{"id":34912,"date":"2024-04-18T12:40:06","date_gmt":"2024-04-18T07:40:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=34912"},"modified":"2024-04-18T12:40:06","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T07:40:06","slug":"ko%ca%bbchirish-amaliyotining-tub-aholi-ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy-va-madaniy-hayotiga-ta%ca%bcsiri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34912&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"KO\u02bbCHIRISH AMALIYOTINING TUB AHOLI IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIY VA MADANIY HAYOTIGA TA\u02bcSIRI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mustamlakachilik istilo etilgan mamlakat aholisiga nisbatan zo\u02bbrlik hisoblanadi. Binobarin, zo\u02bbravonlik mustamlakachilik siyosati sifatida barcha metropoliyalarga xos. Shuningdek,\u00a0 moddiy boyliklarni talon-taroj qilish, hudud zaxiralaridan foydalanish va asosiysi mustamlaka boshqaruv tizimini yaratishdan iborat edi. Bu paytda Turkistonga ko\u02bbchirib keltirilgan kazak va ruslarni joylashtirish, haydaladigan yer, yaylov va boshqa vositalar bilangina emas, balki soliq, fuqarolik imtiyozlari va siyosiy ustunliklarni namoyon qilishi zarur edi. Bularning barchasi asta-sekinlik bilan tub aholi hisobiga amalga oshirildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rus dehqonlari va kazaklarni imkon qadar ko\u02bbproq yer-mulk bilan ta\u02bcminlash uchun ko\u02bbchmanchi hayot tarziga ega aholi yashovchi mintaqalarning katta qismi musodara etildi. Shuningdek, Sirdaryo va Yettisuv oblastlari ko\u02bbchmanchi, asosan, qozoq va qirg\u02bbiz aholisini o\u02bbtroq hayotga majburlash choralari qo\u02bbllanardi. Natijada o\u02bbzlarining imkoni yanada kengayardi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston ma\u02bcmuriyatining tub aholiga nisbatan shovinistik munosabati keyinchalik soliqni muntazam oshirib borishga qaratildi.\u00a0 Bu turli-tuman yig\u02bbimlarni joriy etishdan, keyinchalik qishloq aholisidan qoramol, arava, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, kiyim-kechak, o\u02bbtovni ham zo\u02bbrlik bilan tortib olishda namoyon bo\u02bbldi. Masalan, birinchi jahon urushi yillarida G\u02bbarbiy frontdagi rus armiyasi ehtiyojlari uchun 300 ming pud go\u02bbsht, 70 ming ot, deyarli 13 ming tuya, 270 arava va 13441 o\u02bbtov olib ketilgan [9:524].<\/span><\/p>\n

Imperiya hukmron doiralari Turkistonning qishloq aholisini past narxda sotib olinadigan paxta yetishtirishga majbur qilishni ko\u02bbzladi. Xususan, 1867-1916-yillar oralig\u02bbida Rossiya sanoati qayta ishlaydigan paxtaning umumiy hajmida Turkiston hissasi 6,6 foizdan 70 foizga ortdi [8:31]. Bu yillar ichida Turkistondan metropoliyaga tashib\u00a0 ketiladigan paxta natural ifodada 639193 puddan [5:18] 20 million pudga [7:33], ya\u02bcni deyarli 30 baravar ko\u02bbpaydi. Turkistonda paxta yetishtirish uchun ajratilgan yerlarning maydoni 1870-1916-yillarda 54 ming desyatinadan deyarli 681 ming desyatinagacha oshdi [7:29].\u00a0 Shu munosabat bilan o\u02bblkada g\u02bballa yetishtirish yil sayin kamaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yettisuv oblasti Harbiy gubernatori Turkiston general-gubernatoriga\u00a0 murojaat qiladi.\u00a0 Hududdagi vaziyat murakkabligi sabab rus fuqarolarning\u00a0 farovonligi boshqalar yerlarining zo\u02bbrlik bilan bosib olinishi\u00a0 hisobiga bo\u02bblmasligi kerakligini uqtiradi. Shuningdek, \u201cqirg\u02bbizlardan sug\u02bborma yerlarni sotib olish yo\u02bbli bilan oblastda yashovchi ko\u02bbchib kelganlar ahvolini tezda yaxshilash\u201d choralarini ko\u02bbrishni iltimos qilgandi [14:111,114]. Lekin qishloq aholisini ularning yerlaridan shafqatsizlarcha siqib chiqarish tarafdori bo\u02bblgan Veleskiy imperiya hokimiyati tomonidan qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlandi. Oblast harbiy gubernatori Ionov hamda o\u02bblka general-gubernatori Grodekov egallab turgan lavozimlaridan bo\u02bbshatildi. Umuman, Turkiston qishloq xo\u02bbjaligini Rossiya sanoati ehtiyojlariga bo\u02bbysundirish qat\u02bciyat bilan amalga oshirildi. Taassufki, o\u02bblkada ichimlik sotuvchi do\u02bbkonlar ochilishi, vino-aroq zavodlari qurilishi, ichkilikbozlik illatlarining yoyilishi musulmon aholisi qahr-g\u02bbazabini qo\u02bbzg\u02bbatdi. Xo\u02bbjanddagi vino-aroq zavodlaridan biri u yerga bostirib borgan Qo\u02bbqon xonligi qo\u02bbshini tomonidan yoqib yuborilgani tasodif emas [13:5].\u00a0 Bu davr o\u02bblka ijtimoiy hayotida vaziyat, birinchidan, mahalliy mehnatkashlar asosiy ko\u02bbpchiligi sanoat va qurilishda yordamchi va malakasiz mehnat bilan band edi; ikkinchidan, umuman olganda, har bir ishchining o\u02bbrtacha yillik ish haqi Rossiya imperiyasi bo\u02bbyicha o\u02bbrtacha ko\u02bbrsatkichdan 60 foiz kam edi [6:21]. Lekin shunda ham tub aholi hajman va mazmunan teng mehnat uchun Rossiyadan ko\u02bbchirib keltirilgan ishchilarga nisbatan ikki\u2013uch barobar kam haq olishardi (masalan, rus kon ishchisi bir kunlik ishi uchun o\u02bbrtacha 90 tiyin, o\u02bbzbek, tojik millatlariga mansub bo\u02bblgan kon ishchisi esa bor-yo\u02bbg\u02bbi 30-60 tiyin haq olardi)[16:19]; uchinchidan, Rossiya va chet el kapitalistlariga tegishli ko\u02bbplab zavod va fabrikalarda mahalliy ishchilarga mehnat haqi to\u02bblash oylab to\u02bbxtatib qo\u02bbyilar, rus ishchilariga nisbatan esa o\u02bblka\u00a0 ma\u02bcmuriyati bunday holga yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbymasdi [17:130]; to\u02bbrtinchidan, sanoat korxonalarida ishlab chiqarishda\u00a0 jarohatlanish hollari ko\u02bbplab sodir bo\u02bblib turardi (masalan, \u201cChimyon\u201d neft konlarida ishchilar umumiy soni 500 kishi bo\u02bblgani holda 1910-yilda 328 baxtsiz hodisa sodir bo\u02bblgandi [15:1-91]); beshinchidan, sanoat korxonalarining bor-yo\u02bbg\u02bbi 22 foizida 8-9 soat, 17 foizidan ortig\u02bbida esa 12 soatlik ish kuni joriy etilgandi. Ayni chog\u02bbda ko\u02bbpchilik xususiy aksiyadorlik korxonalari ishchilari \u201ckundalik ishlariga bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblmagan holda, hafta davomida eng yaqin boshliqlari buyrug\u02bbiga ko\u02bbra, yakshanba va bayram kunlari, kunduzgi va tungi paytda ish vaqtidan tashqari ishlashga\u201d majbur bo\u02bblgan [12:56]. Shu munosabat bilan mustamlakaning tub aholisiga aslida xayrixoh bo\u02bblmagan tadqiqotchilar V.Zaorskaya hamda K.Aleksander: \u201cIshchilar uchun chinakam kazarmalar umuman yo\u02bbq, ishchilar zavod yaqinida yoki uning o\u02bbzida, yoxud shu yerda joylashgan katta bo\u02bblmagan bostirmalarda yashashadi; uchinchi holatda ular Turkiston iqlimi yilning katta qismida qulay bo\u02bblgani uchun butunlay ochiq havoda istiqomat qiladi. Ko\u02bbpincha tub aholining shunday yashashi kuzatiladi\u201d[4:57], deb xolis yozgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkistonning Rossiya uchun daromadli mintaqa bo\u02bblganini Muvaqqat hukumatning aholini ko\u02bbchirish va mustamlakachilik masalalari bo\u02bbyicha Komissiya tuzganidan ham ko\u02bbrishimiz mumkin. Bu komissiya, asosan, Turkistonni Rossiya tarkibida saqlab qolish choralarini taklif etishi darkor edi. Lekin 1917-yil sentyabrda komissiya o\u02bbz ishini to\u02bbxtatdi [2:136-167].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuning uchun ham ushbu masalani Turkistonga sharqiy slavyan aholini ko\u02bbchirish siyosatini tadqiq etishimizning sabablarini quyidagicha deb izohlash mumkin:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 birinchidan, Turkistonning ko\u02bbp sonli tub aholisi, chuqur tarixiy ildizlarga, yuksak madaniyatga ega bo\u02bblgani imperiyaga o\u02bbz hukmronligini barqarorlashtirishga to\u02bbsqinlik qilishi aniq edi;<\/span><\/p>\n

– ikkinchidan, imperiyaning hukmron doiralariga va pravoslav ruhoniylariga Sibir, Volgabo\u02bbyi va boshqa ayrim hududlarda amalga oshirilgan siyosat, ya\u02bcni mahalliy aholini ruslashtirish ma\u02bcqul ko\u02bbringan va uni Turkistonda ham qo\u02bbllash bo\u02bbyicha reja tuzilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

– uchinchidan, o\u02bblkada ko\u02bbplab rus aholini imtiyozli sharoitlarda joylashtirish va tub aholiga nisbatan shovinistik siyosatni amalga oshirish tub aholining mustamlakachilikka qarshi kurash borasida siyosiy va ijtimoiy faolligini oshirdi. Shuning uchun yangi usul maktablari, milliy matbuot va siyosiy tashkilotlar paydo bo\u02bbldi. Mustamlakachilik yillarida Turkistonda shunday ma\u02bcmuriy va mafkuraviy sharoit yaratildiki, madaniyat, fan va ta\u02bclim sohasidagi Rossiya mutaxassislari soni ortdi. Tub aholi uchun bu sohalar rivojlanishini to\u02bbxtatish bo\u02bbyicha tarixiy moddiy va ma\u02bcnaviy boyliklar, arxeologik topilmalar mintaqadan osonlik bilan olib chiqib ketildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chorizm va mustamlaka zulmiga qarshi faqat faol kurashgina xalq ommasini yanada og\u02bbir istibdoddan xalos qilishi mumkin edi. Chunki baron A.Vrevskiy o\u02bbrniga kelgan general-gubernator S.Duxovskiy Andijon qo\u02bbzg\u02bbolonidan keyin bir necha oy o\u02bbtmasdan imperiya Harbiy vaziriga quyidagi takliflarni bayon qilgan:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Mahalliy aholining ma\u02bcnaviy-axloqiy mavqeyiga juda kuchli ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatayotgan barcha musulmon muassasalari hayotiga faol aralashish;<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Turkiston o\u02bblkasida musulmonlar diniy boshqarmasi tuzilishiga yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbymaslik;<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Barcha mahalliy musulmon maktablarini ma\u02bcmuriyat ixtiyoriga berish, umuman, barcha mahalliy musulmon o\u02bbquv yurtlari hamda diniy muassasalarini to\u02bbliq ro\u02bbyxatga olish;<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Hukumat tomonidan Turkistondagi musulmonlarga yahudiylarga nisbatan yuritilgan siyosatni tatbiq qilish.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Shu sababli o\u02bblkadagi barcha musulmon maktablariga nisbatan yahudiylarning xederlari to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi 1893-yil 1-mart qonunini tatbiq etish.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Mazkur qonunga asosan musulmon maktablari domlalari har yili alohida guvohnoma olishi va buning uchun maktab, qorixona, daloyilxona domlasi \u2013 3 rubl 50 tiyin, madrasa domlalari 7 rubldan to\u02bblashi kerak edi.\u00a0 General-gubernator, shuningdek, siyosiy jihatdan zararli deb topilgan mahalliy musulmon maktablarini yopish huquqi berilishini ham so\u02bbragan [11:2-3]. Chunki bunday maktablar, ayniqsa, madrasalar o\u02bblkada juda ko\u02bbp edi. Mustamlaka ma\u02bcmuriyati rus-tuzem maktablar tarmog\u02bbini kengaytirish, o\u02bbquvchilar kontingentini tub aholi jumlasidan ko\u02bbpaytirish maqsadida butun aholidan mablag\u02bb yig\u02bbishni amalga kiritdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    O\u02bbsha mahalda rus-tuzem maktablarini moddiy va o\u02bbquv-metodik jihatdan ta\u02bcminlash maqsadida milliy zodagonlar maktablarga nozir vasiy etib tayinlandi. Shuning bilan birga (bu ham madrasalar, an\u02bcanaviy, keyinchalik esa yangi usul maktablari rolini pasaytirishga xizmat qilmog\u02bbi lozim edi) bolalarni ona tilida (hujjatda \u201ctil\u201d so\u02bbzi o\u02bbrniga \u201clahja\u201d ishlatilgan [10:30-31]) o\u02bbqitishni joriy etishga, ular uchun maxsus darslik yaratishga\u00a0\u00a0 rozi bo\u02bbldi. O\u02bbzbek tili va uni o\u02bbqitish uslubi bilimdoni Saidrasul Saidazizov ma\u02bcmuriyat topshirig\u02bbiga binoan \u201cUstodi avval\u201d darsligini yozdi. Bu darslik 1900-1922-yillarda 17-marta qayta nashr etildi [1:220].\u00a0 Turkistondagina emas, balki Buxoro va Xivada ham yangi usul maktablari ochish, ularni takomillashtirish hamda tarmog\u02bbini kengaytirish ishiga Mahmudxo\u02bbja Behbudiy, Abdulla Avloniy, Munavvarqori Abdurashidxonov, Abduvohid Burhonov, Mo\u02bbmin Aminov, Olimxonto\u02bbra va boshqa taniqli jadidlar bebaho hissa qo\u02bbshdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Turkiston oblastlari bo\u02bbyicha ma\u02bclumotlar 1917-yil boshida mavjud bo\u02bblgan yangi usul maktablari tarmog\u02bbini nisbatan to\u02bblaligicha ko\u02bbrsatadi. Chunonchi, Farg\u02bbona oblastida 55 dan ziyod (faqat Andijon va Qo\u02bbqonning o\u02bbzida 33 maktab), Samarqandda \u2013 5, Sirdaryoda \u2013 40, Yettisuvda \u2013 18, Kaspiyortida \u2013 4 ta shunday maktab bo\u02bblgan [3: 260-261].<\/span><\/p>\n

    Xullas, Turkiston ziyolilari o\u02bblkani har tomonlama ekspluatatsiya qilinishiga, umuminsoniy qadriyatlarni saqlab qolishga harakat qildi. Harbiy-siyosiy tazyiqqa zid o\u02bblaroq, shahar va qishloqlarda yangi usul maktablari ochish, madrasa va eski usul maktablarini zamonaviylashtirish yo\u02bblidan bordi. Ko\u02bbplab ilmiy-tarixiy, falsafiy, tibbiy, pedagogik asarlar, diniy va dunyoviy fanlar bo\u02bbyicha darsliklar, milliy san\u02bcat namunalarini yaratish, mahalliy xalqlar tilida gazeta va jurnallar chop etish amalda ko\u02bbrina boshladi. Bu esa xalqlarni mustamlakachilikka qarshi, ozodlik shiorlari ostida birlashtirish, nihoyat milliy demokratik hukumat \u2013 Turkiston (Qo\u02bbqon) Muxtoriyatini tuzish kabi jadid harakatining yuzaga kelishi va rivojlanishiga sabab bo\u02bbldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
      \n
    1. \n
      Bendrikov K.Ye. Ocherki po istorii narodnogo obrazovaniya v Turkestane. \u2013 S. 220.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Vopros\u044b kolonizatsii (Petrograd). 1917. \u211620. \u2013 S. 136-167.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Jurnal \u201cNauka i prosve\u0449yeniye\u201d. \u2013 T.: 1922, \u21162. \u2013 S. 31-33.; Bendrikov K.Ye. Ko\u02bbrsatilgan asar. \u2013 S. 260-261.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Zaorskaya V.V., Aleksander K.A. Prom\u044bshlenn\u044bye zavedeniya Turkestanskogo kraya. \u2013 Pgr. 115. \u2013 S. 57.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Ziyayev H. O\u02bbzbekiston paxtachiligi tarixidan. \u2013 T.: 1980. \u2013 B. 18.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Melnikova T.S. Formirovaniye prom\u044bshlenn\u044bx kadrov v Uzbekistane. \u2013 T.: 1956. \u2013 S. 21.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Sotsialno-ekonomicheskoye i politicheskoye polojeniye Uzbekistana. \u2013 S. 33.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      Sotsialno-ekonomicheskoye i politicheskoye polojeniye Uzbekistana nakanune Oktyabrya. \u2013 S. 31.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      O\u02bbzbekiston SSR tarixi. 4 tomli. II tom. \u2013 T.: 1968. \u2013 B. 524.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      O\u02bbzR MA, I-1-jamg\u02bbarma, 4-ro\u02bbyxat, 136-ish, 30-varaqning orqa tomoni va 31-varaqlar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      O\u02bbzR MA, I-1-jamg\u02bbarma, 11-ro\u02bbyxat, 161-ish, 2-3-varag\u02bblar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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      O\u02bbzR MA, I-1-jamg\u02bbarma, 15-ro\u02bbyxat, 354-ish, 56-varaq.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    13. \n
      O\u02bbzR MA, I-1-jamg\u02bbarma, 16-ro\u02bbyxat, 637-ish, 5-varaq.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    14. \n
      O\u02bbzR MA, 7-Fond, 1-ro\u02bbyxat, 5020-ish, 111, 114 varaqlar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    15. \n
      O\u02bbzR MA, I-41-jamg\u02bbarma, 1-ro\u02bbyxat, 115-ish, 1-91-varaqlar.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    16. \n
      O\u02bbzR MA. I-41-jamg\u02bbarma, 1-ro\u02bbyxat, 219-ish, 19-varaq<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
    17. \n
      O\u02bbzR MA. I-41-jamg\u02bbarma, 1-ro\u02bbyxat, 219-ish, 130-varaq.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      UMIRILLO ORTIQOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
      SamDCHTI akademik litseyi o\u02bbqituvchisi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Mustamlakachilik istilo etilgan mamlakat aholisiga nisbatan zo\u02bbrlik hisoblanadi. Binobarin, zo\u02bbravonlik mustamlakachilik siyosati sifatida barcha metropoliyalarga xos. Shuningdek,\u00a0 moddiy boyliklarni talon-taroj qilish, hudud zaxiralaridan foydalanish va asosiysi mustamlaka boshqaruv tizimini yaratishdan iborat edi. Bu paytda Turkistonga ko\u02bbchirib keltirilgan kazak va ruslarni joylashtirish, haydaladigan yer, yaylov va boshqa vositalar bilangina emas, balki soliq, fuqarolik imtiyozlari va siyosiy …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34913,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKO\u02bbCHIRISH AMALIYOTINING TUB AHOLI IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIY VA MADANIY HAYOTIGA TA\u02bcSIRI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"KO\u02bbCHIRISH AMALIYOTINING TUB AHOLI IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIY VA MADANIY HAYOTIGA TA\u02bcSIRI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34912&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KO\u02bbCHIRISH AMALIYOTINING TUB AHOLI IJTIMOIY-IQTISODIY VA MADANIY HAYOTIGA TA\u02bcSIRI - 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