{"id":36276,"date":"2024-07-09T08:29:34","date_gmt":"2024-07-09T03:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36276"},"modified":"2024-07-08T19:35:50","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T14:35:50","slug":"behbudiy-va-uning-davlatchilik-g%ca%bboyasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36276&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"BEHBUDIY VA UNING DAVLATCHILIK G\u02bbOYASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy XX asr bo\u02bbsag\u02bbasida Turkistondagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy harakatning eng yirik namoyandasi, yangi davr o\u02bbzbek madaniyati asoschisidir. Turkiston jadidlari peshvosi, mustaqil respublika g\u02bboyasi tashabbuskorlaridan biri, yangi maktab nazariyotchisi va amaliyotchisi, o\u02bbzbek dramaturgiyasini boshlab bergan birinchi dramaturg, teatrga asos solgan shaxs, noshir va jurnalist. U tariximizning g\u02bboyat og\u02bbir va murakkab davrida yashadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Markaziy Osiyoda XVI asrdan boshlangan ijtimoiy inqiroz va davlat boshqaruvidagi turg\u02bbunlik millat va xalqni holdan toydirdi. Bunday imkoniyatdan foydalangan Rossiya imperiyasi o\u02bblkani istilo qildi. Mustamlakachilar zo\u02bbr berib, bu hududni turg\u02bbun holatda saqlashga urindi. Mana shunday sharoitda Vatanni butunlay yo\u02bbq bo\u02bblish xavfidan saqlab qolish, yoshlarni erk, ozodlik va mustaqillik ruhida tarbiyalash Behbudiy kabi fidoyi ziyolilar zimmasiga tushdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ushbu maqolada milliy mentalitetimizga xos milliy davlatchilik boshqaruvining shakllanishi va takomillashib borishini Behbudiy asarlari orqali asoslashga harakat qildik. Behbudiyning davlat, davlat boshqaruvi, Turkiston muxtoriyati haqidagi fikr, mulohaza va loyihalarini axloq falsafasi nuqtayi nazaridan o\u02bbrganish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ma\u02bcrifatparvarning Vatan kelajagi haqidagi orzu va dunyoqarashi bugungi kunda ma\u02bcnaviyat sohasida davlatimiz yuritayotgan siyosat bilan hamohangdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Behbudiyning ijtimoiy-siyosiy va axloqiy qarashlari shakllanishi\u00acda sayohat, yurt kezish, dunyo ilmi va tajribasini o\u02bbrganish ayniqsa katta rol o\u02bbynagan. U qayerga bormasin, o\u02bbsha yerdagi idora usuli va jamiyatning demokratik jarayonlari bilan qiziqdi. Behbudiy asos solgan \u201cOyna\u201d jurnalining 1914-1915-yillardagi bir qancha sonida bosilgan \u201cSayohat xotiralari\u201d adib dunyoqarashi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida muayyan tasavvur hosil qilishga imkon beradi. Bu borada nemis olimasi Ingebor Baldauf fikriga qo\u02bbshilish mumkin. U ham ushbu masala haqida so\u02bbz yuritib, agar \u201cOyna\u201d Parijdan Yaponiyaga qadar dunyoni O\u02bbrta Osiyo burjuaziyasiga ko\u02bbrsatgan bo\u02bblsa, \u201cSayohat xotiralari\u201d Turkiston qarshisidagi musulmon Sharqini kashf etib berdi\u201d, deb yozgan [1:3]. Shubhasiz, Behbudiy o\u02bbz xalqi kelajagini faqat ma\u02bcrifat bilangina bog\u02bblamagan. Alloma o\u02bbz xalqining kelajagi qanday kechishi lozimligi masalasi bilan ham qiziqqan. Shuning uchun boshqa davlatlar siyosiy tuzumini o\u02bbrgangan va ularning qay biridan andoza olish mumkinligi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida bosh qotirgan. U o\u02bbz xalqi taraqqiyotini nafaqat ma\u02bcrifati, bal\u00acki siyosiy maqomining o\u02bbzgarishida, mustaqilligini qo\u02bblga kiritishda, deb bilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mustaqillikka erishish yo\u02bblidagi eng muhim qadamlardan biri, Behbudiy nazarida, yoshlar va keksa avlod vakillari birlashuvidir. U yosh avlod o\u02bbzidagi shoshqaloqlik illatidan qutulib, masalani hal qilishda ilmiy asosga suyangan holda ish ko\u02bbrishi va mustahkam iroda namoyon etishi lozimligini ta\u02bckidlagan. Behbudiyning \u201cKitobi muntaxabi jug\u02bbrofiyai umumiy\u201d (\u201cUmumiy jug\u02bbrofiyadan saylanma kitob\u201d) asarining ma\u02bclum qismi insonning maishiy hayoti, ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va siyosiy masalalarga bag\u02bbishlangan. \u201cHukumat va hukmronlar\u201d faslida quyidagi fikrni bildiradi: \u201cYer yuzidagi badaviy (madaniyatdan uzoqroq) va madaniy xalqlarni hukmdor va sardorlari bo\u02bbladurki, (ularni) bek, amir, shoh va boshqa ism va lug\u02bbatlar ila ataydurlar. Har bir tilda hukumdorlarni(ng) lug\u02bbati boshqadur. Ovrupo xalqi imperato\u02bbr, qirol, do\u02bbqa, prins, prezident, knaz, tsar (sar) va boshqa lug\u02bbatlar ila atalgan har bir hukumdorni martaba va hukumati boshqa nav\u02bcdur\u201d [2:4].<\/span><\/p>\n

Behbudiy zamonasidagi mavjud idora usullarini uch guruhga bo\u02bbladi:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Idorai mustaqalla (davlat boshqaruvining monarxiya ko\u02bbrinishi);<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Idorai mashruta (konstitutsiyaviy parlament hokimiyati);<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Idorai jumhuriyat (respublika).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Behbudiy bu idora usullarini shunday izohlagan:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u201cAni ustidan qaraguvchi podshoh sohibi ixtiyor va har bir royi va amri zakun va nizom bo\u02bbladur. Amri, hukmi maslahatxonalarni ittifoqi, xohishi, hukmu o\u02bbshal imperatorni mustahkam qilish imzosig\u02bba mavkufdur. Shunday imperatorlarni yangidan mansub bo\u02bblishi har bir davlat va hukumatda muqarrariy qonun va odatlar bo\u02bbycha meros yoinki valiahdlik qoidalari va o\u02bbshal hukumatni qo\u02bbygan \u201ctar\u00actib va tadbirg\u02bba muvofiq bo\u02bbladur\u201d [2:5]. Demak, XX asr boshidagi Yevropa davlatlarida mavjud uch siyosiy tuzumdan biri monarxiya bo\u02bblib, unda saltanat egasining qarashlari ustuvor ahamiyatga ega bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Idorai mashruta \u2013 \u201c… bu hukumatg\u02bba tobe\u02bc odamlar aksar ahli ilm va hunardurlar. Elu urug\u02bblari ilm, hunar va dunyo ishlarig\u02bba taraqqiy qilgandurki, shu tariqa fuqarolar o\u02bbz arolaridan insonlik, ilm va dunyodan xabarlik odamlarni o\u02bbzlarig\u02bba katta va boshqarg\u02bbuvchi vakil saylaydurlar va shul tariqa saylangan vakillarni podshoh jamlab, muqarrariy mahkamalarga mamlakatdorlik ishlarig\u02bba aralashib, mashvarat ila tuzatilmoq va muhofazat qilinmoqig\u02bba ko\u02bbz bo\u02bblmoqlari uchun qaror beradurki, alarni(ng) majlis va mahkamalari \u201cMillat majlisi\u201d, \u201cmaslahatxona\u201d, \u201cparlamentu\u201d, \u201cEl majlisi\u201d degan ismlar ila yod qilinadur. Yana ba\u02bczi maslahatxonalar borki, maslahatboshilarni hukumdor(podshoh)larning o\u02bbzi tayin qiladur. Ushbu millat majlisini(ng) chilon (a\u02bczo)lari mashvarat ila mamlakatdorlik ishlarig\u02bba aralashadur. Podshoh bu majlis amrig\u02bba tobe\u02bcdur. Majlis ma\u02bcbuson (deputatlar)ni(ng) royi bo\u02bblmaguncha katta ishlarni boshlanmoqig\u02bba amr va hukum qilolmaydur. Xulosa, imperator sohib ixtiyor bo\u02bblmay, durustroq ishlarg\u02bba qonun va nizomlarni chiqarilmoqig\u02bba butun el majlisig\u02bba tobe\u02bc bo\u02bblib turadur\u201d[3:42]. Behbudiy tasnifidagi ikkinchi davlat tuzumi parlamentar respublikadir. Davlat qurilishining bu turida saltanat egasi parlament yo \u201cmillat majlisi\u201d ra\u02bcyiga qaraydi va uning qonunlariga bo\u02bbysunadi.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. \u201cIdorai jumhuriyat\u201d aksar fuqarosi ahli ilm bo\u02bblib, bu ahli donish aholini saylagan vakillari, ya\u02bcni hukumatg\u02bba yetti yilg\u02bbacha o\u02bbz mamlakat va hukumatlarini boshqarmog\u02bbi uchun o\u02bbz oralaridan bir nafar donishmand odamni boshliq saylaydurlarki, \u201craisi jumhuriyat\u201d, \u201csadrnishini millat\u201d, \u201cprezident\u201d ataladur. Bu rais go\u02bbyo bir oriziy (vaqtincha), omonat podshohdir. Har bir hukm va amru tartibni, mamlakat va ko\u02bbyga taalluq ishni, Millat majlisini(ng) qilib bergan dasturlamal, ya\u02bcni qonun va nizom nomalarig\u02bba muvofiq qilib, butun elg\u02bba tobe\u02bc, alarni(ng) hukmu talablarini o\u02bbrnig\u02bba keltiruvchidur. Bu ikki toifani(ng) podshohi ba\u02bczi mamlakatdorlik mutasaddilarini taftish qilmoqg\u02bba, terg\u02bbovg\u02bba bermoqg\u02bba, hatto, o\u02bbshal soatda birdan bekor qildurmoqg\u02bba ba\u02bczi Millat majlislarini(ng) ixtiyori bordur. Hozirgi Ovrupo hukumatlarini(ng) raftori, odati shu uch usulni(ng) biriga doxil, tobe\u02bc va muvofiqdur. Bu ikki toifani podshohi ba\u02bczi mamlakatga \u201cElga tobe bo\u02bblub turarman\u201d, deb qasam ichib, ba\u02bcd mansabg\u02bba chiqadur. Mustaqil hukumdorlarni(ng) qo\u02bbl ostida ham majlislar va mashvarat mahkamalari bordur. Ilmsiz hukumatlardek necha milyo\u02bbn xalqni(ng) maishati, raftori, ixtiyori bir nafar odam (podsho)ni(ng) ixtiyor yo royi va hukmig\u02bba yo\u02bbqdur. Bir nafarni(ng) aqli, fikri ila o\u02bbn nafar arosida na qadar farq bordur? Ushbu sabablardandurki, ozgina Ovrupo xalqi butun kurrai arzga hokim va mutasarrif (ega)durlar. Sabab: hukumat, ilm va daroyat, qonun, musovot (tenglik), mashvarat (maslahat) va tadbirdur\u201d [4:146].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Jadidlar tarixiy-madaniy an\u02bcana orqali mustaqillikka erishish va \u201cmajlisi ulamo\u201d (ya\u02bcni, parlamentarizm)ni shakllantirish tarafdori edi. Jadidlar siyosiy oqim sifatida paydo bo\u02bblgan. To\u02bbg\u02bbri, jadidlar ham \u201cqadimiylar\u201d va \u201czamonaviylar\u201d, ya\u02bcni konservatorlar va liberal demokratik g\u02bboya tarafdorlariga bo\u02bblingan. Sharqshunos olim Zakiy Validiy esdaligidan bu yondashuvlar o\u02bbrtasidagi farqni anglash mumkin. U \u201cBugungi turk eli (Turkiston) va yaqin tarixi\u201d asarida 1917-yil aprel oyida o\u02bbtkazilgan \u201cTurkiston musulmonlarining birinchi kongressi\u201d haqida bunday yozadi: \u201cKongressda ziyolilarning bir qismi (bilqissa Cho\u02bbqayev va Shohinaxmedov), Qozondan kelgan vakillar (Orenburgda chiqayotgan \u201cVaqit\u201d gazetasi muharriri Kobir Bekir va hukumat a\u02bczosi sifatida Toshkentga kelgan Sadri Maqsudiylarning) ta\u02bcsiri ostida Turkistonning boshqaruv usuli masalasida federatsion qurilish fikriga muxolif bo\u02bbldilar. Munavvarqori va uning ayrim do\u02bbstlari ham taraddudda qoldilar. Faqat Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy bilan men avtonomiya va federatsiya fikrini yoqlab, oxirigacha bu ishonchimizda mustaqil turdik\u201d [5:357].<\/span><\/p>\n

      Yevropa mamlakatlaridagi davlat boshqaruv tuzumini Behbudiy uch guruhga ajratadi. Bu davlat tuzumlari o\u02bbrtasidagi farqni ham shu davlatlar tasarrufidagi xalqning ilmli yoki ilmsizligi, ma\u02bcrifatli yoki ma\u02bcrifatsizligi bilan bog\u02bblaydi. Xalq qanday madaniyat va ma\u02bcrifat bosqichiga ko\u02bbtarilgan bo\u02bblsa, uni idora etayotgan siyosiy tuzum ham shu xalq darajasini aks ettirishi mumkinligiga e\u02bctiborni qaratadi. Xulosa qilganda, Behbudiy o\u02bbzi yashagan davrdagi Turkistonda hukmronligini o\u02bbrnatgan rus chorizmi va muvaqqat hukumatning mustamlakachilik siyosatini fosh qiladi va o\u02bbsha davrdagi qonunlarni tanqid qiladi. O\u02bbzining kitob va maqolalarida Turkistonning siyosiy va ijtimoiy ahvoliga e\u02bctiborni qaratadi. Ozodlik va mustaqillikka xalqning ijtimoiy va siyosiy ongini oshirish orqali erishish mumkin ekanini ta\u02bckidlaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Behbudiy XX asr boshlarida Yevropa davlatlarida mavjud bo\u02bblgan uch siyosiy tuzumni chuqur o\u02bbrgangan, uning ijobiy va salbiy tomonlarini ko\u02bbrsatib bergan. Kerak bo\u02bblsa, ulardan andoza olish lozimligini ta\u02bckidlagan. Behbudiy dunyoqarashi sharq ta\u02bclimotlariga mos keladigan, ammo Yevropa siyosiy qarashlarining ijobiy jihatlarini qamragan holda shakllandi.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Jadidlar Turkistonda respublika vakolatiga kiradigan masalalar bo\u02bbyicha qonunlarni nashr etish, hokimiyat, boshqaruv va sudning oliy organlarini tashkil qilish, davlat tuzilmalarini yaratish va hokazolarga jiddiy e\u02bctibor bilan qaragan. Shu tariqa demokratik jamiyatni shakllantirish ustuvor maqsad qilib qo\u02bbyilgan. Unda demokratik huquq va erkinliklar berilishi, shuningdek, konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlanishi masalalari ko\u02bbzda tutilgan. Bu borada Behbudiyning \u201cTurkiston madaniy muxtoriyati loyihasi\u201d [4:146] dasturi bevosita jadidlarning Turkistonda demokratik davlat qurishning nazariy asoslarini yaratishga intilishi deb qarash mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy milliy til masalasiga katta e\u02bctibor qaratdi. Uning birgina \u201cOyna\u201d jurnali ma\u02bcrifat va madaniyat tarqatishga juda katta xizmat qildi. Unda millat va uning haq-huquqi, tarixi, tili, adabiyoti masalalari va dunyodagi vaziyatga doir qiziqarli maqolalar berib borilgan. Ayniqsa til masalalari muharrirning hamisha diqqat markazida turgan. Behbudiy millatning taraqqiyoti uchun bir necha til bilishni shart deb hisoblagan. Masalan u jurnalning 1913-yil avgustdagi birinchi \u2013 nishona sonidayoq \u201cIkki emas, to\u02bbrt til lozim\u201d degan maqola bilan chiqqan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiyning ilmiy, ijodiy, pedagogik faoliyati va merosi alohida ahamiyatga molik. XX asr o\u02bbzbek adabiyoti va san\u02bcatida, ijtimoiy-siyosiy jarayonlarida faol ishtirok etgan, millat ma\u02bcrifati, ozodligi, hurligi yo\u02bblida mardonavor kurashgan ulug\u02bb alloma faoliyati avlodlar uchun ibrat maktabidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
        \n
      1. \n
        Baldauf Ingeborg. Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy Falastinda \/\/ O\u02bbzbekiston adabiyoti va san\u02bcati. 1993-yil 21-may.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      2. \n
        Behbudiy M. Bizga isloh kerak. \/\/ Najot. 1917-yil 7-noyabr (17-aprel). 18-son.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      3. \n
        Behbudiy M. Kitobi muntaxabi jug\u02bbrofiyai umumiy. Sochinitel izdatel Samarkandes. 1905. \u2013 S.42.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      4. \n
        Behbudiy M. Turkiston madaniy muxtoriyati loyihasi \/\/ Jahon adabiyoti. \u2013 Toshkent: 2009. \u2013 B.146.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      5. \n
        To\u02bbg\u02bbon Z.V. Bugungi turk eli (Turkiston) va yaqin tarixi. \u2013 Istanbul, 1981. \u2013 B.357.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      6. \n
        Alimardonov T. Siyosat va axloq muvozanati. \u2013 T.: Yangi asr avlodi, 2011. \u2013 B.175.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        JAMSHID SHONAZAROV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
        QarshiDU Pedagogika instituti dotsenti<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy XX asr bo\u02bbsag\u02bbasida Turkistondagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy harakatning eng yirik namoyandasi, yangi davr o\u02bbzbek madaniyati asoschisidir. Turkiston jadidlari peshvosi, mustaqil respublika g\u02bboyasi tashabbuskorlaridan biri, yangi maktab nazariyotchisi va amaliyotchisi, o\u02bbzbek dramaturgiyasini boshlab bergan birinchi dramaturg, teatrga asos solgan shaxs, noshir va jurnalist. U tariximizning g\u02bboyat og\u02bbir va murakkab davrida yashadi. Markaziy Osiyoda XVI asrdan boshlangan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36280,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nBEHBUDIY VA UNING DAVLATCHILIK G\u02bbOYASI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36276&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"BEHBUDIY VA UNING DAVLATCHILIK G\u02bbOYASI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy XX asr bo\u02bbsag\u02bbasida Turkistondagi ijtimoiy-siyosiy harakatning eng yirik namoyandasi, yangi davr o\u02bbzbek madaniyati asoschisidir. Turkiston jadidlari peshvosi, mustaqil respublika g\u02bboyasi tashabbuskorlaridan biri, yangi maktab nazariyotchisi va amaliyotchisi, o\u02bbzbek dramaturgiyasini boshlab bergan birinchi dramaturg, teatrga asos solgan shaxs, noshir va jurnalist. U tariximizning g\u02bboyat og\u02bbir va murakkab davrida yashadi. 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