{"id":36017,"date":"2024-06-25T10:40:11","date_gmt":"2024-06-25T05:40:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=36017"},"modified":"2024-06-25T10:40:11","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T05:40:11","slug":"sharqda-dastlabki-ilmiy-markazlarning-shakllanishi-va-rivojlanishi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36017&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"SHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarixga nazar tashlasak, jahondagi hech bir yuksalish ilm-ma\u02bcrifatsiz amalga oshmagani ayon bo\u02bbladi. Miloddan avvalgi 380-yilda Platon (Aflotun) asos solgan falsafiy maktab dunyodagi ilk akademiya sanaladi. Ushbu muassasaga nisbatan qo\u02bbllangan \u201cakademiya\u201d atamasi afsonaviy yunon qahramoni Akadem yoki Gekadem nomi bilan bog\u02bbliq, degan tushuncha mavjud. Platon akademiyasida keng ko\u02bblamli tadqiqot va o\u02bbqitish ishlari olib borilgan. Ularning eng muhimi teologiya, falsafa, matematika, astronomiya va tabiiy fanlar bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblgan. Ushbu akademiya o\u02bbz mohiyatiga ko\u02bbra, diniy-falsafiy va aniq fanlar bilan bog\u02bbliq yo\u02bbnalishlarni o\u02bbzida mujassam etgan hamda bahs-muloqotni o\u02bbqitishning asosiy uslubi sifatida belgilagan. Mazkur akademiya milodiy 529-yilgacha faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan [1: 9].<\/span><\/p>\n

Milodiy 529-yilda Vizantiya imperatori Yustinian (483-565) Afinada faoliyat yuritayotgan barcha akademiyalarni yopdi. Shundan keyin bu yerda faoliyat yuritgan olimlar Eronga ko\u02bbchib keldi. Milodiy 271-yilda Eronning janubiy hududida, hozirgi Xuziston shahri yaqinida Shopur I tomonidan Gundi Shapur akademiyasi deb nomlangan shaharga asos solindi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ardasher I (224\u2013239) vafotidan keyin Sosoniylar davlati taxtiga Shopur I (243\u2013273) chiqadi. Sosoniylar davlati esa Eronshahr \u2013 oriylar podsholigi yoki eroniylar shohligi deb nomlanadi. Yaqin va O\u02bbrta Sharqda milodiy III-VII asrlarda hukmronlik qilgan sosoniylar davridagi madaniyat ravnaqida Qadimgi Eron, Parfiya, Bobil, Ellin va boshqa xalqlar madaniyatining ta\u02bcsiri kuchli bo\u02bbldi. Bu asrlar oriy xalqlari madaniyati shakllanishi, tibbiyot, matematika, astronomiya, falsafa va geografiya fanlarining rivojlanish davrlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning shakllanishida Gundi Shopur akademiyasining roli katta bo\u02bblgan [2: 131-135].<\/span><\/p>\n

Gundi Shopur \u2013 shahar yoki yirik harbiy qarorgoh bo\u02bblib, Shopur I (242-272) buyrug\u02bbi bilan rimlik yetmish ming mahbus asirlar ko\u02bbmagida Chanto Shopur (\u201cGo\u02bbzal bog\u02bblar\u201d) xarobalari o\u02bbrnida qurilgan. Uning poydevori shaxmat taxtasiga o\u02bbxshash Antioxiya shahri rejasiga ko\u02bbra tamomlangan. Uning qurilishi tugallangach, Shopur I shahar darvozasiga \u201cIlm va hikmat qilichdan kuchli\u201d degan so\u02bbzlarni yozishni buyurdi [3:584-585]. Ba\u02bczi rivoyatlarga ko\u02bbra, Shopur I Rim imperatori Avrelianning qiziga uylangan (Auryelianus, mil. 214-275) va bu rim qizi o\u02bbzining Buqrot tibbiyotiga asoslangan ikki yunon shifokorini ham Gundi Shopurga olib kelgan [4:10-35].<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ilmiy markaz tarixiy manbalarda \u201cGundishopur\u201d, \u201cGandishapur\u201d, \u201cJundishopur\u201d va \u201cJandishpur\u201d nomi bilan mashhur. Arablar \u201cg\u201d harfi o\u02bbrniga goh \u201cch\u201d, gohida \u201cgh\u201d harfini yozgani uchun bu dastlabki ikki so\u02bbz \u201cQandi Shopur\u201d so\u02bbzining buzilgan shaklidir. \u201cQand\u201d so\u02bbzi asli so\u02bbg\u02bbd tili bo\u02bblib, \u201cjoy\u201d, \u201cshahar\u201d va \u201cyurt\u201d ma\u02bcnosini bildiradi. Qandi Shopur akademiyasi dastlab \u201cShopur shahri akademiyasi\u201d degan ma\u02bcnoni bildirgan [5:229-262].<\/span><\/p>\n

Gundi Shopur akademiyasi tibbiyot fani ma\u02bclum darajada din ta\u02bcsiridan holi, maxsus davolash bazasi va dorixona bo\u02bblimiga ega bo\u02bblgan dunyodagi birinchi tibbiyot maskanidir. Bu yerdagi shifokorlar dars berish, asarlarni tarjima qilish va lug\u02bbat to\u02bbplamlarini tuzish bilan shug\u02bbullangan. Mazkur markazning birinchi rahbari etib, nasroniy Buxtishu\u02bci al-Aval tayinlandi. Baxtishular sulolasi vakillari tabiblik kasbini VI asr birinchi yarmidan XI asrgacha, ya\u02bcni 200-yildan ortiq vaqt davomida avloddan-avlodga o\u02bbtkazib keldi [6:30-33].<\/span><\/p>\n

Gundi Shopurda talabalarning bilim va ko\u02bbnikmalari to\u02bbg\u02bbridan-to\u02bbg\u02bbri bemor yotoqxonasida sinovdan o\u02bbtkazilgan. U yerda besh ming talaba tahsil olgan. Ularni tayyorlash bilan besh yuz nafar o\u02bbqituvchi shug\u02bbullanar va akademiya yonida 259 o\u02bbrinli katta kutubxona ham bor edi [7:134, 8:443, 9:37, 10:430, 11:246]. Talabalar pahlaviy, yunon va suroniy tillarida tahsil olib, qadimgi Eron, hind-arab va yunon-rim tabobatini ham o\u02bbrgangan [12:120]. Misol uchun, taniqli nasroniy shifokor Teodor (310-379) uzoq yillar Gundi Shopur akademiyasida yunon tabobatidan dars bergan va Shopurning shaxsiy shifokori bo\u02bblgan. Teodor pahlaviy tilida tibbiyotga oid kitob yozadi. Shopur I unga minnatdorlik sifatida Gundi Shopur yaqinida cherkov qurdiradi va ko\u02bbplab vatandoshlarini harbiy asirlikdan ozod qiladi [6:60].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xusrav I va Buzurgmehr davrida Gundi Shopur akademiyasida diniy, irqiy va til e\u02bctiqodidan qat\u02bci nazar, ko\u02bbplab olimlar faoliyat yuritgan. Ular Buxtishu\u02bci al-Aval (universitetning birinchi rahbari), Buxtishu\u02bci Soniy, Barzuya, Abdulla ibn Muqaffa Eroniy, Muhammad al-Xoris ibn Kalida, Teodor, Sabur ibn Sahl, Saxorbuht, Musavayh, Abu Zakariya ibn Musavayh va boshqalardan iborat edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gundi Shopur akademiyasi Xusrav I (531-579) davrida Xusrav Anushervon nomi bilan ham mashhur bo\u02bblgan. Vizantiya imperiyasi ta\u02bcqibidan qochgan yunon olimlari va suriyalik nasroniylarga boshpana berildi, o\u02bbz navbatida, ularga tibbiy matnlarni yunon va suroniy tillaridan pahlaviy (o\u02bbrta fors)ga tarjima qilish buyurildi [13:96]. Masalan, hind shifokori Manka (Manga) al-Hindiy uzoq yillar Gundi Shopur akademiyasida ishlagan va \u201cKitob as-samum\u201d deb nomlangan qadimiy hind tibbiyot kitobi \u201cShonakaka\u201dni hind tilidan pahlaviy tiliga tarjima qilgan. Undan Gundi Shopur talabalari darslik sifatida foydalangan[14:160].<\/span><\/p>\n

Mashhur olim Abu Zakariyo Yuhno ibn Mosavayh al-Xuziy (160\/777-242\/857) Gundi Shopurning bosh dorishunosi bo\u02bblgan. U keyinchalik Bag\u02bbdod xalifalari Horun ar-Rashid va Mutavakkil saroyida ishlagan. Uning \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d (\u201cTibbiy noyob narsalar\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d (\u201cZamonlar kitobi\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201d (\u201cParhezlar kitobi\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u201d (\u201cKo\u02bbz illati haqida kitob\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649\u201d (\u201cAl-Munjiyning turli xil kasalliklar va shikoyatlarni davolash haqida kitobi\u201d), \u201c\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u201d (\u201cShifokorlar tabaqalari\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u201d (\u201cKomil kitob\u201d), \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629\u201d\u00a0 (\u201cIch suradigan dorilar\u201d), \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u201d\u00a0 (\u201cOziq-ovqatning zararli ta\u02bcsirini daf qilish kitobi\u201d), \u201c\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0639\u201d (\u201cBosh og\u02bbrig\u02bbini davolash\u201d), \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0629\u201d (\u201cQon olish va hijoma qilish\u201d) va boshqa kitoblari bor. Shuningdek, markazning yana bir vakili Sobur ibn Sahl (vaf. 255\/869) Gundi Shopur shahrida tabib oilasida tug\u02bbilgan. U 233\/848-235\/850-yillarda dorishunos sifatida Bag\u02bbdod shahrida ham ishlagan. U dorishunoslik fani tarixida \u201c\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u201d (\u201cKatta qurbonliklar kitobi\u201d) nomli asar ham ta\u02bclif qilgan bo\u02bblib, uning yagona qo\u02bblyozma nusxasi hozirgi kunda Myunxen kutubxonasida saqlanmoqda[13:125].<\/span><\/p>\n

Gundi Shopur ilmiy markazi 300-yildan ortiq faoliyat yuritib, tibbiyot va munajjimlik ilmlarini o\u02bbrganishda muhim rol o\u02bbynadi. O\u02bbz davrida bu markaz olimlarning ko\u02bbplab yig\u02bbinlarini o\u02bbtkazish uchun munosib maskan bo\u02bblgan. Masalan, Xusrav I Anushervon farmoni bilan 561-yilda Gundi Shopurda deyarli barcha rivojlangan davlatlar oliy ta\u02bclim dargohlarida faoliyat yurituvchi tibbiyot fanlari olimlarining birinchi anjumani chaqirilgan. Unda tibbiyot fanining dolzarb muammolari va rivojlanish strategiyasi ko\u02bbrib chiqilgan [6:60].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xusrav I topshirig\u02bbiga binoan mashhur olim Barzuiy Hindistonga borib, \u201cPanjtantra\u201d (\u201cAbadiy hikmat\u201d) maxfiy kitobining bir nusxasini Gundi Shopur akademiyasiga olib keldi. Bu kitob hozirgacha \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201d nomi bilan saqlanib qolgan. Markazda \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201d pahlaviy va boshqa tillarga tarjima qilinadi. Qadimgi hind tabobati sirlaridan Sharq va Uzoq Sharq mamlakatlari olimlari ham foydalanishiga zamin yaratildi [16:177]. XII asrda Abulmaoli Nasrulloh XV asrgacha mashhur bo\u02bblgan \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201dni arab tilidan fors tiliga, XV asrda Mavlono Husayn Voiz Koshifiy Abulmaoli Nasrullohning \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201d tarjimasini qayta tarjima qilgan. Sulton Husayn Boyqaroga (872\/1468-911\/1506) yaqin bo\u02bblgan Shayx Ahmad Suhayliy tufayli bu kitobga \u201cAnvari Suhayliy\u201d deb nom berilgan [16:154-155]. \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201d kitobi VIII asrda Gundi Shopurning mashhur tabibi Shopur Abdulloh ibn Muqaffa (102\/721-162\/779) tomonidan pahlaviy tilidan arab tiliga tarjima qilingan va jahon tamadduniga havola etilgan. Keyin esa 60 ta tilga tarjima qilingan va 200-marta nashr etilgan [6:35].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytganda, dunyodagi eng qadimgi ilmiy markaz Aflotun akademiyasi qariyb 900-yil faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatib, bu yerda asosan falsafa, tabiiy-matematika fanlari tadqiq qilingan. Ular tibbiyot, falsafa, astrologiya va boshqalarni o\u02bbrgangan. Gundi Shopur akademiyasi esa uch yuz yildan ortiq faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. U yerda Misr, Gretsiya, Hindiston va Rimning mashhur olimlari tibbiyot, falsafa, astrologiya va boshqalarni o\u02bbqitish va o\u02bbrganish bilan shug\u02bbullangan. Sosoniylar davlati 651-yilda tanazzulga yuz tutganidan keyin tabiblarning bir qismi va Gundi Shopur kutubxonasi ham \u201cBaytul-hikma\u201dga ko\u02bbchirildi. Ular orasida Abdulloh ibn Muqaffa, Barmakiy, Ruzbeh kabi mashhur olimlar ham bor edi. Gundi Shopur tugatilgach, uning ta\u02bcsiri ostida G\u02bbarbiy Eron, Marv, Xorazm va Bag\u02bbdodda qator markazlar tashkil topdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Musulmon Sharqi tarixida ham olamshumul ahamiyat kasb etgan akademiyalar mavjud bo\u02bblgan. Eng e\u02bctiborli akademiyalar qatoriga Bag\u02bbdodda faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d (\u201cDonishmandlik uyi\u201d, VIII asr), Xorazmdagi \u201cMajlis al-ulamo\u201d (Ma\u02bcmun akademiyasi, XI asr), Tabriz akademiyasi (Eron, XIII asr), shuningdek, faoliyat ko\u02bblami va erishgan yutuqlari mahobatiga ko\u02bbra tom ma\u02bcnodagi akademiya maqomiga ko\u02bbtarilgan Samarqanddagi Ulug\u02bbbek maktab \u2013 rasadxonasini (XV asr) kiritish mumkin [17:9].<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrta asr musulmon Sharqidagi eng mashhur ilk ilmiy markazlardan biri \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d bo\u02bblib, Bag\u02bbdodda dastlab kutubxona sifatida bunyod etilgan. Ko\u02bbp vaqt o\u02bbtmay, u yer ushbu muassasada jamlangan kitoblarni arab tiliga tarjima qilish markaziga aylandi. Keyinchalik esa bu markaz atrofida o\u02bbz davrining eng yirik olim va tarjimonlari to\u02bbplanib, ijod qildi. Bu markazda yunon, hind va fors tillaridagi nodir asarlar jamlandi, ularning eng noyoblari tanlab olinib, arab tiliga o\u02bbgirildi va muomalaga kiritildi. Shuningdek, muhim asarlarni yaratgan taniqli olimlar \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dda to\u02bbplandi. Yuqoridagi omillar ushbu muassasani o\u02bbrta asrlarning eng mashhur ilmiy dargohiga aylanishi va ilmiy adabiyotlarda \u201cBag\u02bbdod ilmiy maktabi\u201d va \u201cBag\u02bbdod akademiyasi\u201d degan nomlar bilan tanilishiga asos bo\u02bbldi [18:35].<\/span><\/p>\n

Abul Abbos Saffoh xalifa Marvon II ni 131\/749-yilda taxtdan ag\u02bbdargach, xalifalikni boshqarish Abbosiylar sulolasi qo\u02bbliga o\u02bbtadi. Bag\u02bbdod tez orada sharqda Markaziy Osiyogacha, g\u02bbarbda Ispaniyaga qadar kengaygan yirik davlat poytaxtiga aylandi. Bosib olingan mamlakatlarning moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy boyliklari asta-sekin Bag\u02bbdodga oqib kela boshladi. Ayniqsa, al-Mansur (136\/754-137\/755), Horun ar-Rashid (169\/786-193\/809), al-Ma\u02bcmun (197\/813-218\/833) kabi Abbosiy xalifalar qadimiy qo\u02bblyozma asarlar va yirik olimlarni o\u02bbz saroyiga jalb etishga alohida e\u02bctibor qaratdi. Natijada, Bag\u02bbdod tez orada butun xalifalikda ilmiy faoliyat yuritish uchun katta imkoniyatga ega shaharga aylandi. Bu esa, o\u02bbz navbatida, olimlarning o\u02bbsha yerda ijod qilish ishtiyoqini oshirib yubordi [18:35-36].<\/span><\/p>\n

Saroyda qo\u02bblyozma asarlarni saqlash odati ummaviylar sulolasi davrida ham mavjud bo\u02bblsa-da, bu ish abbosiy xalifalardan al-Mansur davrida doimiy jarayonga aylandi. Ularning sifat va miqdori ham tubdan o\u02bbzgardi. Al-Mansur nodir qo\u02bblyozma asarlarni to\u02bbplashdan tashqari, o\u02bbzga yurtlardagi olimlarni ham o\u02bbz saroyiga jalb eta boshladi. Bu borada Ibn al-Qiftiy (567\/1172-645\/1248) \u201c\u0625\u0650\u062e\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0623\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064f\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650\u201d (Olimlarni hakimlar haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlar bilan tanishtirish) asarida shunday deydi: \u201cHorun ar-Rashid hukmronligi davrida \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d tarkibi kutubxona, tarjima qilish, muqovalash va boshqa vazifalarni ado etuvchi guruhlardan iborat bo\u02bblgan\u201d [19; 26]. Uning saroyida Erondagi Gundi Shopur (\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06af\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u067e\u0648\u0631)\u200e maktabidan taklif etilgan turli diniy e\u02bctiqodda bo\u02bblgan ko\u02bbpgina olim, tabib, kimyogar, geograf va muhandislar xizmat qilgan. Ibn Xaldun (732\/1332-808\/1406) \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u201d asarida: \u201cBaytul hikma\u201ddagi musulmon olimlarining aksari nasl-nasabiga ko\u02bbra arab emas edi\u201d[20; 196], deb ta\u02bckidlab o\u02bbtadi. Ibn an-Nadim (vaf. 382\/993)\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u201c\u00a0 nomli asarida shunday deydi: \u201cUlar orasida Bag\u02bbdod shahrining qurilishida ishtirok etgan astrologlar \u2013 eronlik Abu Sahl Fazl ibn Navbaxt va \u201cMashaallah\u201d nomi bilan tanilgan basralik yahudiy Manassiya (vaf.199\/815) ham bor edi\u201d [21:8]. Ibn Abi Usaybi\u02bca (596\/1200-668\/1270) ning \u201c\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621\u201d (Tabiblar toifalari haqida asosiy ma\u02bclumot) kitobi nafaqat tabiblar, balki \u201cBaytul hikma\u201ddagi boshqa olimlar ijodi va ilmiy merosini tadqiq etishda muhim manba hisoblanadi. Xususan, u Abu Bakr ar-Roziy, Abu Nasr Forobiy, Abul Xayr ibn Hammor kabi Bag\u02bbdodda ijod qilgan olimlar haqida qiziqarli ma\u02bclumot to\u02bbplagan [22:84].\u00a0 Ibn Xallikon (607\/1211-685\/1286) \u201c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d (Mashhur kishilar vafoti va zamondoshlar haqida ma\u02bclumot) asarida \u201cBaytul hikma\u201ddagi ko\u02bbpgina allomalar qatorida Muhammad Xorazmiy va Muso ibn Shokirning uch o\u02bbg\u02bbli \u2013 Muhammad, Ahmad va Hasanning faoliyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, Zahiriddin Bayhaqiy ham o\u02bbzining \u201c\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u201d (Hikmatlar xazinasiga qo\u02bbshimchalar) kitobida mazkur markazdagi 110 nafar olim biografiyasiga taalluqli eng nodir ma\u02bclumotlarni jamlagan [18:32].<\/span><\/p>\n

Al-Mansur davrida Gundi Shopur maktabidan Bag\u02bbdodga taklif etilgan bir qancha tabiblar saroyda ham faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatgan. Ular orasida Baxtyashu oilasiga mansub bir qancha xristian tabiblari bo\u02bblib, eng yirik namoyandasi bo\u02bblmish Jibril ibn Baxtyashu, xalifa Mansur uchun tabobatga oid ko\u02bbpgina asarlarni yunon tilidan arab tiliga tarjima qiladi. Jibril ibn Baxtyashuning o\u02bbzi va bu oilaning o\u02bbndan ortiq boshqa tabiblari Bag\u02bbdod shahrida uzoq yillar davomida tabiblik shug\u02bbullangan. Harronlik yirik kimyogar va tarjimon Jobir ibn Hayyon ham xalifa Mansur davrida yashagan. Ibrohim Fazariy xalifa Mansur topshirig\u02bbiga binoan, hindlarning astronomiyaga oid yirik qomusiy asari \u201cSindhind\u201dni sanskrit tilidan arab tiliga tarjima qiladi. Yuqorida zikr etilgan asarlardan tashqari, xalifa Mansur uchun falsafa, tabobat, falakiyot, riyoziyot, tarix, adabiyotga oid boshqa kitoblar ham tarjima qilingan. Xalifa Mansur mazkur kitoblar, yozilgan noyob qo\u02bblyozma asarlarni saqlash uchun o\u02bbz saroyidan maxsus joy ajratgan [23:383]. Ammo bu kutubxonaning vazifasi kitobxonlarni zaruriy adabiyotlar bilan ta\u02bcminlash emas, balki to\u02bbplangan nodir qo\u02bblyozma asarlar, turli mamlakatlardan keltirilib, arab tiliga o\u02bbgirilgan kitoblarni saqlashdan iborat bo\u02bblgan. Xalifa Mansur davrida bu maskan hali \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d deb nomlanmagan edi [18:37].<\/span><\/p>\n

Horun ar-Rashid (169\/786-193\/809) taxtga o\u02bbtirgandan so\u02bbng \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d turli adabiyotlar saqlanadigan maskandan tarjima va tadqiqotlar olib boriladigan markazga aylandi. U yerga kelgan taniqli ulamo va tadqiqotchilar nafaqat turli mavzulardagi kitoblar bilan tanishish, balki ularni mutolaa qilish imkoniyatiga ham ega edi. Bu davrda tarjima ishlariga bo\u02bblgan ahamiyat bag\u02bboyat ortib, \u201cBaytul hikma\u201ddagi asarlar soni yanada ko\u02bbpaydi. Ibn Qiftiy shunday deb yozadi: \u201cHaqiqatan, \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d turli ilmiy yo\u02bbnalishlar markazi bo\u02bblib, Horun ar-Rashid bu maskan haqidagi fikrning ibtidosi edi. Uning o\u02bbg\u02bbli xalifa Ma\u02bcmun bu ishni amalga oshirdi. \u201cHikmat\u201d so\u02bbzi musulmon olimlari fikriga ko\u02bbra, ilohiy ilmlar, hisob, tabobat va falakiyotni qamrab olgan\u201d[19:383].<\/span><\/p>\n

Horun ar-Rashidning o\u02bbg\u02bbli xalifa Ma\u02bcmun \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dga alohida e\u02bctibor bilan qaradi. Uning davrida \u201cBaytul hikma\u201ddagi ilmiy muhit misli ko\u02bbrilmagan darajada rivojlanib, u yerda yunon, fors va hind tillaridagi muhim kitoblar arab tiliga o\u02bbgirildi va sharhlandi. Shu bilan birga, mustaqil ilmiy faoliyat ham olib borilib, yangi asarlar yozildi. Xalifa Ma\u02bcmunning bevosita homiyligida Yunoniston, Hindiston, Rum, Eron va Marvdan \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dga katta miqdorda turli mavzudagi kitoblar keltirilgan. Ularning ba\u02bczilari esa harbiy yurishlardagi o\u02bblja sifatida Bag\u02bbdodga olib kelingan. Bu davrda eng sara asarlar tanlab olinib, arab tiliga o\u02bbgirildi. Tarjimalar, odatda, yunon tilidan suryoniy tiliga, so\u02bbngra arab tiliga, ba\u02bczan esa yunon tilidan to\u02bbg\u02bbridan-to\u02bbg\u02bbri arab tiliga tarjima qilingan. Aksar hollarda tarjimalar kitob matnining asli bilan taqqoslab amalga oshirilgan. Har bir tarjimonlar guruhi tarkibida matn ko\u02bbchiruvchi va kitoblarni muqovalovchi mutaxassislar bo\u02bblgan [18:40].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBaytul hikma\u201d IX asr o\u02bbrtalarida dunyodagi eng katta kutubxona bo\u02bblgan. U matematika, astronomiya, tibbiyot, kimyo, zoologiya, geografiya va kartografiya kabi ilmlar o\u02bbrganiladigan markaz hisoblangan. Unda san\u02bcat va ilm-fanga oid turli tillardagi to\u02bbrt million jilddan iborat noyob qo\u02bblyozma va kitoblar jamlangan. Xalifa Ma\u02bcmun davrida \u201cBaytul hikma\u201d qoshida osmon jismlarini kuzatish uchun ikkita rasadxona ham bunyod etilgan. Birinchisi 212\/828-yilda Bag\u02bbdodning Shammosiya mintaqasida, ikkinchisi Damashq yaqinidagi Qasiyun tog\u02bbida 216\/831-yilda qad ko\u02bbtargan. Horun ar-Rashid va o\u02bbg\u02bbli Ma\u02bcmun tadqiqot olib borish, yangi ilmlarni kashf qilishga alohida e\u02bctibor bergan. \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dni tashkil qilishga xalifa Ma\u02bcmun 200 000 dinor sarflagani bunga yorqin dalildir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBayt al-hikma\u201dda arab, fors, ivrit, suryoniy, yunon va lotin tillaridagi kitoblar xorijiy mamlakatlardan turli yo\u02bbllar bilan olib kelingan. Bu markazga Arastu (Aristotel), Aflotun (Platon), Buqrot (Gippokrat), Batlamyus (Ptolemey), Uqliydis (Yevklid) kabi qadimgi yunon olimlari asarlarini\u00a0 Rumdan, barmakiylar esa Eron va Hindistondan fors tilidagi adabiyotlarni olib kelgan. Bu borada Ibn Nadim shunday xabar beradi: \u201cRum hokimlari bilan o\u02bbzaro maktub almashishdan foydalangan xalifa Ma\u02bcmun, Rum hokimidan u yerda saqlanadigan qadimiy ilmlarga oid asarlarni berishiga ruxsat so\u02bbrab, maktub yo\u02bbllaydi. Avvaliga e\u02bctiroz bildirgan hokim, so\u02bbngra rozilik beradi. Xalifa Ma\u02bcmun bu vazifani bajarishga Hajjoj ibn Matar, Ibn Batriq, Salam va boshqa olimlardan iborat bir guruhni tayinlaydi. Guruh a\u02bczolari u yerda nimalarni topsa va qanday adabiyotlarni munosib ko\u02bbrsa, hammasini xalifa Ma\u02bcmunga keltirdi. Xalifa Ma\u02bcmun ularni arab tiliga tarjima qilishga buyruq berdi. Aytishlaricha, Rumga safar qilganlar orasida Yuhanno ibn Mosavayh ham bo\u02bblgan\u201d [21:304].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBaytul hikma\u201dda tarjimonlar yetakchisi Hunayn ibn Is\u02bchoq to\u02bbrt tilda bemalol suhbatlashadigan yirik olim bo\u02bblgan. U Platon va Aristotel asarlari, sharhlari va yunon tabobatining uch asoschisi \u2013 Gippokrat, Galen, Dioskoridning asarlarini arab tiliga o\u02bbgirgan. Shuningdek, Yevklidning \u201cIbtido\u201d, Ptolomeyning \u201cAlmagest\u201d, Menelayning \u201cSferika\u201d asarlari ham tarjimalar orasidan o\u02bbrin olgan. Mashhur tarjimonlar orasida Aristotelning \u201cHayvonlar kitobi\u201dni arab tiliga o\u02bbgirgan ruhoniyning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Yuhanno ibn Batrik ham bor edi. \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dda boshqalarning asarlari shunchaki tarjima qilinmasdan, balki mutaxassis olimlar uni o\u02bbrganib, voqelik bilan solishtirgan, izohlagan va kerak o\u02bbrinlarda raddiya yozgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

IX-XI asrlar Sharq xalqlari fani va madaniyatidagi ulkan yuksalish, shubhasiz, ko\u02bbp jihati bilan Markaziy Osiyo olimlarining samarali ijodi tufayli sodir bo\u02bbldi. Bu davrda riyoziyot, falakiyot, tabobat, kimyo, geografiya, tilshunoslik, hadisshunoslik, adabiyot\u00a0 va hatto, musiqa sohalaridagi yangi kashfiyotlarni Markaziy Osiyo olimlari xizmatisiz tasavvur qilib bo\u02bblmaydi [18:15]. B.Abduhalimovning \u201cBaytul hikmada\u201d faoliyat yuritgan Markaziy Osiyolik o\u02bbn besh nafar alloma haqidagi xulosalari ham buni tasdiqlaydi[18:173-243].\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilganda, Horun ar-Rashid asos solgan \u201cBaytul hikma\u201dda yunon, lotin, sanskrit, xitoy, suryoniy, ibroniy va fors tilida bitilgan mashhur ilmiy kitoblarning arab tiliga tarjima qilingani ilm-fan rivojidagi davomiylikni ta\u02bcminladi. Aytish mumkinki, jahon ilmiy tafakkuri bir joyda arab tilida to\u02bbplandi. Bunda islom nafaqat din, balki yangi ma\u02bcnaviy yuksalish asosi bo\u02bblib xizmat qilganini ko\u02bbrish mumkin. Bu davrda bilim va ilm-fanga hurmat ustuvor bo\u02bbldi. Diniy va dunyoviy ilmlar o\u02bbzaro bog\u02bbliq holda rivojlandi. Qadimgi Yunon, Hindiston va boshqa yurtlar an\u02bcanalari va ilm manbalaridan ijodiy foydalanishga imkon yaratildi. Mazkur davrda O\u02bbrta Osiyo ham Sharqning muhim ilmiy-madaniy markazlaridan biriga aylandi.<\/span><\/p>\n

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    \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0637\u064a. \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. 1908 \u0645.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  20. \n
    \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 1914 \u0645.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  21. \n
    \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a\u201c: \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1988\u0645.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  22. \n
    \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. 1882.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  23. \n
    Lippert J. Ibn al-Qifti\u0486+s Ta\u02bcri\u0457 al-hukama\u02bc. \u2013 Leipzig, 1903.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    MUSLIM ATAYEV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzbekiston Respublikasi Jamoat xavfsizligi universiteti katta o\u02bbqituvchisi, <\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    tarix fanlari nomzodi\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tarixga nazar tashlasak, jahondagi hech bir yuksalish ilm-ma\u02bcrifatsiz amalga oshmagani ayon bo\u02bbladi. Miloddan avvalgi 380-yilda Platon (Aflotun) asos solgan falsafiy maktab dunyodagi ilk akademiya sanaladi. Ushbu muassasaga nisbatan qo\u02bbllangan \u201cakademiya\u201d atamasi afsonaviy yunon qahramoni Akadem yoki Gekadem nomi bilan bog\u02bbliq, degan tushuncha mavjud. Platon akademiyasida keng ko\u02bblamli tadqiqot va o\u02bbqitish ishlari olib borilgan. Ularning eng …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36018,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nSHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0 - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36017&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0 - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36017&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-25T05:40:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/sharqda.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"353\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36017&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=36017&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"SHARQDA DASTLABKI ILMIY MARKAZLARNING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJLANISHI\u00a0 - 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