{"id":33622,"date":"2024-01-16T14:22:11","date_gmt":"2024-01-16T09:22:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=33622"},"modified":"2024-01-17T14:25:12","modified_gmt":"2024-01-17T09:25:12","slug":"turkiston-hududida-sud-ishlari-va-qozixonalar-tarixi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=33622&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"TURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ma\u02bclumki, qozi lavozimi islom huquqshunosligidagi o\u02bbziga xos mansablardan biri sanalgan. Qozi so\u02bbzi arab tilidagi \u201cqazo\u201ddan olingan bo\u02bblib, lug\u02bbaviy ma\u02bcnosi \u201ckesish\u201d, \u201cajratish\u201d va \u201chukm qilish\u201d ma\u02bcnolarini anglatadi. Hanafiy ulamolarining ta\u02bcrifiga ko\u02bbra o\u02bbziga xos yo\u02bbl bilan xusumatlarni ajratish va nizolarni kesish \u201cqazo\u201d deb yuritilgan. Zamonaviy tadqiqotlarda \u201cqozilik\u201d deganda mahkama, ya\u02bcni \u201csud\u201d muassasasi tushuniladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayniqsa, islom dinining kirib kelishi jamiyat hayotining barcha sohalarining shariat qoidalari asosida tartibga solinishi O\u02bbrta Osiyo hududida ham qozilik mahkamalarining paydo bo\u02bblishiga olib keldi. Ular jamiyatda adolatni qaror toptirishning huquqiy kafolatiga aylandi. O\u02bbtgan o\u02bbn ikki asr davomida qozilar faoliyat yuritadigan maskan \u2013 \u201cqozixona\u201dlar \u201cdor-ul quzzot\u201d, ya\u02bcni adolat dargohi sifatida nom qozondi.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrta Osiyo xonliklarida, odatda, qozilar o\u02bbz faoliyatini olib borish uchun qulay deb bilgan joyni o\u02bbzi tanlagan. Ular aksariyat hollarda masjid, madrasa yoki o\u02bbz uyida ish olib borgan. Keyinchalik mahkama uchun alohida bino qurilib, maxsus qozixonalar tashkil etilgan. Buxoro amirligida qozixonalar faoliyati Amir Shohmurod (1785-1800) davrida kengaydi. Hukmdor yurtda adolatni ta\u02bcminlash maqsadida Minorai kalon yaqinidagi hovlisida fuqarolar arzini eshitish va ularni hal qilishni yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbydi [7]. Mamlakatda qozilik ishlarini amir Shohmurodning shaxsan o\u02bbzi boshqargan. Sudlov ishlarini olib borish uchun maxsus sudlov qonunlari majmuasi ishlab chiqilgan bo\u02bblib, mamlakatdagi barcha qozilar mana shu qonunlar majmuasi asosida ish olib borgan [6].<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu davrda asosiy sud idorasi qozilik mahkamalari hisoblanib, qozikalon butun mamlakatning bosh qozisi edi. Sud ishlarini ko\u02bbrib chiqish oddiy ko\u02bbrinishda bo\u02bblgan. Qoziga og\u02bbzaki yoki yozma ravishda murojaat qilish mumkin edi.\u00a0 Qozilar olib boradigan sud jarayonida gumondorni ayblash yoki aybini isbotlash uchun shariat qoidalariga rioya qiladigan rostgo\u02bby va halol kishilarning guvohligi yetarli asosga ega bo\u02bblgan. Guvohlar esa o\u02bbz navbatida kamida ikki kishi bo\u02bblishi kerak edi. Qozilar sud jarayonida aybdorning moddiy ahvoli, aybining darajasi, qilmishi uchun chin ko\u02bbngildan pushaymon bo\u02bblishi, zararni ixtiyoriy qoplashi, jabrlangan shaxsdan uzr so\u02bbrashi kabi holatlarni inobatga olgan holda jazo tayinlagan [3].\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u02bbqon xonligida ham asosiy sud organi qozi hisoblanib, ularni xonning o\u02bbzi tayinlar edi. Qozilar ham diniy, ham fuqarolik ishlarini ko\u02bbrgan. Ular hatto o\u02bblim hukmini chiqarishga ham huquqli bo\u02bblgan. Xonlikning bosh qozisi \u201cQozi ul-kuzzot\u201d (qozilar qozisi, ya\u02bcni adliya vaziri) deb nomlangan. Bundan tashqari, \u201cQozi kalon\u201d (poytaxtda va viloyat markazlaridagi qozilarning va qozixona ishlarining ustidan nazorat qilgan), \u201cQozi mutlaq\u201d (bosh qozi), \u201cQozi askar\u201d (qo\u02bbshin qozisi), \u201cQozi rais\u201d (qo\u02bbshinlarda askariya muftisi bergan fatvolarning ijro etilishi ustidan nazorat qilgan) va boshqalar faoliyat yuritgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u02bbqon xonligida qozi kalon xizmati uchun yiliga 800 botmon g\u02bballa va 1200 tanga pul olgan. Diniy va sud tizimiga aloqador lavozimlarda bo\u02bblganlar davlat tomonidan belgilangan maosh va turli xayr-ehsonlar hisobidan kun ko\u02bbrgan. Bunday daromadlarga nikohona, tarakona (taraka qilingan mulkdan), meros haqi va boshqa xil to\u02bblovlar kirardi [5].<\/span><\/p>\n

Qo\u02bbqon xonligi mahalliy boshqaruv tizimida va boshqa xonliklardagi kabi qozilar muhim rol o\u02bbynagan. Qozilar zimmasiga fuqarolar arz va shikoyati va talablari asosida shariat qonunlariga asoslangan holda sudlov ishlarini tashkil etish yuklatilgan. Qo\u02bbqon xonligida viloyat va shahar qozilari, Buxoro va Xiva xonliklaridan farqli ravishda \u2015 xon yorlig\u02bbiga binoan shahar hokimlari tomonidan tayinlangan. Ko\u02bbp hollarda qozilarni tayinlashda ularning qozilar avlodidan ekaniga ham e\u02bctibor berilgan. Mahalliy boshqaruv tizimida faoliyat yuritgan qozilar bu boshqaruv tizimining tepasida turgan hokimlar, beklar oldida javobgar edi. Qozilar hukmidan norozi fuqaro oliy hukmdor xonga va hokimga murojaat qilish huquqiga ega bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xiva xonligida ham davlatni boshqarishda islom dini mafkuraviy asos sifatida xizmat qilgan. Qonunlar shariat qoidalari asosida ishlab chiqilgan va amalga tatbiq etilgan. Shayx ul-islom \u2013 xonlikdagi eng yuqori martabali kishi edi. U diniy marosimlarning aniq bajarilishi ustidan nazorat qilgan. Musulmon huquqi va qonunlar bajarilishini shariat asosida nazorat qilgan amaldor \u201cQozi ul-quzot (qozi kalon)\u201d deb nomlangan. Qozi kalon poytaxtda o\u02bbz devoni va mahkamasiga ega bo\u02bblgan. Har bir viloyat markazida esa o\u02bbsha hudud qozisi faoliyat yuritgan. Bunday mahkamalar Dorul qazo deb atalgan. Qo\u02bbshindagi qonun-qoidalarni qozi askar (askar qozisi) nazorat qilgan va shar\u02bciy masalalarni hal qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, Xiva xonligida Mufti \u2013 qozilarning huquqshunosi edi. Ular biror ish ko\u02bbrilayotganda ishtirok etishi, hukmona tuzishi va hukmlarning to\u02bbg\u02bbriligini tasdiqlash uchun hujjatlarga muhrini bosishi lozim edi. Xivada bosh mufti yettita bo\u02bblib, barcha muftilarning xon yonida o\u02bbrni bo\u02bblgan. Lashkarda o\u02bbzining mufti lashkari xizmat qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu davrda a\u02bclam muftilarning boshlig\u02bbi hisoblangan. Uning vazifasi fatvoda keltiriladigan shariat rivoyatlarini tekshirishdan iborat bo\u02bblib, ayrim rivoyatlarning asl nusxasiga mosligini aniqlagach, unga o\u02bbz muhrini bosgan. Raislar esa shariat tartib-qoidalari, diniy marosimlar \u2013 ro\u02bbza, besh vaqt namoz, tahorat, xayri-ehson ishlarining aniq bajarilishi ustidan nazorat qilgan. Har bir shahar va katta qishloqning o\u02bbz raisi bo\u02bblib, qozi kalon taqdimiga muvofiq xon tomonidan tayinlangan [4].<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbrta Osiyo Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan bosib olingunga qadar bu yerda, yuqorida aytilganidek, an\u02bcanaviy sud tizimi ish olib bordi. Muqaddas Qur\u02bconi karim oyatlari, ulamo va din peshvolari asarlari, shuningdek, hadislarda adolatli sudlov masalalari o\u02bbz aksini topgan. Bu borada Burhoniddin Marg\u02bbinoniyning Hidoya asarini [1] misol sifatida ko\u02bbrsatish mumkin. Xususan, asarning 16-bobi oldi-sotdi ishlarini yuritish, 18-kitobi esa shartnomalar tuzishdagi kafolat berish qoidalariga bag\u02bbishlangan. Yuqorida nomlari keltirilgan manbalar Turkiston o\u02bblkasida XIX asrda amal qilgan qozilik va biylik sudlari uchun huquqiy asos bo\u02bblib xizmat qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Imperiya harbiylari Turkistonda diniy va etnik omilning murakkabligini hisobga olib, turli xalqlar istiqomat qiladigan mintaqalarni ma\u02bcmuriy-hududiy birlashtirishga qarshi bo\u02bblgan. Ayrim sharqshunos olimlar fikricha, bu davrda nafaqat bosib olingan o\u02bblkalarda, balki Rossiyaning o\u02bbzida ham islom diniga e\u02bctiqod qiluvchilarning ko\u02bbpligi imperiya uchun xavf manbai bo\u02bblgan. Shuning uchun XIX asr ikkinchi yarmida imperiya hukumatining diniy siyosati islom dini tarqalishini chegaralash va ta\u02bcsirini kamaytirishdan iborat bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Markaziy Osiyo xalqlari sud tizimini qayta tashkil etish orqali Rossiya imperiyasi aholi orasida islom dini ta\u02bcsirini susaytirishga harakat qildi. Imperiya hukmron doiralarida ham shariat sudlari va qozilar faoliyatiga munosabat bir xil bo\u02bblmagan. Turkiston viloyati harbiy gubernatori M.G.Chernyayev O\u02bbrta Osiyo hukmdorlari vakolatiga kirgan barcha huquqqa ega bo\u02bblgan, ammo shu bilan bir vaqtda shariat sudlari ishiga aralashmagan. Ammo imperiya rasmiylari Chernyayevning bunday siyosatidan noroziligini bildirib turgan va bu holat uning ishdan chetlashtirilishiga olib kelgan [2:377].<\/span><\/p>\n

Chernyayev o\u02bbrnini egallagan D.I.Romanovskiy Toshkentda mahkama joriy etish to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida buyruq bergan. Mazkur mahkama raisligiga rus amaldori tayinlangan. Mahkamaning majlislarida mahalliy aholi muammolariga oid masalalarga oydinlik kiritish maqsadida qozining ishtiroki ta\u02bcminlangan. Mahkamaning boshqa yana 3 a\u02bczosi fuqarolar tomonidan Toshkentning e\u02bctiborli kishilari orasidan tanlab olingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toshkentdagi mahkamada ko\u02bbchmanchi va o\u02bbtroq aholi uchun ikki bo\u02bblim faoliyat olib borgan. Barcha masalalar shariat asosida ko\u02bbrib chiqilardi. E\u02bctirozli holatlar yuzaga kelgan taqdirda mahkama a\u02bczolarining qaroriga ko\u02bbra ishni harbiy gubernator ixtiyoriga jo\u02bbnatish tartibi amal qilardi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tarixchilar fikricha, Toshkentdagi mahkama faoliyati tugatilishining asosiy sababi shariat peshvolari orasidagi kelishmovchilik va aholining ushbu muassasaga ishonchsiz munosabatda bo\u02bblishi bilan bog\u02bbliq edi. Xususan, dastlabki vaqtlarda mahalliy aholining rus sudlariga murojaat qilishi bo\u02bbyicha taxmini ham yo\u02bbqqa chiqdi. Mahalliy aholi avvalgidek, shariat qoidalari asosida o\u02bbz muammolarini hal qilishni ma\u02bcqul ko\u02bbrdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilganda, Turkiston hududida sud tizimi va u bilan bog\u02bbliq qozixonalar faoliyati o\u02bbziga xos tarzda kechdi. O\u02bbrta Osiyo xonliklari davrida Qur\u02bcon, hadislar, ushbu soha mutaxassislari asarlari va boshqalar sud tizimida asosiy manba hisoblangan. Qozixonalar masjid<\/a>\u00a0qoshida bo\u02bblishi kerak bo\u02bblsa-da, ko\u02bbpgina sudlov ishlari qozilarning uylarida, bozor<\/a>\u00a0kunlari esa bozorlarda ko\u02bbrilgan. O\u02bbrta Osiyo Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan bosib olingandan so\u02bbng, bu sohada ham ruslashtirish olib borildi. Bu esa, o\u02bbz navbatida, qozixonalar faoliyatiga o\u02bbzining salbiy ta\u02bcsirini ko\u02bbrsatdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shodiyor ALIMOV<\/strong>,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi <\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
bo\u02bblim boshlig\u02bbi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
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    Vasilyev D.V. russkiy Turkestan: sudba i vlast (Turkestanskiye general-gubernator\u044b v 1865-1886gg.) \/\/Aziatskaya Rossiya: lyudi i struktur\u044b imperii: sbornik nauchn\u044bx statey. K 50-letiyu so dnya rojdeniya professora A.V. Remneva \/ Pod red.N.G. Suvorovoy. -Omsk: Izd-vo OmGU, 2005.\u2013 377.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Toshev S. Buxoro amirligida amir Shohmurod islohotlari\/\/ Academic research in educational sciences. Volume I. Issue 3. 2020.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    http:\/\/xorazmiy.uz\/uz\/pages\/view\/576<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    https:\/\/kh-davron.uz\/kutubxona\/uzbek\/shodmon-vohid-qoqon-xonligidagi-unvon-va-mansablar.html<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    https:\/\/shosh.uz\/buhoro-amirligi-avvali-va-ohiri\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    https:\/\/yuz.uz\/news\/buxoroning-qadimiy-qozixonalari-qayta-tiklanmoqda<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ma\u02bclumki, qozi lavozimi islom huquqshunosligidagi o\u02bbziga xos mansablardan biri sanalgan. Qozi so\u02bbzi arab tilidagi \u201cqazo\u201ddan olingan bo\u02bblib, lug\u02bbaviy ma\u02bcnosi \u201ckesish\u201d, \u201cajratish\u201d va \u201chukm qilish\u201d ma\u02bcnolarini anglatadi. Hanafiy ulamolarining ta\u02bcrifiga ko\u02bbra o\u02bbziga xos yo\u02bbl bilan xusumatlarni ajratish va nizolarni kesish \u201cqazo\u201d deb yuritilgan. Zamonaviy tadqiqotlarda \u201cqozilik\u201d deganda mahkama, ya\u02bcni \u201csud\u201d muassasasi tushuniladi. Ayniqsa, islom dinining kirib …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":33623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[2812],"yoast_head":"\nTURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=33622&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"TURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=33622&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-01-16T09:22:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-17T09:25:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/qozixona-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=33622&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=33622&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"TURKISTON HUDUDIDA SUD ISHLARI VA QOZIXONALAR TARIXI - 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