{"id":35986,"date":"2024-06-21T09:51:34","date_gmt":"2024-06-21T04:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=35986"},"modified":"2024-06-21T09:51:34","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T04:51:34","slug":"turkistonda-qozisudyalar-tayinlanishi-tergov-qilish-va-hukm-chiqarish-tarixi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=35986&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"TURKISTONDA QOZI(SUDYA)LAR TAYINLANISHI, TERGOV QILISH VA HUKM CHIQARISH TARIXI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu davr tadqiqotlari Turkiston o\u02bblkasini nafaqat hududiy jihatdan bosib olinishi, shu bilan bir qatorga o\u02bblka aholisi ongi va shuuriga, mahalliy boshqaruvi, iqtisodiy, siyosiy, ijtimoiy, diniy, madaniy hayotga qilgan ta\u02bcsiri o\u02bbrganilgan. Bundan tashqari, Turkiston o\u02bblkasi qozixonalarida tuzilgan vasiqalar, hukmlar, xatlar, tilxatlar, iqror xati, inoyatnoma, dalolatnoma (akt), da\u02bcvolar, qozilik ishlari reestr daftarlari kabi hujjatlar asosiy manba hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrta Osiyoni mustamlakaga aylantirishda vaqtinchalik nizomlarning mavjudligi va yagona normativ hujjatning yo\u02bbqligi ma\u02bcmuriy boshqaruvda bir qator qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqargan. Ushbu holatni bartaraf etish choralari metropoliya [1] tomonidan turli o\u02bbrganishlar, xususan, taftishlar orqali amalga oshiriladi. 1882-yil o\u02bblkada taftish ishlarini olib borgan F.K.Girs o\u02bbz hisobotida: \u201cHarbiy-xalq boshqaruvi, o\u02bbz davrini yashab bo\u02bblgan va o\u02bblkaning hozirgi ehtiyojlariga javob bera olmayotganligi tufayli, mahalliy sharoitlardan kelib chiqqan holda umumiy asosdagi boshqaruvni joriy qilish lozim\u201d, deydi [3:67].<\/span><\/p>\n

Gunoh va ayb ishlarni taftish hamda tergov qilish uchun Rossiya mirovoy sudyalariga noiblar va tergovchilar tayinlanadi. Mirovoy sudyalar noiblari bo\u02bblgan uyezdlarda taftish va tergov ishlarini mazkur sudyalarning o\u02bbzlari o\u02bbtkazgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Har bir uyezdda va Toshkent shahrida bir nafar mirovoy sudya tayinlangan. Har bir viloyatda viloyat sud mahkamasi bo\u02bblgan [2:1]. Turkiston o\u02bblkasidagi musulmon fuqarolar\u00a0 \u201cQonun\u201d[1]<\/sup><\/a>da\u00a0 yozilgan gunoh ishlarni sodir qilgan vaqtlarida Rossiya qonuniga muvofiq so\u02bbroq qilinib hukm qilingan:<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ birinchi, nasroniy(xristian) diniga muxolifatchilik qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ ikkinchi, Rossiya imperiyasi ishlariga qarshilik qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ uchinchi, hukumat tartibiga qarshilik qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ to\u02bbrtinchi, podshohlik xizmatida bo\u02bblgan, xalq saylagan amalda turib shu ishlarida xiyonat qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ beshinchi, podshohlik yig\u02bbimlar, soliqlar xususida qarshilik qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ oltinchi, podshohlik mulki, xazinasi xususida xiyonat qilsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ yettinchi, fuqaro va hayvonlarda yuqumli kasalliklar paydo bo\u02bblgan vaqtda hukumat rahbarlarining epidemiyaga qarshi kurashish uchun chiqargan nizom va tartibini buzsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ sakkizinchi, avom xalqning tinchlik tartibiga qarshilik qilsa, g\u02bbarazli maqsadda qonunga xilof ish tutsa, o\u02bbg\u02bbrilarga yordam bersa, birovning ustidan yolg\u02bbon chaqimchilik qilsa, chor Rossiyasi manfaatlari bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblgan ishlar to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida yolg\u02bbon guvohlik bersa, qochgan odamni yashirsa yo tartibni buzsa,<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ to\u02bbqqizinchi, biror odam yolg\u02bbondan birovning nasabi, nomi bilan o\u02bbzini ko\u02bbrsatsa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ o\u02bbninchi,\u00a0 birovni qasddan o\u02bbldirsa, tan jarohati yetkazsa, kaltaklangan va yarador bo\u02bblgan sababidan vafot etsa, biror xotin va qizga tajovuz qilsa, qonunga qarshi holda ushlab tursa yoki qamab qo\u02bbysa;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ o\u02bbn birinchi, birovning yer va mulkini zo\u02bbrlik qilib tasarruf (olib qo\u02bbyish ma\u02bcnosida) qilsa, amal qilish uchun qo\u02bbyilgan nishonlarni chikora[2]<\/sup><\/a> deb ziyon yetkazsa yoki ishdan chiqarsa, birovning mulkini qasddan o\u02bbzlashtirib olsa, qaroqchilik, talon qilib, podshohlik mulkini o\u02bbg\u02bbirlasa jinoiy javobgarlikka \u00adtortilgan.<\/span><\/div>\n

Yuqorida bayon qilingan, o\u02bblkani boshqarish to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi Nizomning 141-moddasida ko\u02bbrsatib o\u02bbtilmagan javobgarlikka tortishga sabab bo\u02bbladigan ishlarni Turkiston o\u02bblkasidagi musulmon xalqi Rossiya imperiyasi hududida sodir etsa, bu ishlarni qozilar va biylar so\u02bbramay mustamlaka hukumati qonunlariga muvoqif tergov va hukm qiladi [2:1].<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston viloyatining musulmon xalqidan boshqa o\u02bbtroq va ko\u02bbchmanchi\u00a0 xalqlar orasida bo\u02bblgan da\u02bcvo va janjallarni va Rossiya hukumat amaldorlari qilingan da\u02bcvolarini rus ma\u02bcmuriyati qonunlariga muvofiq so\u02bbroq qilish uchun mirovoy sudyalarga va viloyat sud mahkamalariga beriladi. Qozilar, biylar, tergovchilar, mirovoy sudlar va ularning noiblari o\u02bbrtasida biror da\u02bcvoni ochish, tergov qilish kimga taalluqli ekanligi xususida qarama-qarshilik bo\u02bblsa, bu ziddiyatni viloyat sud mahkamasi hal qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Og\u02bbzaki berilgan har xil jazo xususida va yetti kun muddatdan ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblmagan hibsga olish masalasida moddiy yoki ma\u02bcnaviy berilgan zarar uchun ellik so\u02bbmdan oshmagan jarima belgilash mirovoy sudyalarning hukmi bilan amalga oshirilgan [4:2]. Ammo ushbu nizomni to\u02bbldiradigan 157-moddasida ko\u02bbrsatib o\u02bbtilgan voqealar, jazolash tartibi xususida chiqarilgan sudyalarning hukmi ustidan qayta ko\u02bbrib chiqish maqsadida arz qilish mumkin. Mirovoy sudyalarning\u00a0 yakunlanmagan hukmlari ustidan moddiy yoki ma\u02bcnaviy yetkazilgan zarar prokuror, qozilar chiqargan hukmlardan rozi bo\u02bblmaganligi xususida appelyatsiya tartibida viloyat sudiga ariza berish imkoniyati bo\u02bblgan. Mirovoy sudlarning chiqargan hukmlariga taalluqli ishlar masalasida murojaatlar, ariza va turli xat \u2014 qog\u02bbozlar pochta orqali yuborilgan. Mazkur arznoma xatlar pochtaga muhlati tugamasdan avval topshirilgan bo\u02bblsa, kerakli muassasaga yetib kelganda muddati tugagan bo\u02bblsa ham muhlati tugamagan hisoblanadi [2:3].<\/span><\/p>\n

Viloyat sud mahkamasi ko\u02bbrib chiqiladigan ishlar vaqtini tayinlab, moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy zarar keltirilganligi haqidagi xatlarga javob qaytaradi. Moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy zarar yoki qonun bo\u02bbyicha hibsga olish uchun asos bo\u02bbladigan gunoh ish va ayb qilgan shaxs sudga kelmasa, tergov to\u02bbxtatilmaydi. Prokuror moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy zarar bo\u02bblgan voqea yoki sodir qilgan shaxs jinoyat joyi, guvohlarni so\u02bbroq qilishni to\u02bbxtatadi. So\u02bbroq ishlarida kerak bo\u02bblgan guvohlarni viloyat sud mahkamasi guvohga yaqin uyezd mahkamasiga chaqirtirish huquqiga ega.<\/span><\/p>\n

Viloyat mirovoy sudyalari o\u02bbzlariga viloyat mahkamasi va mirovoy sudya tomonidan berilgan vakolatdan chiqib qabul qilgan yakuniy xulosa hukmlari ustidan qayta ko\u02bbrib chiqish maqsadida arz qilish mumkin bo\u02bblgan. Arizachi murojaatini mirovoy sudya ustidan senat degan mahkamaga beradi. Mazkur hukmlar ustidan appelatsiya qaroriga binoan mazkur da\u02bcvoni qayta ko\u02bbrib chiqish uchun mirovoy sudyaga va viloyat sud mahkamasiga qayta ko\u02bbrib chiqish haqidagi qarorni ko\u02bbrsatgan holda qaytadan tergovga ruxsat beriladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Da\u02bcvoning \u201chaqiqiyligi\u201d keltirilgan dalillarga bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblib, sudning qarori uchun reflektor[3]<\/sup><\/a> [5] guvohnomasining tasdiqlangan nusxalarini taqdim etish sharti bo\u02bblgan. Garov puli evaziga hibsdan ozod qilish amaliyoti ham bo\u02bblgan. Ammo ko\u02bbp holatlarda fuqarolar tomonidan garov pattasi topshirilgach, hibsdagi shaxsga erkinlik berilmagan. Shikoyat arizalari berilsa-da, bu muammoga javob olinmagan [4:192-193].<\/span><\/p>\n

Viloyat, shahar, tuman sudi va mansabdor shaxslarning hukmlari ustidan shikoyat qilish paytida,\u00a0\u00a0 1889-yil 12-iyuldagi qonunga binoan, fuqarolik va jinoiy tartibda ko\u02bbrib chiqilgan. Bu jarayonda ariza berish, e\u02bclon qilish, shikoyat qilish va boshqa hujjatlar topshirilgan. Dastlabki sudga da\u02bcvo qilish, taqdim etilgan da\u02bcvolarga javob berish, uchinchi shaxslarning javobgarligini aniqlash, xatti-harakatlar to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi nizolarni belgilash va shu kabi nizolarga ko\u02bbra rad etish, jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish, hisobot berish, og\u02bbzaki va yozma tushuntirish berish, tinglash talablari qo\u02bbyilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xususiy, apellatsiya va kassatsiya shikoyatlari va sharhlarini olib kelish, qonuniy kuchga kirgan qarorlarni bekor qilish to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida iltimosnoma berish, fotosuratlar, turli xil sertifikatlar, nusxalar, mukofotlar, haqiqiy hujjatlar va ijro varaqalarini olish, ular uchun eng ko\u02bbp usullarni ko\u02bbrsatib, inventarizatsiya qilish, ro\u02bbyxatga olish va qarzdorlarning mol-mulkini sotish, mol-mulk puliga oid nizolarni to\u02bbxtatish, ularning arizalarini topshirish va imzolash bo\u02bbyicha murojaat qilishlari mumkin bo\u02bblgan [4:92].<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston viloyati mahalliy aholisidan boshqa xalqlarning o\u02bbzaro oralarida yoki shu viloyat xalqi odamlari\u00a0 bilan yoki sort[4]<\/sup><\/a> va ko\u02bbchmanchi o\u02bblka xalqlari o\u02bbrtasidagi da\u02bcvo ishlarining:<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ Veksel, vasiqa yoki shartnoma bo\u02bbyicha hamda mulk va manqulot[5]<\/sup><\/a> (ijara)\u00a0 xususida bo\u02bblgan ikki ming so\u02bbmdan ortiq bo\u02bblmagan da\u02bcvolarni;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ ikki ming so\u02bbmdan ortiq bo\u02bblmagan talofat(zarar) va zayom xususidagi da\u02bcvolarni;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ talab qilingan vaqtda miqdori mutlaqo ma\u02bclum bo\u02bblmagan mudofaa ishlari xususidagi da\u02bcvolarni;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔\u00a0 haqorat da\u02bcvolarini;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ egalik huquqidan mahrum bo\u02bblgan imperiya mulkiga bir oy o\u02bbtmay qaytadan egalik qilish istagini bildirgan shaxslar da\u02bcvolarini;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ o\u02bbzgalar mol-mulkining biror qismiga bir yil o\u02bbtmasdan sheriklik xususida qilingan da\u02bcvolari;<\/span><\/div>\n
✔ o\u02bbtroq yoki ko\u02bbchmanchi aholi o\u02bbrtasi Rossiya hukumat amaldorlari chiqargan xatlar arizaga muvofiq qilingan da\u02bcvolarni mirovoy sudyalar so\u02bbroq qilgan [2:4].\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n

XIX asr oxiri \u2013 XX asr boshlarida Turkistonda bo\u02bblib o\u02bbtgan tarixiy voqealar xususan, o\u02bblkada Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan mustamlakachilik tuzumining o\u02bbrnatilishi davlat boshqaruvida muhim o\u02bbzgarishlarga sabab bo\u02bblgan va ular bosib olgan hududlar nizom asosida boshqarilgan. Jumladan, ming yillar davomida shakllangan sud-huquqi tizimi isloh qilinib, yangicha tartiblar joriy qilingan. 1886-yildan boshlab o\u02bbtroq hamda ko\u02bbchmanchi aholi uchun qo\u02bbllanadigan shar\u02bciy va urf-odatga asoslangan \u201cbiy\u201d sudlari \u201cxalq sudyalari\u201d deb atalgan. Dastlab uyezd sudlari, keyinchalik ularning o\u02bbrniga \u201cuchastka mirovoy sudlari\u201d ta\u02bcsis etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xullas, Turkiston o\u02bblkasida mahalliy boshqaruv tizimining taraqqiyot yo\u02bbli, ijtimoiy, siyosiy, huquqiy, tarixiy merosi, ularning g\u02bboyaviy yo\u02bbnalishlari, qozilik mahkamalari notarial laboratoriyasini chuqur o\u02bbrganish o\u02bbzbek davlatchilik tarixi, xususan, XIX asr oxiri \u2013 XX asr boshlari o\u02bbzbek xalqining huquqiy boshqaruvda milliy ruh aks etish manzarasini teran tasavvur etish imkonini beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
    \n
  1. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e \u2013 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440. 1983 \u2013 \u0421. 570.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Qonun. \u2013 Toshkent: FASHI. \u2013 Qo\u02bblyozma \u2116 730. \u2013 V. 1.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. \u0422\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0424.\u0422. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430). \u041c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0444\u0430, \u0411\u0430\u0448\u0413\u0423, 1999. \u2013 \u0421.67.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. O\u02bczMA. I-518-fond, 2-ro\u02bcyxat, 2-yig\u02bcma jild, 295 varaq.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflektor<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    [1]<\/sup><\/a> O\u02bblkani boshqarish to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi Nizomning \u201cQozilar, sudyalar va biylar faoliyatini tartibga solish bo\u02bbyicha\u201d bir qator qonunlar qabul qilingan. Muallif ilmiy ishida bu masalada to\u02bblaqonli ma\u02bclumot keltirilgan.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [2]<\/sup><\/a> Chikora \u2014 hech keragi, zaruriyati yo\u02bbq ma\u02bcnosini anglatadi.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [3]<\/sup><\/a> Reflektor (lot. re\ufb02 ecto \u2014 bukaman, qaytaraman). Mazkur guvohnoma qonunbuzarlik sodir etgan fuqaroga tartib-qoidalarga amal qilish majburiyati to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida ogohlantirish olgani hamda unga to\u02bbliq amal qilish mas\u02bculiyati yuklanganligi bo\u02bbyicha berilgan.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [4]<\/sup><\/a> Sartlarni o\u02bbrganishda Qozon diniy akademiyasi bitiruvchisi, keyinchalik taniqli rus sharqshunosi, etnograf va tarixchisi Nikolay Petrovich Ostroumov (1846-1930) katta rol o\u02bbynagan. Abu Muslim. Sartlar kimlar? O\u02bbrta Osiyoning yo\u02bbqolib ketgan xalqi tarixi.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.islamonline.uz\/site\/item?id=4276<\/span><\/div>\n
    [5]<\/sup><\/a> Manqulot \u2013 \u201cmanqal\u201d atamasi arab tilidan kirib kelgan \u201cmanqulot\u201d atamasidan olingan bo\u02bblib, \u201cko\u02bbchma\u201d, \u201charakatchan\u201d degan ma\u02bcnolarni anglatadi. Persidko\u2014russkiy slovar. 1983 \u2013 S. 570.<\/span><\/div>\n
    QAXRAMON KARIMOV,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    Qo\u02bbqon davlat pedagogika instituti dotsenti, PhD<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu davr tadqiqotlari Turkiston o\u02bblkasini nafaqat hududiy jihatdan bosib olinishi, shu bilan bir qatorga o\u02bblka aholisi ongi va shuuriga, mahalliy boshqaruvi, iqtisodiy, siyosiy, ijtimoiy, diniy, madaniy hayotga qilgan ta\u02bcsiri o\u02bbrganilgan. Bundan tashqari, Turkiston o\u02bblkasi qozixonalarida tuzilgan vasiqalar, hukmlar, xatlar, tilxatlar, iqror xati, inoyatnoma, dalolatnoma (akt), da\u02bcvolar, qozilik ishlari reestr daftarlari kabi hujjatlar asosiy manba hisoblanadi. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35987,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nTURKISTONDA QOZI(SUDYA)LAR TAYINLANISHI, TERGOV QILISH VA HUKM CHIQARISH TARIXI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TURKISTONDA QOZI(SUDYA)LAR TAYINLANISHI, TERGOV QILISH VA HUKM CHIQARISH TARIXI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=35986&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TURKISTONDA QOZI(SUDYA)LAR TAYINLANISHI, TERGOV QILISH VA HUKM CHIQARISH TARIXI - 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