{"id":36046,"date":"2024-06-28T07:07:31","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T02:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36046"},"modified":"2024-06-27T07:19:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T02:19:56","slug":"qoqonda-yashagan-yahudiylar-tarixi-va-bugungi-kundagi-faoliyati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36046&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"QO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mustaqillikning ilk yillaridan O\u2018zbekiston bilan Isroil davlati o\u2018rtasida diplomatik aloqalar o\u2018rnatildi. Shu munosabat bilan 1992-yil Tel-Avivda O\u2018zbekiston konsulligi ochilib, ikki mamlakat fuqarolarining o\u2018zaro erkin kirib chiqishiga ruxsat berildi. 1997-yil aprel oyida O\u2018zbekiston Tashqi ishlar vazirining Isroilga rasmiy tashrifi chog\u2018ida madaniyat, fan va maorif sohasidagi hamkorlik haqida bitim tuzildi va konsullik elchixonaga aylantirildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hozirgi kunda O\u2018zbekistonda yashab kelayotgan yahudiy millatiga mansub insonlar uchun madaniy markazlar faoliyat olib bormoqda. Xususan, Toshkent shahar yahudiy madaniy markazi (hozirgi Yahudiylar jamoasi madaniy markazi) va Respublika Buxoro yahudiylari madaniy markazi (hozirgi Toshkent shahar \u201cSimxo\u201d Buxoro yahudiylari madaniy markazi) 1989-yilda tashkil qilingan. Shuningdek, O\u2018zbekistonning Toshkent, Buxoro, Navoiy, Farg\u2018ona va Samarqand shaharlarida yettita yahudiy milliy madaniy markazi faoliyat ko\u2018rsatmoqda. Markazlar yahudiy xalqi an\u2019analari, urf odatlari, tilini asrash va rivojlantirish barobarida turli madaniy ma\u2019rifiy va ijtimoiy loyihalarni amalga oshiradi, davlat va milliy bayramlarini o\u2018tkazadi. Misol uchun, Farg\u2018ona viloyatidagi yahudiylar milliy madaniy markazida ham an\u2019anaviy marosimlar va urf-odatlarga o\u2018rgatish, milliy taomlarni tayyorlash, kashtachilik, xalq raqslari va vokal to\u2018garaklari faoliyat yuritadi, ularning tadbirlarida turli millat vakillari ishtirok etadi [9]. Shuningdek, Farg\u2018ona viloyati Farg\u2018ona shahrida \u201cDo\u2018stlik\u201d uyi ochilgan. Farg\u2018ona viloyati mahalliy byudjetidan 3,5 milliard so\u2018mdan ziyod mablag\u2018 sarflanib, ta\u2019mirlangach, ko\u2018rkam va zamonaviy qiyofaga ega bo\u2018lgan sobiq \u201cNeftchi\u201d madaniyat saroyi binosi endilikda turli millat va elat vakillari uchun haqiqiy do\u2018stlik maskaniga aylandi. Bu yerda viloyatdagi 8 ta milliy madaniy markazga alohida xonalar ajratilgan, to\u2018garak va turli tadbirlar tashkil etish uchun konsert zali zamonaviy ko\u2018rinishga keltirilgan [10].<\/span><\/p>\n

Tadqiq qilinayotgan, yahudiy jamoalarining Qo\u2018qon xonligi hududiga ko\u2018chib kelishi bo\u2018yicha ikkita qarash mavjud. Birinchi farazga ko\u2018ra, yahudiy jamoalarining xonlik hududiga kirib kelishiga Buxoro va Xiva xonliklaridagi murakkab vaziyat sabab bo\u2018lgan. Manbalarda XVIII asr 70-yillarida buxorlik yahudiylarning Qo\u2018qonga ommaviy ko\u2018chirilishi haqida ma\u2019lumot berilgan [1:26]. Ikkinchi qarashga ko\u2018ra esa, hozirgi Farg\u2018ona hududlarida xususiy mulkchilik taraqqiyotining ertaroq boshlangani va tadbirkorlik faoliyati bilan shug\u2018ullanish uchun qulay shart-sharoit yuzaga kelgani ham o\u2018lkaga yahudiylarni ko\u2018chib kelishga undagan [7:143]. Har ikkala fikr ham asoslidir. Chunki o\u2018sha davr tarixini o\u2018rganish natijasida O\u2018rta Osiyo xonliklari ichida Qo\u2018qon xonligi o\u2018ziga xos iqtisodiy, siyosiy jihatdan ajralib turgan. Shuningdek, u yerda aholining yashab istiqomat qilishi, tadbirkorlik va savdo-sotiq bilan shug\u2018ullanishi uchun yetarli sharoit mavjud edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Keyinchalik rus imperiyasining Qo\u2018qon xonligini bosib olishi natijasida o\u2018lka uchun nisbatan begona bo\u2018lgan ashkinaz yahudiylari kirib kelgan. Ashkinaz yahudiylari rus qo\u2018shinlari tarkibida, keyinroq 1861-yil va 1879-yil yillardagi chor Rossiyasining tegishli qonunlariga muvofiq ko\u2018chib kelgan. Kirib kelgan Yevropa yahudiylari mintaqaning barcha joyida yashash, savdo va sanoat ishlari bilan shug\u2018ullanish huquqiga ega bo\u2018lgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u2018qon xonlikning ma\u2019muriy poytaxti va o\u2018sha davrda eng rivojlangan, ishlab chiqarish va sanoat ishlarida yirik shaharlardan biri hisoblangan. Shu boisdan XIX asrda Buxoro yahudiylari tarixi va madaniyati rivojida muhim rol o\u2018ynagan poytaxtlar orasida Qo\u2018qon alohida o\u2018rin tutadi. Qo\u2018qon xonligi poytaxtiga kelganlar orasida nafaqat Buxoro yahudiylari, balki eronlik yahudiylar ham bo\u2018lib, ular o\u2018z laqablari \u2013 eroniyni saqlab qolgan bo\u2018lsa ham, oxir-oqibat Buxoro yahudiy muhitiga singib ketgan. Statistik ma\u2019lumotlarga ko\u2018ra, Qo\u2018qon hududida 1888-yilda 1000 nafardan ortiq yahudiy yashagan. 1897-yildagi aholi ro\u2018yxatiga ko\u2018ra, Qo\u2018qonda 1029 nafar, ya\u2019ni Qo\u2018qon aholisini 1,3% ni tashkil qilgan. 1910-yilda 1341 nafar, 1926-yilda 3551 nafar, 1939-yilda 3196 nafar, 1959-yilda 567 nafar, 1970-yilda 3677 nafar yahudiy yashagan [2]. O\u2018sha davrda Qo\u2018qonda 86 nafar ashkinaz yahudiylari yashagan [8:4-7]. Bu raqamlardan shu narsa ma\u2019lum bo\u2018ladiki, yahudiylar Qo\u2018qon shahrida ma\u2019lum bir davrda kamayib, ma\u2019lum bir davrda ko\u2018payib turgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yahudiy jamoalari xonlik hududiga kelib joylashgandan so\u2018ng, turli kasb va mashg\u2018ulot bilan shug\u2018ullangan. Ularning orasida o\u2018ymakor, zargar, sartarosh, tikuvchi, poyabzal ustasi, oshpaz, novvoy, kir yuvuvchi va mardikorlar bo\u2018lgan. Qo\u2018shiq aytishni va raqsga tushishni bilgan kambag\u2018al yahudiy oilalarning ayollari nafaqat yahudiy, balki musulmon insonlarning to\u2018y va bayramlarida ishtirok etgan. Shuningdek, yahudiylar orasida katta-katta savdogar va tadbirkorlar yetishib chiqqan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqorida ta\u2019kidlab o\u2018tilganidek, Qo\u2018qon xonligi Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan bosib olinganidan so\u2018ng, Qo\u2018qonga Rossiyaning turli shaharlaridan Yevropa yahudiylari ko\u2018chib kelgan. Ushbu yahudiylarning ibodat uchun mo\u2018ljallangan maxsus bino sinagoga va ibodat uylariga ehtiyoji tug\u2018ilgan, Qo\u2018qonni ruslar bosib olgunga qadar bo\u2018lgan davrda hududning eski shahar qismida ikkita sinagoga mavjud bo\u2018lgan. Birinchi sinagoga Samarqanddan ko\u2018chib borgan \u201cAbram Kalontar\u201d yahudiy jamoasining boshlig\u2018i va boy yahudiylar hisobiga qurilgan bo\u2018lsa, ikkinchi sinagoga Qo\u2018qonning Mahalliy Poyon mahallasida joylashgan 250 kishi uchun mo\u2018ljallangan edi [4:132]. Ma\u2019lum vaqt o\u2018tgandan keyin, Yevropa yahudiylari Qo\u2018qonda sinagoga ochish uchun harakat boshlagan. Misol uchun, Qo\u2018qon yahudiylar jamiyati komissari, advokat yordamchisi bo\u2018lib ishlagan Xaim Pinxusovich Durmashkinning Farg\u2018ona viloyati general-gubernatoriga yo\u2018llagan arizasida \u201cQo\u2018qon shahrida yashovchi mahalliy yahudiylarning ham, yangi ko\u2018chib kelganlarning ham ibodat qilishi uchun munosib joylari yo\u2018q ekani, Qo\u2018qonda mavjud yahudiy ibodatxonalar kichkina, tor, ikki-uch yoki o\u2018nlab ibodat qiluvchini arang sig\u2018dira olishi, ibodatxonalarda ayollar uchun mutlaqo joy yo\u2018qligi [5:32]ni bildirgan. Lekin, ushbu murojaat orqasidan Rossiya imperiyasi Harbiy Vazirning 1902-yil 6-dekabrda Turkiston general-gubernatoriga yo\u2018llangan xatida Qo\u2018qon shahrida 30 nafar yahudiy oilasining shaharda yashash huquqini har tomonlama tekshirish bo\u2018yicha ko\u2018rsatma berilgan [5:4]. Bundan ko\u2018rinadiki, dastlabki davrda yahudiylarga imperiya hukumati tomonidan ba\u2019zi bir to\u2018siqlar qo\u2018yilgan. Lekin keyinchalik Farg\u2018ona viloyati gubernatorining Turkiston general-gubernatoriga yuborgan hisobotida \u201cQo\u2018qon shahrida istiqomat qiluvchi 20 dan ortiq Yevropa yahudiylari (ashkinazlar) shaharning Kommitet ko\u2018chasida joylashgan ijaraga olingan yahudiy Yakubovning uyida sinagoga ochishga ruxsat so\u2018rab murojaat qilganini ma\u2019lum qilgan. Farg\u2018ona viloyati gubernatorining bildirishicha, yangi tashkil etilgan yahudiy jamoalari uchun ibodatxonalar ochishga ruxsat berilgan. Shuningdek, Qo\u2018qonda yahudiy ibodatxonasining ochishga tuman boshliqlari tomonidan ham hech qanday to\u2018siq yo\u2018qligi, yahudiylar ibodatxonaga faqat ibodat qilish uchun yig\u2018ilishi, ibodatlar savodli yahudiy erkak va ayollar tomonidan ado etilishi, ularda ravvin bo\u2018lmasligi, Yakubovning mulkiga qo\u2018shni uy egalari yahudiy ibodatxonasini ochishga hech qanday to\u2018sqinlik qilmayotgani\u201d qayd etilgan [5:1].<\/span><\/p>\n

1904-yilning 21-martida ibodatxona ochish uchun ruxsat bo\u2018lgan. Shu bilan birga, Qo\u2018qonda yahudiy oilalarning ko\u2018payishi, ibodat qiluvchilar sonining ortishi, yahudiy qabristoni va boshqa ishlarni boshqarish uchun yahudiy diniy boshqarmasini tuzish zarurati tug\u2018ilgan. Natijada, Qo\u2018qonda yahudiylar diniy boshqarmasi tuzilgan. Kengash a\u2019zoligiga yahudiy olim Boris Vladimirovich Bolotin, g\u2018aznachi \u2013 ibroniycha \u201cneimon\u201d Faive Abramovich Sholomovich va oqsoqol \u2013 ibroniycha \u201cgaba\u201d\u00a0 Abram \u2013 Yankel Zaidel saylangan [4:2]. Bundan yahudiylarning hukumron imperiya hukumatiga ta\u2019siri sezilarli darajada katta bo\u2018lganini bilish mumkin. Negaki, yana bir arxiv hujjatida \u201cSo\u2018ngi o\u2018n yil ichida ibodat maktabining e\u2019tiqod qiluvchilari soni sezilarli darajada oshdi, yahudiylar jamoasi shakllandi, ular ibodat qilish bilan bir qatorda, qonunda nazarda tutilgan boshqa diniy marosimlarni o\u2018tkazish imkoniyatiga ega bo\u2018ldi\u201d [4:6] deyilgan. Keltirilgan hujjatga ko\u2018ra, hudud uchun nisbatan begona bo\u2018lgan Yevropa yahudiylari jamoalari tomonidan o\u2018z huquq va erkinliklarini himoya qilinishi natijasida, ularga nisbatan mahalliy hokimiyatning yon bosishi va so\u2018ralgan masalalarni yechib berilishi ta\u2019minlangan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Farg\u2018ona viloyati Qo\u2018qon uyezdi boshlig\u2018ining Farg\u2018ona viloyati boshqarmasiga 1914-yil 24-sentyabrda 1578-son hisobotida Qo\u2018qon shahrida oltita ibodat uyi, sinagoga mavjudligi ma\u2019lum qilingan. Unda bu sinagogalarning har biriga yiliga 500 rubldan mablag\u2018 sarflangani aytilgan. Shuningdek, daromad va xarajatlar daftariga qanday chiqimlar kiritilgani, narx va sarflarning to\u2018g\u2018riligini ibodat qiluvchilar vakolat bergan 5 nafar yahudiy tekshirib borgani [3:24] ta\u2019kidlangan. Lekin Qo\u2018qon uyezdi boshlig\u2018ining 1915-yil 20-iyuldagi Farg\u2018ona viloyati boshqarmasiga yuborgan hisobotida Qo\u2018qon shahrida 7 ta yahudiy ibodatxonasi mavjud bo\u2018lib, ularning barchasini qonuniylashtirish maqsadga muvofiqdir [3:40], deyilgan. Demak, Qo\u2018qon shahrida 1915-yilga kelib 7 ta sinagoga faoliyat yuritgan. O\u2018sha davrda faoliyat olib borgan sinagoga nomlari quyidagicha: birinchi sinagoga Farg\u2018ona viloyatining sobiq harbiy gubernatori general Abramov ruxsati bilan ochilgan Marg\u2018ilon qismidagi Navoiy mahallasida joylashgan. Uyni sotib olganlar vafot etgan; ikkinchi sinagoga Marg\u2018ilon qismi Bekbutabek mavzesida joylashgan, 250 kishi doimiy tarzda ibodatxonaga tashrif buyurgan; uchinchi sinagoga Qo\u2018qonning O\u2018rda mavzesi Sarimozor qismidagi R.I.Vadyayev tomonidan 21 yil oldin tashkil etilgan, uni ochishga ruxsat berilmagan. Lekin, sinagogaga keluvchilar soni 60 kishigacha; to\u2018rtinchi sinagoga Qo\u2018mita ko\u2018chasida joylashgan Xaim Simxayevga tegishli sinagoga, ushbu sinagoga 30 yildan beri mavjud, 60 kishigacha e\u2019tiqod qiluvchilar keladi; beshinchi sinagoga Beshariq mavzesi Xo\u2018jand qismida Abram Magzumov, Raxman Yagudayev va Sion Marduxayev tomonidan olingan yerda uzoq vaqtdan beri mavjud bo\u2018lib, unga 110 kishigacha o\u2018z diniga e\u2019tiqod qiluvchilar tashrif buyuradi; oltinchi sinagoga Nian Davidov uyida tashkil qilingan, 130 kishigacha bo\u2018lgan o\u2018z diniga e\u2019tiqod qiluvchilar tashrif buyuradi; yettinchi sinagoga Farg\u2018ona viloyati harbiy gubernatorining 1908-yil 8-apreldagi ruxsati bilan Rafael Potelyaxov uyida tashkil qilingan [3:41]. Demak, XX asr boshlariga kelib, Qo\u2018qonda boy yahudiy savdogarlariga tegishli yettita ibodat uyi mavjud bo\u2018lgan. Lekin hokimiyat chor Rossiyasidan bolsheviklar qo\u2018liga o\u2018tgandan so\u2018ng, o\u2018lkada yuritilgan diniy siyosat natijasida hududdagi sinagogalar faoliyati birin-ketin tugatilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bugungi kunda Qo\u2018qon shahrida yahudiylar sinagogasi faoliyat olib bormaydi. Shaharda yashagan yahudiylar ko\u2018p qismining ko\u2018chib ketishi natijasida sinagoga ehtiyoj qolmagan. Hozirda Farg\u2018ona viloyati hududida bitta yahudiy diniy tashkiloti \u201cOr Avner Xabad\u201d deb nomlanuvchi sinagoga 2004-yil 27-dekabrda Adliya vazirligi tomonidan ro\u2018yxatga olingan. Sinagoga joylashgan mahallada qadimdan Buxoro yahudiylari istiqomat qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    Tursunov B.T. Marg\u2018ilon shahrining jahon sivilizatsiyasi tarixidagi o\u2018rni. Marg\u2018ilon shahrining 2000 yillik yubileyiga bag\u2018ishlangan xalqaro ilmiy konferentsiya materiallari. \u2013 Toshkent-Marg\u2018ilon: Fan, 2007. \u2013 B.143.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    https:\/\/interkomitet.uz\/mita-a-ida\/millij-madanij-markazlar\/o-zbekiston-yahudiy-milliy-madaniy-markazi\/?lang=oz<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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    SHOHRUH JUMAYEV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    O\u2018zXIA tayanch doktoranti<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mustaqillikning ilk yillaridan O\u2018zbekiston bilan Isroil davlati o\u2018rtasida diplomatik aloqalar o\u2018rnatildi. Shu munosabat bilan 1992-yil Tel-Avivda O\u2018zbekiston konsulligi ochilib, ikki mamlakat fuqarolarining o\u2018zaro erkin kirib chiqishiga ruxsat berildi. 1997-yil aprel oyida O\u2018zbekiston Tashqi ishlar vazirining Isroilga rasmiy tashrifi chog\u2018ida madaniyat, fan va maorif sohasidagi hamkorlik haqida bitim tuzildi va konsullik elchixonaga aylantirildi. Hozirgi kunda O\u2018zbekistonda …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36051,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nQO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"QO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36046&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"QO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"QO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36046&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-28T02:07:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-27T02:19:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/qoqanda.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"437\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36046&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36046&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"QO\u2018QONDA YASHAGAN YAHUDIYLAR TARIXI VA BUGUNGI KUNDAGI FAOLIYATI - 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