{"id":27980,"date":"2023-04-28T08:08:13","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T03:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=27980"},"modified":"2023-04-27T19:08:57","modified_gmt":"2023-04-27T14:08:57","slug":"mazhabsizlik-va-uning-salbiy-oqibatlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27980&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"MAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hozirda ayrim shaxslar tomonidan ilgari surilayotgan mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi islom shariatini to\u02bbg\u02bbri tushunishga xavf solayotgan xatarli omillardan biridir. Mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi o\u02bbtgan minglab olimlarning qilgan mehnatlarini, qancha mashaqqat bilan umr sarflab yaratilgan noyob manbalarni bekorga chiqaradi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Asrlar davomida barcha musulmonlar amal qilib kelgan an\u02bcanalar noto\u02bbg\u02bbri, shuncha musulmon adashgan ekan, degan xulosaga olib keladi. Eng ayanchlisi, musulmonlarni birlashtirib, jamlab turgan to\u02bbg\u02bbri yo\u02bblga putur yetkazadi. Buning natijasida esa, musulmonlar orasida o\u02bbzaro parokandalik yuzaga keladi. Bunday da\u02bcvat mazhablar mohiyati va qiymatini umuman bilmaslikdan kelib chiqadi. Garchi mazhablar 4 ta bo\u02bblsa ham, ular yagona ahli sunna val-jamoaning yo\u02bbnalishlari sifatida e\u02bctibor qilinadi va musulmon ummatini jamlaydi, birlashtiradi. Zero, Payg\u02bbambar (alayhissalom) shunday marhamat qiladilar:\u00a0\u201cAlloh ummatimni biror zalolatga jamlamas\u201d<\/em>. Yana bir hadisda\u00a0\u201cMusulmonlar yaxshi deb bilgan narsa Allohning huzurida ham yaxshidir\u201d<\/em>, deyilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Payg\u02bbambar (alayhissalom) hayotlarining oxiriga kelib, turli qabila va yurt odamlari islomni qabul qila boshladilar. Yangi musulmonlar oldida yigirma yildan ortiq vaqt mobaynida nozil bo\u02bblgan oyatlarni o\u02bbrganish, shariat ahkomlarini o\u02bbz hayotlariga tatbiq qilish vazifasi turar edi. Tabiiyki, yosh sahobiylar o\u02bbzlaridan kattalardan, yangi musulmonlar esa, avvalgi musulmonlardan shar\u02bciy masalalarni o\u02bbrgana boshladilar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Birinchi hijriy asrning ikkinchi yarmi va ikkinchi hijriy asrda islom dini dunyo bo\u02bbylab, turli mintaqalarda tarqaldi. Turli arab bo\u02bblmagan xalqlar ham musulmon bo\u02bbldilar. Tabiiyki, ular o\u02bbzlariga Qur\u02bconi karim va Payg\u02bbambar (alayhissalom) sunnatlaridan shariat ahkomlarini chiqarib, tartibga solish imkoniga ega emas edilar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shunday qilib, jamiyatda asta-sekin kishilarga diniy hukmlarni o\u02bbrgatadigan, ularning savollariga javob bera oladigan, muayyan ilmlarga ega insonlarga ehtiyoj tobora ortib bordi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shu tariqa turli diyorlarda olimlar yetishib chiqa boshladilar. Imom Abu Hanifa, Imom Molik, Imom Shofeiy va Imom Ahmadlar bugungi kunda ham mavjud bo\u02bblgan to\u02bbrt fiqhiy mazhabga asos soldilar. Ular ibodatlar va boshqa barcha masalalarni Qur\u02bconi karim va hadisi sharifga ko\u02bbra ma\u02bclum qoidalarga solib chiqdilar. Manbaning boyligi va Rasululloh (alayhissalom)ning ayrim vaqtlarda bir amalni turlicha bajarganlari, bir masala bo\u02bbyicha turlicha tasarruflari haqidagi sahih rivoyatlar bu olimlarning ishlarida ham ma\u02bclum juz\u02bciy farqlarni paydo bo\u02bblishiga olib keldi. Shuningdek, turli mintaqalardagi sharoitlarning turlichaligi, shariat masalalarida tabiiy tafovutlarning yuzaga kelishiga asos bo\u02bbldi. Masalan, shofeiy mazhabida tahoratdan so\u02bbng yuz-qo\u02bblni artinmaslik afzal bo\u02bblsa, hanafiy mazhabida artish afzaldir. Bu o\u02bbrinda mazhablar tarqalgan hududlardagi iqlim sharoiti ham e\u02bctiborga olingan. Binobarin, Rasululloh (alayhis-salom)dan ikki holatni ham tasdiqlovchi rivoyatlar yetib kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuni ham alohida ta\u02bckidlash joizki, imom Shofeiy Misrga kelganlaridan so\u02bbng, Bag\u02bbdodda aytgan ba\u02bczi hukmlarini urf o\u02bbzgargani uchun o\u02bbzgartirganlar. Masalan, ikki da\u02bcvogar o\u02bbz da\u02bcvolarida hujjatlari yo\u02bbqligi sababidan kelisha olmasalar, urf qaysi birini quvvatlasa, hukm shuning foydasiga bo\u02bblishi; er bilan xotin mahrning avvaldan beriladigan va keyin beriladigan qismlariga kelisha olmasalar urfga asosan hal qilinishi; bir kishi go\u02bbsht yemayman, deb qasam ichsa-da, baliq yesa, qasamiga kafforat bermasligi, kabi hodisalar urfga asosan hal qilingan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqorida zikr etilganidek juz\u02bciy masalalarda ixtilof qilingani bilan, to\u02bbrt sunniy mazhabda islomning asosiy masalalari bo\u02bbyicha ixtiloflar yo\u02bbq. Chunki har bir mazhab asoschisi o\u02bbz so\u02bbzlarini ishonchli dalillar bilan isbotlaganlar. Mazhablar o\u02bbrtasidagi farqlar namoz ibodatida ko\u02bbproq ko\u02bbzga tashlanadi: namozda tik turganda qo\u02bblni bog\u02bblash shakli, takbirlarda qo\u02bblni ko\u02bbtarish, imomga iqtido qilganda \u201cFotiha\u201dni o\u02bbqish yoki o\u02bbqimaslik.<\/span><\/p>\n

Haj marosimi paytida Makkadagi Masjid al-Haromda har xil yurtlardan kelgan hojilar o\u02bbzlarida qabul qilingan qoidaga ko\u02bbra namoz o\u02bbqiyveradilar va bu hech qanday e\u02bctiroz yoki noqulaylikka sabab bo\u02bblmaydi. Ammo bir diyorda bir xil tartibda, bir mazhab ko\u02bbrsatmalari doirasida ibodat qilish mahalliy aholi vakillarini jipslashtirishga xizmat qilib kelgan. Uning aksi esa turli ixtiloflarga yo\u02bbl ochib bergan.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Islom dinining O\u02bbrta Osiyo xalqlari tarixida ijobiy rol o\u02bbynaganiga hech qanday shak-shubha yo\u02bbq. Ayni vaqtda O\u02bbrta Osiyoda shakllangan mintaqaviy islomning ham umummusulmon madaniyatida o\u02bbziga xos salmoqli o\u02bbrni borligi ham sir emas. Mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasining asl mazmuni esa, asrlar davomida musulmonlar amal qilib kelayotgan huquqiy maktablarni bekorga chiqarishdir. Buning natijasida jamiyatda turli ixtiloflar vujudga keladi, asrlar davomida o\u02bbz maromida kelayotgan hayot izidan chiqib ketadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olimlar nazdida har doim odamlar shariat bilimlarini bilish darajasiga ko\u02bbra xos va ommaga bo\u02bblingan. Xos kishilar ma\u02bclum bir soha bilan shug\u02bbullanib, o\u02bbz mutaxassisligini mukammal o\u02bbrgangan. Omma odamlar esa o\u02bbzlarining odatiy ishlari, kasb-hunarlari kabi ishlar bilan mashg\u02bbul bo\u02bblgan va zarurat tug\u02bbilganda kerakli mutaxassisga murojaat qilib o\u02bbz masalasi bo\u02bbyicha yechim topgan. Shar\u02bciy hukm chiqarish bilan ham xos kishilar, ya\u02bcni mujtahid faqihlar shug\u02bbullangan, omma musulmonlar esa ushbu hukmlarga amal qilgan. Demak, shariat hukmlari va ularning dalillariga nisbatan odamlar ikki guruhga bo\u02bblinadi: mujtahidlar va muqallidlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mazhab va mazhabga ergashish haqida gap ketganda, ijtihod va odamlarning unga nisbatan darajalari haqida aytib o\u02bbtish zarur, zero biror mazhabga ergashish ijtihod darajasiga yetmagan kishi uchun lozim bo\u02bbladi. Mazhablar ijtihodning mahsuli, ijtihod esa hammaning qo\u02bblidan keladigan oddiy ish emas. \u201cIjtihod\u201d bu arabcha so\u02bbz bo\u02bblib, lug\u02bbaviy ma\u02bcnosi qiyin bir ish uchun qo\u02bblidan kelganicha harakat qilish va bor imkoniyatlarni ishga solish, deganidir. Istilohda (fanda ko\u02bbzda tutilgan ma\u02bcnosi) esa, ijtihod \u201cshariatda muayyan ilmiy salohiyatga ega faqih olimning shariatning mufassal dalillaridan shar\u02bciy hukmlarni chiqarib olish, ya\u02bcni istinbot qilish jarayonidir. Ijtihod qilish ya\u02bcni huquq ijodkorligi faoliyati bilan shug\u02bbullanadigan shaxs \u2013 mujtahid deb ataladi. Mujtahid shariat hukmlarini ko\u02bbrsatuvchi (belgilab beruvchi) dalillarni va shu dalillardan qanday hukm olishni biladi. Ular o\u02bbz navbatida mutlaq mujtahid va muqayyad mujtahidga bo\u02bblinadi. Mutlaq mujtahid barcha masalalarda o\u02bbzi mustaqil ijtihod qiladi, mazhabga taqlid qilmaydi. Hozirgi kunda mutlaq mujtahidlik shartlarini o\u02bbzida jamlagan kishilar yo\u02bbq, deb hisoblanadi. Ular oldingi davrlarda bo\u02bblgan va to\u02bbrt mazhab imomlari Imom Abu Hanifa, Imom Molik, Imom Shofeiy va Imom Ahmad ibn Hanballar mutlaq mujtahid, deb e\u02bctirof etiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqorida ijtihod va mujtahidlar to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida so\u02bbz yuritdik, endi odamlarning ikkinchi guruhi \u2013 muqallidlar haqida so\u02bbz yuritamiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shariat hukmlariga dalolat qiluvchi dalillarni va shu dalillardan qanday hukm olishni umuman bilmaydigan yoki dalillarni bilsada, ulardan qanday hukm olinishini bilmaydigan kishi, ya\u02bcni ijtihod qilish salohiyatiga ega bo\u02bblmagan kishilar mujtahidlarga ergashadi va bu taqlid, qilish deyiladi. Taqlid qiluvchi esa muqallid deyiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTaqlid\u201d arabcha so\u02bbz bo\u02bblib, lug\u02bbatda \u201cbiror narsani yoki taqinchoqni boshqa kishining bo\u02bbyniga qo\u02bbyish, osish\u201d degan ma\u02bcnoni anglatadi. Istilohda esa, chiqarilgan hukmga uning dalilini bilmagan holda ergashishdir. Demak, muqallid, ya\u02bcni taqlid qiluvchi kishi hukmning dalilini umuman bilmaydi yoki dalilni bilsa-da, bu dalildan qanday hukm olishni bilmaydi. Aksariyat ulamolar taqlid qilish shariatga zid emas ekanligi va ijtihod darajasiga yetmagan kishi agar olim bo\u02bblsa ham taqlid qilishi shart ekanligini ta\u02bckidlagan holda Qur\u02bcon, ijmo\u02bb va aqliy dalillardan quyidagilarni keltirganlar:<\/span><\/p>\n

Qur\u02bconi karimdan dalil:<\/span><\/p>\n

Qur\u02bconi karimning\u00a0\u201c\u2026Agar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(bu haqda)\u00a0<\/strong>bilmaydigan bo\u02bblsangiz, ahli zikrlardan so\u02bbrangiz!\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(Nahl, 43) degan oyatiga binoan shariat hukmini hamda uning dalilini bilmaydigan kishi buni biladigan kishidan so\u02bbrab, unga ergashishi vojib bo\u02bbladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ijmo\u02bbdan dalil:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Xaldun va boshqa tarixchi olimlar aytganidek, sahobiylarning hammasi ham fatvo bermagan, din ularning har biridan o\u02bbrganilmagan. Balki fatvo beruvchi mujtahid sahobiylar soni fatvo so\u02bbraydigan muqallid sahobiylarga nisbatan juda oz bo\u02bblgan. Mujtahid sahobiylar muqallidlarini fatvo so\u02bbrashdan qaytarmaganlar va ularga o\u02bbzlari ijtihod darajasini hosil qilishga ham buyurmaganlar. Payg\u02bbambar (alayhissalom) ham faqih sahobiylarni aholisi islomdan bilimlari yo\u02bbq xalqlar huzuriga yuborganlar. U yerdagi aholi o\u02bbsha yuborilgan sahobiyning barcha fatvolariga ergashgan. Gohida Qur\u02bcon va sunnatdan dalil topa olmagan masalalarda sahobiy ijtihod qilgan va odamlar uning ijtihodiga eragashganlar. Sahobiy va tobeiylardan hech biri buni inkor qilmaganlari taqlid qilish joiz ekanligiga sukutiy ijmo\u02bb sifatida baholanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aqliy dalil:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ijtihod juda oz kishilargina hosil qilishi mumkin bo\u02bblgan malakadir. Shunday ekan, odamlarning hammasini bunga buyurish toqatdan yuqori narsaga buyurishdir, bu shar\u02bcan mumkin emas, zero\u00a0\u201cAlloh hech bir jonga toqatidan tashqari narsani taklif etmaydi\u2026\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(Baqara, 286).<\/span><\/p>\n

Musulmon kishi bu dunyoda hayot kechirar ekan, u yashash uchun kurashishi, kasb-hunar qilishi, oilasini boqishi va boshqa yashash uchun zaruriy bo\u02bblgan ishlarni qilishi kerak. Agar har bir kishi hukmlarning dalillarini bilishi kerak bo\u02bblsa, barcha ishlarni chetga surib, shar\u02bciy hukmlarning dalillarini o\u02bbrganishga kirishishi kerak bo\u02bbladi va boshqa ishlar qolib ketib, hayot tizimi buziladi hamda odamlarga qiyinchilik tug\u02bbdiradi. Bu esa islom diniga zid, zero Alloh taolo\u00a0\u201c\u2026 dinda sizlarga biror haraj\u00a0<\/strong>(qiyinchilik)\u00a0qilmadi\u2026\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0(Haj, 78). Muammoning yechimi mutaxassislar, ya\u02bcni mujtahidlar chiqargan shar\u02bciy hukmlarga, ya\u02bcni mazhablarga taqlid qilishdir. Hujjatul islom alloma Imom G\u02bbazzoliy o\u02bbzining mashhur \u201cIhyo ulum ad-din\u201d asarida shunday degan:\u00a0\u201cAvomning haqqi \u2013 imon keltirib, taslim bo\u02bblish hamda o\u02bbz ibodatlari va hayot ishlari bilan shug\u02bbullanishdir, ilmni esa olimlarga qo\u02bbyib berish kerak. Chunki Alloh va Uning dini borasida aniq ilmsiz holda gapirgan inson, xuddi tubsiz dengizga tushib qolgan suzishni bilmaydigan kishi kabi o\u02bbzi bilmagan holda kufrga tushib qoladi\u201d<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taqlid qilish tabiiy narsa, bundan boshqa yo\u02bbl yo\u02bbq. Hatto mazhabga ergashmaymiz, deb da\u02bcvo qilayotganlar ham, garchi to\u02bbrt mazhabning mujtahid imomlariga taqlid qilmasa-da, kimlargadir ergashadi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuqoridagi dalillar ijtihod va istinbot qilish, ya\u02bcni hukm olish darajasiga yetmagan kishi mujtahidga taqlid qilishi kerak ekanligiga dalolat qilar ekan, mashhur olim Abu Ishoq Ibrohim Shotibiy aytadi:\u00a0\u201cMujtahidga shar\u02bciy dalillar qanday bo\u02bblsa, mujtahidning fatvosi avomga nisbatan ham shunday o\u02bbrindadir\u201d<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asrlar davomida musulmonlar to\u02bbrt mazhab \u2013 hanafiy, molikiy, shofeiy va hanbaliy mazhablaridan biriga amal qilib kelganlar. Hech kim buni inkor qilmagan. Qancha-qancha faqih, muhaddis, mutakallim va mutasavvif olimlar ham shu mazhablarga asosan o\u02bbz faoliyatlarini olib bordilar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi o\u02bbzida millatni ortga tortish, qoloqlikka mahkum qilish xavfini mujassamlaydi, taraqqiyotdan chetga chiqib qolishga olib keladi. Chunki turli soha mutaxassislari mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasiga ergashsa, unda umrlarini o\u02bbz kasbiy mahoratlarini yuksaltirish, izlanishlar olib borishga emas, balki tubsiz diniy masalalarga o\u02bbralashib qolib, hayotlarini faqat o\u02bbzlari uchun diniy hukmlar chiqarishga sarflaydilar. Oqibatda turli sohalardagi mutaxassislar ham tez o\u02bbzgaruvchan globallashuv sharoitida o\u02bbzlarini yo\u02bbqotib qo\u02bbyadilar: yaxshi mutaxassis ham, yetuk ulamo ham bo\u02bbla olmaydilar. Natijada mutaxassislardan mosuvo bo\u02bblib borishi barobarida, millat avvalida turg\u02bbunlik, keyinchalik esa tanazzulga yuz tutadi. Aslida esa har bir mutaxassisning o\u02bbz sohasini puxta egallashi, jamiyat rivoji uchun xizmat qilishi, odamlar og\u02bbirini yengil qilishi, yurt ravnaqiga hissa qo\u02bbshishi ham ulug\u02bb ibodatdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi \u2013 kompyuter virusi kabi yurtimizning hanafiy mazhabi ta\u02bclimoti bilan bog\u02bbliq o\u02bbn ikki asrlik tarixini bir zumda o\u02bbchirib tashlab, o\u02bbrniga o\u02bbzining zararli g\u02bboyasini yuklamoqchi bo\u02bbladi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hozirgi kunda hali ham yurtdoshlarimiz orasida bilib-bilmay mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi ta\u02bcsirida yurgan kishilarning mavjud bo\u02bblishi bu g\u02bboyaning buzuq mohiyatini xalqimizga to\u02bbg\u02bbri tushuntirib berish, shu bilan birga mazhablarning asl mohiyati, ularning bebaho qiymati, xususan, xalqimiz azaldan amal qilib kelayotgan hanafiy mazhabining ahamiyatini xalqimizga, yoshlarimizga to\u02bbg\u02bbri tushuntirib borish zaruriyatini taqozo etadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Manba:\u00a0iiau.uz<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hozirda ayrim shaxslar tomonidan ilgari surilayotgan mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi islom shariatini to\u02bbg\u02bbri tushunishga xavf solayotgan xatarli omillardan biridir. Mazhabsizlik g\u02bboyasi o\u02bbtgan minglab olimlarning qilgan mehnatlarini, qancha mashaqqat bilan umr sarflab yaratilgan noyob manbalarni bekorga chiqaradi.\u00a0 Asrlar davomida barcha musulmonlar amal qilib kelgan an\u02bcanalar noto\u02bbg\u02bbri, shuncha musulmon adashgan ekan, degan xulosaga olib keladi. Eng ayanchlisi, musulmonlarni birlashtirib, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27978,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nMAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"MAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27980&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"MAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27980&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-28T03:08:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-27T14:08:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mazzhabb.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"584\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27980&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27980&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"MAZHABSIZLIK VA UNING SALBIY OQIBATLARI - 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