{"id":34111,"date":"2024-02-27T10:35:40","date_gmt":"2024-02-27T05:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=34111"},"modified":"2024-02-27T10:36:14","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T05:36:14","slug":"amir-temur-davri-tarixiy-manbalarida-turli-o%ca%bbzliklarning-aks-etishi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34111&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"AMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amir Temur nafaqat o\u02bbzbek davlatchiligi, balki Yevroosiyo tarixida ham yorqin iz qoldirgan. Tarixiy manbalarda u barpo etgan saltanatning kuch-qudrati, ichki va tashqi siyosati, bunyodkorlik ishlari va boshqalar haqida ko\u02bbplab ma\u02bclumotlar keltirilgan.\u00a0 Manbalarning ba\u02bczilari xorijlik tarixchi va sayyohlar qalamiga mansub. Ushbu maqolada biz ulardagi ayrim ma\u02bclumotlarni o\u02bbzlikni anglash nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil qilamiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amir Temur davriga oid, e\u02bctiborga molik tarixiy asarlardan biri ispan elchisi Rui Goncales de Klavixoning sayohat kundaligidir. Unda Klavixo 1403-1406-yillardagi sayohati davomida ko\u02bbrganlari, xususan, Amir Temur saltanati to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida ma\u02bclumot beradi. Klavixoni Temur qurdirgan imoratlar, saroylar va masjidlar, bog\u02bblar hayratda qoldirgan. U kundaligida Samarqand shahri hunarmandchilik markazi ekani, u yerda Sharqning turli hududlaridan kelgan hunarmandlar yashashi haqida yozadi. Shuningdek, shahar boyligi va oziq-ovqat mo\u02bblligi bilan emas, balki shoyi mato, atlas, mo\u02bbynadan qilingan kiyimlar va shunga o\u02bbxshash son-sanoqsiz mollari bilan ajralib turishini ta\u02bckidlaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uning ma\u02bclumotlariga ko\u02bbra, shahar aholisi orasida \u201cturli xalqlar \u2013 turklar, arablar, mavrlar, arman va yunon katoliklari, nestorianlar va yakobitlar, suvga cho\u02bbmilish marosimini yuzidagi olov bilan o\u02bbtkazadiganlar, ya\u02bcni o\u02bbziga xos tushunchaga ega nasroniylar\u201d [1:110] bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Klavixoni Samarqand shahridan uncha uzoq bo\u02bblmagan maydonda (Konigil) Amir Temurning buyrug\u02bbi bilan mamlakatning turli hududlaridan kelgan kishilar tomonidan uch kunda 20 ming atrofida chodir tiklanib, o\u02bbzgacha bir ko\u02bbrinish kasb etgani, bunda har bir amaldor o\u02bbzining maqomiga qarab hukmdorning baland va mahobatli chodiri atrofida chodir tiklay boshlagani hayratga soladi [1:115]. Bu yerga nafaqat sarkardalar, balki oshpaz, qassob, novvoy, arpa va meva sotuvchilar ham ko\u02bbchib kelib, har biri alohida ko\u02bbchaga joylashganini qayd etadi. Uning yozishicha, qo\u02bbshin bilan birga ko\u02bbchma hammom va masjidlar ham olib yurilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Klavixo Amir Temur harbiy yurushlarda bo\u02bblmagan paytlarda bo\u02bbsh vaqtini ko\u02bbpincha shahar atrofidagi bog\u02bblarda o\u02bbtkazishini ta\u02bckidlaydi. Bu bog\u02bblarda Temur yoki uning ayollari, nabiralari boshchiligida ko\u02bbngilochar bazmu jamshidlar uyushtirilgan. Ispan elchisi Temurning otasi haqida yozar ekan, turkiy qavmlarga xos muhim o\u02bbzlikni qayd etadi: \u201cUning otasi ham shaharga yaqin qishloqda yashagan, bu qabilaning aslzodalari shahardan ko\u02bbra qishloqda yashashni afzal ko\u02bbrgan\u201d. Demak, Amir Temurning Samarqand va Shahrisabz shaharlari atrofida ko\u02bbplab bog\u02bblarni barpo etishda tabiatga yaqin bo\u02bblish singari turkiy o\u02bbzlik muhim omil bo\u02bblgan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Klavixo Amudaryoning o\u02bbng qirg\u02bbog\u02bbidagi yerlarni Mo\u02bbg\u02bbaliya (Mo\u02bbg\u02bbuliston), uning aholisi tilini esa mo\u02bbg\u02bbul tili deb ataydi. Movarounnahr hududini Samarqand yerlari, Temur davlatini ham Samarqand imperiyasi deb yozadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Temur haqida yozar ekan, uni garchi Keshda tug\u02bbilgan bo\u02bblsa-da, aslida bu yerlik bo\u02bblmagani, balki chig\u02bbatoy deb ataluvchi qabilalardan biriga taalluqli bo\u02bblib, tatarlarga mansub ekani haqida yozadi [1:104]. Klavixo Dashti Qipchoq yerlarini o\u02bbsha davr Yevropa an\u02bcanasiga xos tarzda Tartaliya, mo\u02bbg\u02bbul qo\u02bbshinidagi turkiy qavmlarni esa tatarlar deb ataydi. Klavixo turk deganda faqat Boyazidni va boshqa usmonli turklarni nazarda tutadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Temur davri tarixiga oid yana bir asar Ibn Arabshoh qalamiga mansub. Ibn Arabshoh asli damashqlik bo\u02bblib, Temur uni oilasi bilan Samarqandga majburan keltirgan. U 1389-yilda tug\u02bbilgan. Ibn Arabshoh Samarqandga kelgan paytida 12 yosh bo\u02bblgan va ushbu asarini keyinchalik, 1436\u00ad1437-yillarda yozgan. Uning Temurga nisbatan bosqinchi sifatida qaragani va asarda\u00a0 tanqidiy yondashganining sababi shu bo\u02bblishi mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nazarimizda Ibn Arabshoh asarida Temurning Shom, Iroq, Misr kabi musulmon o\u02bblkalariga yurishi va ular bilan shariat, mazhablar va haqiqat bo\u02bbyicha savol-javobi markaziy o\u02bbrinni egallaydi. Muallif ushbu urushlarni Chingizxon tavrotiga (yasoq) e\u02bctiqod qiluvchi Temurning chin musulmonlar ustiga yurishi sifatida qoralashga harakat qilsa-da (2.204), ushbu mamlakatlar olimlari bilan savol-javobi Temurning asl maqsadi shariatga zid emasligini ko\u02bbrsatadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Arabshohning yozishicha, Temur Shom va Iroq kabi yurtlarga borganda: \u201cNima uchun sizlar Muoviya (r.a.)ni o\u02bbzlaringga xalifa deb bilasiz? Axir u Ali (r.a.) va uning avlodlarini o\u02bbldirib, xalifalikka erishgan\u201d, degan norozilik kayfiyatini bildiradi. Masalan, Sohibqiron Halab shahri qal\u02bcasini egallaganining ikkinchi kuni shahar olimlari va qozilarini chorlab:\u00a0 \u201cBuxoro, Samarqand, Hirot va boshqa o\u02bbzim fath qilgan mamlakatlar olimlariga bergan savolimni so\u02bbrayman. \u201cBizdan halok bo\u02bblganlar shahidmi yoki sizlardan?\u201d degan ma\u02bcnodagi savolni beradi. Bu savolga shahar shayxi hadis orqali javob berishga harakat qiladi, ya\u02bcni: \u201cBir a\u02bcrobiy Payg\u02bbambarimiz (S.A.V.) oldilariga kelib, bir kishi o\u02bbz sharafi uchun jang qiladi, boshqa bir kishi shijoat ko\u02bbrsatish uchun, yana biri esa o\u02bbz qudratini ko\u02bbrsatish maqsadida shu ishga qo\u02bbl uradi. Shulardan qaysi birimiz Xudo yo\u02bblida shahidmiz? Shunda Payg\u02bbambarimiz (S.A.V.) \u201cKimki tangrining so\u02bbzi hamma narsadan oliy bo\u02bblishi uchun kurashsa, ana o\u02bbsha shahid hisoblanadi\u201d, deganlar. Temur \u201cxo\u02bbb, xo\u02bbb\u201d, ya\u02bcni ma\u02bcqul deydi. [2:208] Temur olimlar bilan yana savol-javob qiladi. Uning oxirgi savoli quyidagicha edi: \u201cAli (r.a.), Muoviya (r.a.), Yazid xususida nima deysizlar?\u201d Bundan ko\u02bbrinib turibdiki, islomdagi ilk bo\u02bblinish masalasi Amir Temur davrida hali o\u02bbz dolzarbligini yo\u02bbqotmagan edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Arabshohning yozishicha, Temur askarlari ichida butparast turklar, olovga sajda qiluvchi ma\u02bcjusiy ajamlar, kohinlaru sehrgarlar, zolimlaru munkirlar bor edi. Butparastlar o\u02bbz sanamlarini ko\u02bbtarib yurar, kohinlar esa kalomlarini saj\u02bc bilan ifoda qilgan [2:96]. Arabshoh ham o\u02bbz asarida Movarounnahrdagi turk-mo\u02bbg\u02bbullarni chig\u02bbatoy deb, dashtliklarni esa totorlar deb ataydi. Garchi yuqoridagi manbalarda mana shunday ma\u02bclumotlar qayd etilgan bo\u02bblsa-da, Amir Temur va temuriylar hech qachon o\u02bbzini chig\u02bbatoy deb atamagan. Aksincha ular o\u02bbzini turklar va turkiy qavm deb atagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amir Temur davri tarixi bo\u02bbyicha eng mukammal va haqiqatga yaqin deb ta\u02bcriflanadigan asar \u2013 bu Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiyning \u201cZafarnoma\u201dsidir. Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy Eronning Fors viloyati shimolidagi Yazd shahrida tug\u02bbilgan. U temuriylar saroyida xizmat qilgan. \u201cZafarnoma\u201d asarini Amir Temurning nabirasi Ibrohim Sulton tashabbusi bilan yozgan. Bunga asosiy sabab Amir Temur hayoti va faoliyatini to\u02bbliq yoritib beruvchi asarning mavjud emasligi edi. Aynan shu asar temuriylar o\u02bbzligini ko\u02bbproq namoyon etadi, deb aytish mumkin. xususan, Amir Temurning uch, besh va yetti yillik urushlarining sabablari keltirilgan. Asarda keltirilishicha, 1385-yilgacha, ya\u02bcni To\u02bbxtamishning Eronni bosib olish maqsadida Tabrizga bostirib kirishiga qadar Sohibqironning boshqa o\u02bblkalarga yurish qilishda aniq maqsadi bo\u02bblmagan. Asosiy urushlari o\u02bbziga yaqqol dushman hududlar, musulmonlarga zahmat yetkazib turgan\u00a0 davlatlar va hokazolarga qarshi olib borilgan. Lekin ana shu voqeadan keyin To\u02bbxtamishxondan oldin Eronni bosib olishga kirishadi.\u00a0 Iroq, Shom va Sharqiy Anatoliyani egallaydi. Chunki bu yerlarning hokimlari Temur dushmanlariga panoh berib, unga xavf solib turardi [3:107]. Sohibqiron tomonidan olib borilgan ko\u02bbp yillik yurishlarning yana bir sababi sifatida muallif Mo\u02bbg\u02bbuliston, Eron va Iroqda Buyuk ipak yo\u02bbli xavfsizligini ta\u02bcminlash bo\u02bblgani, chunki bu davrda nafaqat karvonlar, balki elchilar ham bemalol qatnay olmay qolganini keltiradi. Shuningdek, Haj safariga borish ham xavfli bo\u02bblib qolgan edi. Temur biror mamlakatni fath qilgach, u yerda obodonchilik ishlarini amalga oshirganini qayd etadi [3:204].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Yazdiyning asarida Temurning dashtliklar va jetelarga qarshi urushiga ko\u02bbp urg\u02bbu beriladi. Bunday holat Temur va temuriylarning asosiy raqibi aynan ular bo\u02bblganidan dalolatdir. Asarda XIV asrga xos boy geografik nomlar keltirilgan bo\u02bblib, Iroq va Sharqiy Anatoliyadan to hozirgi Xitoy markazigacha va fors ko\u02bbrfazidan to Kama daryosi havzasigacha bo\u02bblgan joylarning qarluqcha nomlari keltiriladi. Bu esa ushbu hududlarda XIV asrda qarluq lahjasi keng tarqalganini anglatadi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytganda, Amir Temur davri tarixiga oid manbalar o\u02bbzining mazmuni, yondashuv usuli, tuzilishi, mualliflarning qarashlari jihatidan turli xil bo\u02bblib, ularda o\u02bbsha davrga xos o\u02bbzliklar haqida ham ma\u02bclumotlar bayon qilingan. Shu bois ushbu manbalarni o\u02bbzlikni anglash nuqtayi nazaridan talqin qilish Temur davriga oid ayrim masalalarni kengroq tushunishga yordam beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    Rui Gonzales de Klavixo. Dnevnik puteshestviya v Samarkand ko dvoru Timura (1403-1406). Perevod so staroispanskogo. \u2013 M.: Nauka, 1990.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Ibn Arabshoh. Ajoib al-maqdur fi tarixi Taymur (Temur tarixida taqdir ajoyibotlari). 1\u00ad2-kitob. \u2013 T.: Mehnat, 1992.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma. \u2013 T.: Sharq, 1997.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Ismoiljon XO\u02bbJAXONOV,<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    Millatlararo munosabatlar va xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan do\u02bbstlik aloqalari qo\u02bbmitasi bosh ilmiy xodimi, <\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n
    tarix fanlari nomzodi<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Amir Temur nafaqat o\u02bbzbek davlatchiligi, balki Yevroosiyo tarixida ham yorqin iz qoldirgan. Tarixiy manbalarda u barpo etgan saltanatning kuch-qudrati, ichki va tashqi siyosati, bunyodkorlik ishlari va boshqalar haqida ko\u02bbplab ma\u02bclumotlar keltirilgan.\u00a0 Manbalarning ba\u02bczilari xorijlik tarixchi va sayyohlar qalamiga mansub. Ushbu maqolada biz ulardagi ayrim ma\u02bclumotlarni o\u02bbzlikni anglash nuqtayi nazaridan tahlil qilamiz. Amir Temur davriga oid, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34112,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nAMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"AMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34111&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34111&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-02-27T05:35:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-27T05:36:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/TEMUR2702.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34111&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=34111&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"AMIR TEMUR DAVRI TARIXIY MANBALARIDA TURLI O\u02bbZLIKLARNING AKS ETISHI - 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