{"id":27911,"date":"2023-04-27T09:16:52","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T04:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=27911"},"modified":"2023-04-27T10:11:34","modified_gmt":"2023-04-27T05:11:34","slug":"ali-qushchi-ikkinchi-r%d0%b5n%d0%b5ssans-yutuqlarini-yevropaga-uzatgan-mutafakkirdavomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27911&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"ALI QUSHCHI \u2013 IKKINCHI R\u0415N\u0415SSANS YUTUQLARINI YEVROPAGA UZATGAN MUTAFAKKIR(davomi)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mavlono Alouddin usmoniylar saltanatida ham dunyoviy, ham diniy ilmlarni rivojlantiruvchi ma\u02bcrifiy markaz tashkil etishga kirishadi. Samarqandda egallagan bilimlari va tajribasiga tayangan holda shogirdlarga ilm o\u02bbrgata boshlaydi. Uning madrasasida ilmning turli sohalarini rivojlantirishga keng yo\u02bbl ochiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

U kezlari Istanbulda matematika va astronomiyani Ali Qushchidek mukammal biladigan olimlar kam edi. Shu sababli turkiyalik ilm ahli o\u02bbz davrining Batlimusi, Sharq Ptolomeyi deb nom qozongan mutafakkir atrofida jipslashib, uning ma\u02bcruzalarini mehr bilan tinglay boshlaydi. Ali Qushchi ularga matematika va astronomiya fani erishgan yutuqlar, astronomik qiymatlarni o\u02bblchash metodlari, astronomik kuzatish asboblari, matematik amallarni bajarishning Samarqand maktabiga xos usullari, o\u02bbnli kasrlar, matematik amallarda qo\u02bbllanadigan manfiy (minus) va musbat (plyus) ishoralar mohiyati va trigonometrik funksiyalarni yechishning xilma-xil turlaridan dars beradi[1]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu ulug\u02bb ustoz haqidagi shov-shuvlar Yevropaga ham yetib boradi. Yevropalik hisobdonlar tajriba olish maqsadida Istanbulga oqib kela boshlaydi. Shunday qilib, Ulug\u02bbbek akademiyasi yutuqlari Ali Qushchi orqali Yevropaga uzatila boshlaydi. Akademik I.Mo\u02bbminov: \u201cAli Qushchi [asarlari] 16-17 asrlarda Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlarida matematika fanining rivojlanishiga [jiddiy] ta\u02bcsir ko\u02bbrsatgan\u201d[2]<\/a>, deb to\u02bbg\u02bbri ta\u02bckidlagan. Germaniyalik kossistlar ham Ali Qushchidan o\u02bbnli kasrlar, musbat va manfiy sonlar hamda trigonometrik funksiyalar haqidagi ilg\u02bbor matematik g\u02bboyalarni o\u02bbrganib ketgan[3]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kossistlar keyinchalik Ali Qushchining musbat va manfiy qiymatlar haqidagi g\u02bboyasidan ilhomlanib, matematikaga plyus \u201c+\u201d va minus \u201c-\u201c belgilarini kiritadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchi juda ko\u02bbp asarlarini Samarqanddaligida yozgan. Istanbulda ham samarali ijod qilgan. Lekin eng katta xizmati \u201cZiji jadidi Ko\u02bbragoniy\u201dni, unga yozilgan ko\u02bbplab sharhlarni saqlab qolgani va jahonga yoyganidir. U Samarqand akademiyasi olimlarining matematik, astronomik merosini shogirdlari orqali Yevropaga yetkazib berdi. Turkiyada uning Miram Chalabiydek[4]<\/a>\u00a0buyuk shogirdlari yetishib chiqqan. Ali Qushchi Turkiyada tashkil qilgan maktab ilm sohasida tom ma\u02bcnoda Sharq bilan G\u02bbarbni, Osiyo bilan Yevropani tutashtiruvchi ko\u02bbprik vazifasini o\u02bbtagan. Samarqandda shakllangan astronomiya va matematika maktablari hamda Ulug\u02bbbekning ilmiy akademiyasi, bu akademiya zamirida vujudga kelgan ikkinchi Sharq renessansi ta\u02bcsirida erishilgan yutuqlarining Turkiyadan Yevropaga yoyilishida Ali Qushchi muhim rol o\u02bbynagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchining \u201cZiji jadidi Ko\u02bbragoniy\u201d sharhi boshqalaridan mukammalligi, tushunarliligi bilan farq qiladi. Bundan tashqari, uning o\u02bbzi \u201cZij\u201dni turkchaga tarjima qilgan. Bu esa yulduzlar jadvalini Yevropa tillariga tarjima qilishga asos bo\u02bblgan. XVII asrda polyak astronomi Yan Geveliy \u201cZiji jadidi Ko\u02bbragoniy\u201dni Yevropada nashrdan chiqargan[5]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ulug\u02bbbek akademiyasining matematika va astronomiya sohasida erishgan yutuqlari Turkiyada keng targ\u02bbib qilindi. Bu yutuqlar sirasiga matematikada o\u02bbnli kasrlarni joriy qilish, doiraga ichki chizilgan uchburchaklarni o\u02bblchash metodlari, trigonometrik funksiyalarni yechishning Samarqand matematiklariga xos usullari, \u03c0 sonining qiymatini aniqlash (Ali Qushchi bu qiymatni 16-raqamgacha aniqlikda hisoblab chiqqan) kiradi. Yevropa \u03c0 borasida Ali Qushchidan 250 yil keyin undan o\u02bbtib ketishga erishdi. Kyolnlik matematik Ludolf van Seylen bu sonni 32 belgigacha aniqladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchi matematika, astronomiya va tilshunoslikka oid 30dan ortiq asar yozgan. Xususan,\u201cRisola fil hisob\u201d (\u201cArifmetikaga oid risola\u201d) 1425 yili Samarqandda yozilgan bo\u02bblib, unda o\u02bbnlik va oltmishlik sanoq sistemalari, muhandislik faoliyatiga oid masalalar yoritilgan. Uning ayrim nus\u02bchalari Leyden kutubxonasida (\u21161050) va O\u02bbzbekiston Fanlar akademiyasi [Abu Rayhon Beruniy nomidagi] Sharqshunoslik institutida (\u21163356) saqlanmoqda[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchining arifmetika, algebra, geometriya, trigonometriya masalalariga oid \u201cRisola al-Muhammadiya fil hisob\u201d (\u201cMuhammadning hisobga oid risolasi\u201d), \u201cRisola fi halli ash-shakl al-hilol\u201d (\u201cYarim oy shaklidagi figuralarni o\u02bblchash\u201d), \u201cSharhi miftohil ulum Taftazoniy\u201d (\u201cTaftazoniyning \u00abFanlar kaliti\u201d asariga sharh\u201d), \u201cRisola dar ilmi hay\u02bcat\u201d (\u201cAstronomiyaga oid risola\u201d) asarlarida Samarqand olimlarining yutuqlari o\u02bbz ifodasini topgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchining\u00a0\u201cAl-Risola al-fathiya\u201d<\/em>\u00a0asari qo\u02bblyozmasidan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu asarlarning qo\u02bblyozma va toshbosma nusxalari dunyoning nufuzli fondlarida saqlanmoqda, jumladan, Istanbuldagi Ayo Sofiya kutubxonasida ham.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchi Samarqand astronomlari singari Yerning Quyosh atrofida va o\u02bbz o\u02bbqi atrofida aylanishiga qat\u02bciy amin bo\u02bblgan. Uning fikricha,\u00a0yoritqichlarning sharqdan g\u02bbarbga qarab harakatlanishi, g\u02bbarbga botishi Yer sharining g\u02bbarbdan sharqqa qarab harakatlanishi (o\u02bbz o\u02bbqi atrofida aylanishi) oqibatida ro\u02bby beradi. Bizga shu sababli go\u02bbyoki yoritqichlar sharqdan chiqib, g\u02bbarbga botayotgandek tuyuladi. Bu suzib borayotgan kemadan turib qirg\u02bboqni kuzatayotgan yo\u02bblovchi holatini eslatadi. Yo\u02bblovchiga kema emas, balki undan qarama-qarshi tomonga qirg\u02bboq harakatlanayotgandek bo\u02bblib tuyuladi[7]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ali Qushchining boy ma\u02bcnaviy merosi nafaqat Turkiya, balki Yevropa va butun dunyo olimlariga ilmiy, ma\u02bcrifiy ozuqa bo\u02bblib xizmat qildi va uning Samarqanddan olib kelgan nodir ilmiy g\u02bboyalari Yevropa renessansiga katta turtki berdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olim 1474 yili Istanbulda vafot etgan va Abu Ayyub Ansoriy masjidi hududiga dafn qilingan. Masjidga kiraverishdagi katta marmar taxtaga \u201cAli Qushchi \u2013 fan odami\u201d deb yozib qo\u02bbyilgan. Fransuz ma\u02bcrifatparvar faylasufi Fransua Mari Arue Volter (1694-1778)[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u201cMillatlarning holatlari va odatlari haqida\u201d (1753-1758) asarining 3-jildida Ulug\u02bbbek tashkil qilgan ilmiy markazni \u201ctom ma\u02bcnodagi fanlar akademiyasi\u201d[9]<\/a>\u00a0deb atagan, Mirzo Ulug\u02bbbek, Qozizoda Rumiy, G\u02bbiyosiddin Koshiy, Ali Qushchi singari olimlarni esa insoniyatni uyg\u02bbotgan buyuk donishmandlar deb ulug\u02bblagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tarixiy manbalar shundan shohidlik beradiki, Ali Qushchining avlodlari ham ilm-ma\u02bcrifatga katta e\u02bctibor bilan qaragan. Nabirasi Hofiz Ko\u02bbhakiy 1528 yili Hindistonga borib, Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur bilan uchrashgan. Toshkentda Eski jo\u02bbva yaqinida (hozirgi Paxta va Forobiy ko\u02bbchalari tutashgan joy) madrasa ochgan[10]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

So\u02bbz yakunida shuni alohida ta\u02bckidlash lozimki, Samarqand ilmiy akademiyasi g\u02bboyalaridan oziqlanib voyaga yetgan, Mirzo Ulug\u02bbbek dahosidan ilhomlangan, Qozizoda Rumiy, G\u02bbiyosiddin Jamshid Koshoniy singari allomalar ta\u02bclimini olgan buyuk vatandoshimiz \u2013 astronom, matematik, faylasuf Mavlono Alouddin Ali ibn Muhammad Qushchi Samarqandiy Markaziy Osiyoda ro\u02bby bergan ikkinchi Renessans yutuqlarini Yevropaga uzatgan, musulmon Sharqining muvaffaqiyatlari bilan endi uyg\u02bbonib kelayotgan G\u02bbarbni oziqlantirgan mutafakkir bo\u02bblgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro\u02bbyxati:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ali Qushchi.<\/em>\u00a0Astronomiyaga oid risola (I.M.Mo\u02bbminov tahriri ostida). T.: Fan, 1968.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Ahmedov A.<\/em>\u00a0Ali Qushchi.\u00a0https:\/\/www.e-tarix.uz\/shaxslar\/506-cola.html<\/a>).<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Bavrin I.I., Fribus Ye.A.<\/em>\u00a0Starinn\u044bye zadachi: Kn. dlya ucha\u0449ixsya.\u2014 M.: Prosve\u0449yeniye, 1994.(S.36)\u2014 128 s:<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Volter.<\/em>\u00a0Filosofskiye povesti. M.: Xudojestvennaya literatura, 1978.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Geveliy, Ya.<\/em>\u00a0Atlas zvyozdnogo neba = Yulduzlar osmonining atlasi\/ Red. i vstup. st. akad. AN UzSSR V.P.\u0429yeglova; Akademiya nauk Uzbekskoy SSR, Ordena Trud. Krasn. Znameni Astronom. in-t.\u2014 3-ye izd., dop.\u2014 Tashkent: Fan, 1978.\u2014 XLVII+ 66s.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Qodirov B.<\/em>\u00a0Ali Qushchi\/\/\u00a0http:\/\/oyina.uz\/kiril\/generation\/139<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  7. Qulmatov Sh., Berdimurodov A.<\/em>\u00a0Samarqand yodgorliklari. \u2013 Samarqand: IBXM, 2017. B.186.<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. Lafasov U.<\/em>\u00a0Ali Qushchi. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/41879171\/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D2%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B8_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. Matviyevskaya G. P.<\/em>\u00a0Ucheniye o chisle na srednevekovom Blijnem i Srednem Vostoke. Tashkent: Fan, 1967.<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. Matviyevskaya G. P., Rozenfeld B. A<\/em>. Matematiki i astronom\u044b musulmanskogo srednevekovya i ix trud\u044b (VIII\u2014XVII\u00a0vv.). V 3 t. M.: Nauka, 1983.<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. Mo\u02bbminov I.M.<\/em>\u00a0Ali Qushchi \/\/ O\u02bbzbek Sovet ensiklopediyasi. 1 tom. T., 1971. B.240.<\/span><\/li>\n
  12. Muhammadkarimov Abdulaziz\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Toshkent allomalari va tarixiy shaxslari<\/strong>\u00a0(ikkinchi kitob)\u00a0\u201cToshkentnoma\u201d.<\/strong>\u00a02009 yil.\u00a0https:\/\/shosh.uz\/hofiz-kohakiy\/<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  13. Samarqand tarixi. Birinchi tom. (Mas\u02bcul muharrir I.M.Mo\u02bbminov). Toshkent: Fan, 1971. B.227.<\/span><\/li>\n
  14. Ulugbek Muxammad Taragay.\u00a0<\/em>Zidji djadidi Guragoni. Nov\u044bye Guraganov\u044b astronomicheskiye tablis\u044b \/ (Vstup. statya, perevod, kommentarii i ukazateli Axmedova A.A.)- Tashkent: Fan, 1994. 456 s<\/span><\/li>\n
  15. Shamsutdinov R., Mo\u02bbminov X.<\/em>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston tarixi. (o\u02bbquv qo\u02bbllanmasi).- Andijon: ADU, 2011. B.164.<\/span><\/li>\n
  16. O\u02bbljayeva Shohistaxon.<\/em>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston tarixi.\u00a0https:\/\/m.facebook.com\/groups\/ 246149995752425\/posts\/<\/a>418463715187718\/?locale=sw_KE&_rdr<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Baxtiyor TURAYEV<\/em><\/strong>,<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    falsafa fanlari doktori (DSc), professor,<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi huzuridag<\/em>i<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n
    Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi direktori bosh maslahatchisi<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n
    [1]<\/a>\u00a0Matviyevskaya G. P.<\/em>\u00a0Ucheniye o chisle na srednevekovom Blijnem i Srednem Vostoke. Tashkent: Fan, 1967.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [2]<\/a>\u00a0Mo\u02bbminov I.M.<\/em>\u00a0Ali Qushchi \/\/ O\u02bbzbek Sovet ensiklopediyasi. 1 tom. T., 1971. B.240.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [3]<\/a>\u00a0XVI asrda nemis algebrachilar kossistlar deyishgan, chunki ular algebrani coss deb atagan. Coss italyancha cossa (noma\u02bclum buyum), [son] degan so\u02bbz bo\u02bblib, noma\u02bclum sonlarni topuvchi, algebrachi ma\u02bcnosini bildirgan.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [4]<\/a>\u00a0Mahmud ibn Muhammad ibn Qozizoda ar-Rumiy<\/em>\u2013 Miram\u00a0<\/em>Chalabi<\/em><\/a>y<\/em>\u00a0(vaf.\u00a01524<\/a>) \u2014Temuriylar saltanati matematigi, astronomi va qonunshunosi. Kelib chiqishi turk va o\u02bbzbek millatidan, ota tomonidan\u00a0Qozizoda Rumi<\/a>yning nevarasi, ona tomondan\u00a0Ali-Qushchi<\/a>ning nevarasi va shogirdi.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [5]<\/a>\u00a0Geveliy, Ya.<\/em>\u00a0Atlas zvyozdnogo neba = Yulduzlar osmonining atlasi\/ Red. i vstup. st. akad. AN UzSSR V.P.\u0429yeglova; Akademiya nauk Uzbekskoy SSR, Ordena Trud. Krasn. Znameni Astronom. in-t.\u2014 3-ye izd., dop.\u2014 Tashkent: Fan, 1978.\u2014 XLVII+ 66s.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [6]<\/a>\u00a0Samarqand tarixi. Birinchi tom. (Mas\u02bcul muharrir I.M.Mo\u02bbminov). Toshkent: Fan, 1971. B.227.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [7]<\/a>\u00a0Qarang:\u00a0Ali Qushchi.<\/em>\u00a0Astronomiyaga oid risola (I.M.Mo\u02bbminov tahriri ostida). T.: Fan, 1968.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [8]<\/a>\u00a0Sm.:\u00a0Volter.<\/em>\u00a0Filosofskiye povesti. M.: Xudojestvennaya literatura, 1978.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [9]<\/a>\u00a0Qarang:\u00a0Shamsutdinov R., Mo\u02bbminov X.<\/em>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston tarixi. (o\u02bbquv qo\u02bbllanmasi).- Andijon: ADU, 2011. B.164.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [10]<\/a>\u00a0Muhammadkarimov Abdulaziz\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Toshkent allomalari va tarixiy shaxslari<\/strong>\u00a0(ikkinchi kitob)\u00a0\u201cToshkentnoma\u201d.<\/strong>\u00a02009 yil. https:\/\/shosh.uz\/hofiz-kohakiy\/<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Mavlono Alouddin usmoniylar saltanatida ham dunyoviy, ham diniy ilmlarni rivojlantiruvchi ma\u02bcrifiy markaz tashkil etishga kirishadi. Samarqandda egallagan bilimlari va tajribasiga tayangan holda shogirdlarga ilm o\u02bbrgata boshlaydi. Uning madrasasida ilmning turli sohalarini rivojlantirishga keng yo\u02bbl ochiladi. U kezlari Istanbulda matematika va astronomiyani Ali Qushchidek mukammal biladigan olimlar kam edi. Shu sababli turkiyalik ilm ahli o\u02bbz davrining …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27905,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[650],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nALI QUSHCHI \u2013 IKKINCHI R\u0415N\u0415SSANS YUTUQLARINI YEVROPAGA UZATGAN MUTAFAKKIR(davomi) - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ALI QUSHCHI \u2013 IKKINCHI R\u0415N\u0415SSANS YUTUQLARINI YEVROPAGA UZATGAN MUTAFAKKIR\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27911&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ALI QUSHCHI \u2013 IKKINCHI R\u0415N\u0415SSANS YUTUQLARINI YEVROPAGA UZATGAN MUTAFAKKIR(davomi) - 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