u201d [4:206a-207b].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMuhtasiblar foydalari\u201d bobida ularning ko\u02bbprik va rabotlarni ta\u02bcmirlash, yo\u02bbl solish, o\u02bbz mahallasidagi muammolarini hal qilish, masjid va maqbaralarni butlash, o\u02bbt o\u02bbchirish, to\u02bbg\u02bbon yorilsa, suv yo\u02bblini yopish, mahallada sodir bo\u02bblgan jinoyatlarni surishtirish kabi ishlarni amalga oshirishdagi jonbozligi bayon qilinadi. Bu ishlar uchun haqlar vojibdir. Vaqf omonatlari, musulmonlar ishlari, yetimlar moli ularning qo\u02bbliga topshirilgan. Agar bu tabaqa yo\u02bbq bo\u02bblib qolsa, islom va uning ahliga ko\u02bbp ziyon yetadi, katta ishlar zoye bo\u02bbladi. Biror boshqa tabaqa vakillari ular o\u02bbrnini bosa olmaydi, izidan yura olmaydi. Bu ish faqat ular bilangina amalga oshadi. Go\u02bbyoki, ular shu ish uchun yaratilgan. Ularning foydasi hammaga yetadi. Muhtasib haqlari esa \u2013 ehtirom qilishing, sha\u02bcnini ko\u02bbtarishing, ularning mehnatini chiroyli qilib ko\u02bbrsatishing, shu ishlarga targ\u02bbib qilishing, e\u02bczozlashing, ommadan afzal ko\u02bbrishing, ularga madad, yordam va tavfiq so\u02bbrab duo qilishing, o\u02bbzing va moling bilan tasalli berishing, toki ular bundan kuch oladi va faoliyatida quvvati ziyoda bo\u02bbladi\u201d [4:207b-208a].<\/span><\/p>\n

Asarning eng so\u02bbnggi \u2013 \u201cMuallimning foydalari\u201d bobida o\u02bbqituvchilarning farzandni o\u02bbqish, yozish, savod chiqarish, odob va tarbiya berishdagi ahamiyati bayon qilinadi. \u201cUning haqlari: tiling bilan unga minnatdorchilik bildirishing, u haqda yaxshi maqtovlar aytishing, (kerak bo\u02bblsa) poyabzalini ko\u02bbtarib yurishing, sening farzanding bilan shug\u02bbullangan kunlari uchun unga moddiy yordam qilishing, toki o\u02bbzini shu vazifaga to\u02bbliq bag\u02bbishlasin. Oldingilar shunday qilgan, oldindan ta\u02bclimni tugatadigan bolaga vazifa tayyorlab qo\u02bbygan, bola ta\u02bclimni tugatib, nima bilan shug\u02bbullanishini oldindan bilgan. Haqlaridan yana u bilan kelishilgan mablag\u02bbni kechiktirmasliging, payshanba-juma, hayit, Navro\u02bbz va Mehrjon bayrami kunlari tuhfa berib turishingdir\u201d [4:208a-209b]. Bob yakunida farzandga ta\u02bclim-tarbiya berayotgan muallimdan moddiy yordamni ushlab qolgan kishi, zolim, haqlarni yashirgan va Alloh ne\u02bcmatlarini inkor qilgan holida Allohga ro\u02bbbaro\u02bb bo\u02bblishi aytiladi. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hakim Termiziy \u201cAl-Huquq\u201d asarida tanlab olgan toifalar jamiyatda ijtimoiy yukni tortadigan kuch ekanini ko\u02bbrish mumkin. Bular jamiyat diqqat markazida turadigan qatlam bo\u02bblib, ijtimoiy barqarorlikni ta\u02bcminlashda bevosita va bilvosita ta\u02bcsiri bor. Mazkur toifalarni shartli 3 guruhga ajratish mumkin: boshqaruv \u2013 Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.), sulton, harbiy va muhtasiblar, kasb vakillari \u2013 ulamo, imom, muazzin, tabib, g\u02bbassol va o\u02bbqituvchilar, ijtimoiy aloqalar \u2013 ota-ona, farzand, er-xotin, qarindosh, qo\u02bbshni va xizmatkorlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asarda aynan shu toifalar huquqi haqida bayon qilinishi, jamiyatda ularga e\u02bctiborni o\u02bbz o\u02bbrniga qo\u02bbyish zaruriyatidan kelib chiqadi. Yuqorida qayd qilingan toifalarning barchasi jamiyat ijtimoiy hayotida muhim o\u02bbrin tutadi. Barchasining ko\u02bblami, ta\u02bcsir doirasi va faoliyat yo\u02bbnalishi har xil bo\u02bblsa-da, ammo jamiyat ravnaqi, barqarorligi, ma\u02bcnaviy kamoloti va ijtimoiy munosabatlarida har biri muayyan ahamiyat kasb etadi. Asarda ijtimoiy huquqqa uyg\u02bbun holda diniy, shaxsiy va siyosiy huquq ko\u02bbrinishlarini kuzatish mumkin. Masalan, Payg\u02bbambar (a.s.), imom va muazzinlarga oid jamiyat majburiyatlari diniy huquq bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblsa, podshoh, harbiy va muhtasiblar bilan bog\u02bbliq munosabatlarda siyosiy huquq elementlari ko\u02bbzga tashlanadi. Ota-ona, farzand, er-xotin, qarindosh, qo\u02bbshni, xizmatkor, tabib, g\u02bbassol va o\u02bbqituvchilarga oid huquq va majburiyatlarda esa shaxsiy huquqqa oid namunalarni ko\u02bbrish mumkin. Hakim Termiziy ota-ona, farzand, er-xotin, qarindosh, qo\u02bbshni va xizmatkorlarga oid shaxsiy huquqlarni ijtimoiy himoya huquqi bilan hamohang tarzda bayon qiladi. Quldorlik jamiyatida xizmatkor \u2013 qullar huquqi alohida ajratib ko\u02bbrsatilishi, xo\u02bbjayin majburiyatlarining batafsil yoritib berilishi ham alohida e\u02bctiborni tortadi. Muallif mazkur huquq va majburiyatlarni islom dini manbalari asosida yoritib beradi. Har bir bobda mavzuga aloqador Qur\u02bcon oyatlari, hadislar va sahobiylar so\u02bbzlaridan dalillarni ko\u02bbplab keltiradi. Asarda har bir toifaning huquqlari aralash tarzda, ya\u02bcni farz, vojib, sunnat va mandub kategoriyasiga tegishli haq-huquqlar yaxlit holda ajratilmay keltirilgan. Aksariyat qayd etilgan huquqlarni mustahab kategoriyasiga kiritish mumkin. Ushbu huquqlar ijtimoiy odob tushunchasi bilan ham uyg\u02bbundir. Hakim Termiziyning hayvonlar huquqlariga oid fikri ham alohida ahamiyatga ega. Asarda hayvonlar huquqi va ularga nisbatan egasining majburiyatlari ham aynan islom ta\u02bclimotlariga asoslangan holda shakllangan. Hakim Termiziy yuqorida sanab o\u02bbtilgan huquqlarni yaxlit, bir-birini to\u02bbldirgan holda tasvirlagan. Mazkur asarda maqosid ash-sharianing 5 tamoyili: din, jon, aql, nasl va mol muhofazasi masalasi tarqoq holda keltirilganini ko\u02bbrish mumkin.Termiziy garchi fiqhdagi maqosid ash-sharia yo\u02bbnalishiga asos solgan bo\u02bblsa-da, uning davrida bu tamoyillar hali alohida ajralib turadigan xususiyat kasb etmagani namoyon bo\u02bbladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asarning er-xotinlik foydalari masalasiga bag\u02bbishlangan bobida Hakim Termiziy o\u02bbz davridagi \u201cmutazohhid\u201d (soxta zohid)lar toifasini tanqid qilib o\u02bbtadi. Ularning nikoh qurmaslik haqidagi qarashini isloh qilish bilan birga, ushbu toifa misolida shaxsning jamiyatda yurish-turish, tashqi ko\u02bbrinish etikasi masalalarini ham muolaja qiladi. Ularni jamiyatdagi barqarorlikka salbiy ta\u02bcsiridan ogohlantiradi. Asarda diniy ayyomlar bilan yonma-yon Navro\u02bbz va Mehrjon bayramiga e\u02bctibor qilinishi, o\u02bbsha vaqtda ham bu bayramlar aholi o\u02bbrtasida nishonlanganini bildiradi. E\u02bctiborli jihati shundaki, bular islomiy bayramlar bilan birga zikr etilib, ularga nisbatan ijobiy munosabat bildirilgan, hatto bu kunlari sovg\u02bba berish haqida fikr keltirilgan. Bir so\u02bbz bilan aytganda, ushbu asarni jamiyatdagi qatlamlar o\u02bbrtasidagi bog\u02bbliqlikni kuchaytirish, ijtimoiy barqarorlik va\u00a0 himoyani ta\u02bcminlashga qaratilgan, shuningdek, o\u02bbz davri uchun ilg\u02bbor, ijtimoiy huquq janrida yozilgan ilk kitoblardan biri, deb baholash mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    Juyushiy M. Al-Hakim at-Termiziy: dirosatun li osorihi va afkarihi. \u2013 Qohira: Dor an-nahda al-arabiyya, 1980.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Zahriy X. Hakim Xuroson va anis az-zamon. \u2013 Rabot: Dor al-omon, 2013.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Radtke B. Al-Hakim at-Tirmidi. \u2013 Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1980.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    Hakim Termiziy. Al-Huquq. Ismoil Soib fondi qo\u02bblyozmasi, inv. \u2116 1575.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    IBROHIM USMONOV, <\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzR FA Sharqshunoslik instituti doktoranti, <\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    tarix fanlari nomzodi, dotsent<\/span> <\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Hakim Termiziy (vaf. 932-y.) o\u02bbz asarlarida islom huquqiga oid ko\u02bbplab masalalarni yoritgan. An\u02bcanaviy fiqh masalalarini ularning ma\u02bcnaviy jihatlariga urg\u02bbu bergan holda talqin qilish Hakim Termiziyning o\u02bbziga xos uslubi hisoblanadi. Bu kabi uslubni uning \u201cBayon al-farq\u201d, \u201cNavodir al-usul\u201d, \u201cAl-Akyos val mug\u02bbtarrun\u201d kabi asarlarida uchratish mumkin. Hakim Termiziyning huquqqa oid yana bir muhim asari \u2013 \u201cAl-Huquq\u201d bo\u02bblib, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36312,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nHAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"HAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36311&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"HAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"HAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36311&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-07-12T06:42:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-10T06:45:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/hakimTermiz.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"659\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"372\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36311&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36311&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"HAKIM TERMIZIYNING \u201cAL-HUQUQ\u201d ASARIDA IJTIMOIY HUQUQ MASALALARI - 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