{"id":27159,"date":"2023-03-15T14:39:52","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T09:39:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=27159"},"modified":"2023-03-15T14:39:52","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T09:39:52","slug":"islom-siyosat-ilmi-rivojida-ibn-muqaffa-asarlarining-roli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27159&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"ISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Islom dini, uning muqaddas manbalari go\u02bbzal boshqaruv va odilona siyosat yuritishni har tomonlama qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlaydi. Azal-azaldan davlat va jamiyatni adolat qonun-qoidalari asosida idora qilish, odil hukmdor g\u02bboyasi islom mutafakkirlari ijodida asosiy bahs mavzusi bo\u02bblib kelgan. Chunki jamiyat hayotida vujudga kelishi mumkin bo\u02bblgan aksariyat muammolar to\u02bbg\u02bbri siyosat yuritmaslik, boshqaruvda yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbyiladigan xatolar natijasi sifatida e\u02bctirof etib kelinadi. Shu nuqtai nazardan islom siyosat ilmi jamiyat tepasida turuvchi boshqaruvchilarni adolatga, halollikka, oqillikka chorlab kelgan. Musulmon olimlari ham o\u02bbzlarining bebaho, durdona asarlari orqali islom siyosat ilmi rivojiga bemisl hissa qo\u02bbshganlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shunday mutafakkirlardan biri, keyingi davr tadqiqotchilari tomonidan islom siyosat ilmining bilimdon vakillaridan biri sifatida e\u02bctirof etib kelinuvchi olim, tarjimon va islohotchi faylasuf Abu Muhammad Abdulloh ibn Muqaffadir. Ibn Muqaffaning hayot va faoliyatiga nazar tashlaydigan bo\u02bblsak, islom tarixining eng notinch, o\u02bbtish bosqichida yashaganligiga guvoh bo\u02bblamiz. Zero, u yashagan VIII asr islom davlatchiligi tarixida siyosiy voqealarga, xilma-xilliklarga boyligi bilan xarakterlanadi. Aynan shu asrning o\u02bbrtalariga kelib davlatning siyosiy hayotida turli ixtiloflar, ziddiyatlar avj oldi, jamiyat qatlamlari orasidagi ziddiyatlar kuchaydi. Buning natijasida hukmron Umaviylar sulolasining hukmronligi barham topdi. Tarix sahnasiga yangi sulola, Payg\u02bbambar Muhammad alayhissalom avlodlari \u2013 Abbosiylar chiqib keldi. Davlat va jamiyatning ijtimoiy-siyosiy hayotidagi bu kabi o\u02bbzgarishlar ibn Muqaffa dunyoqarashining shakllanishiga katta ta\u02bcsir qildi. Ma\u02bclumki, ibn Muqaffaning asosiy faoliyati kotiblik bo\u02bblib, dastlab umaviy hukmdorlar saroylarida, keyinchalik esa abbosiylar xonadoni vakillarining saroylarida xizmat qildi[1]<\/a>. Ibn Muqaffaning kotiblik faoliyati uning siyosat ilmini chuqur o\u02bbrganishiga, davlat hayotidagi siyosiy jarayonlarga xolisona baho berishiga yordam berdi. Shuningdek, hokimiyat almashinuvining jonli guvohi sifatida hokimiyat tanazzuliga sabab bo\u02bbluvchi holatlar, davlat taraqqiyoti uchun xizmat qiluvchi chora-tadbirlarni tahlil qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo\u02bbldi. Kotiblik faoliyatidan tashqari ibn Muqaffa fors tilidagi kitoblarni arab tiliga mahorat bilan tarjima qiluvchi o\u02bbz davrining mahoratli tarjimonlaridan biri sifatida tanildi. U o\u02bbz davrida fors tiliga tarjima qilingan Aristotelning mantiq va siyosat ilmiga doir asarlarini, hindlarning mashhur donishmandlik durdonasi \u201cKalila va Dimna\u201d dostonini, forslarning davlatchilik tarixidan hikoya qiluvchi \u201cXudoynoma\u201d, \u201cKitob at-toj\u201d kabi asarlarni arab tiliga tarjima qildi. O\u02bbz navbatida bu asarlarning arab tiliga tarjima qilinishi islom siyosat ilmining boshqa xalqlar siyosiy bilimlari, davlatchilik asoslari, boshqaruv san\u02bcatiga doir yutuqlari bilan boyishiga xizmat qildi. Jumladan, davlatni devonlar orqali boshqarish tizimi fors davlatchiligi tajribasi asosida islom davlatchiligiga joriy qilingan bo\u02bblib, keyinchalik davlatni devonlar orqali idora etish islom davlatchiligining ajralmas xususiyatlaridan biriga aylandi[2]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Umuman olganda, saroy muhitiga yaqinlik, davlatni idora qiluvchilar bilan o\u02bbrnatilgan do\u02bbstona munosabatlar, tarjima san\u02bcatidagi mahorat ibn Muqaffaga siyosat san\u02bcati borasidagi durdona g\u02bboyalarga boy bo\u02bblgan \u201cal-Adab al-kabir\u201d, \u201cal-Adab as-sag\u02bbir\u201d, \u201cRisola as-sahoba\u201d kabi asarlar yozishiga yordam berdi. \u201cAl-Adab al-kabir\u201d asari birinchi navbatda sulton va voliylar, amaldor va mulozimlar amal qilishi lozim bo\u02bblgan maslahatlar majmuasidan iborat asar bo\u02bblib, uning hukmdorlar uchun o\u02bbziga xos oyna vazifasini bajaruvchi nasihatlar to\u02bbplami sifatida talqin qilish maqsadga muvofiqdir. \u201cAl-Adab al-kabir\u201d asarini tahlil qiladigan bo\u02bblsak, asarni islom siyosat ilmining durdonasi sifatida talqin qilish mumkin. Mazkur asar ikki qismdan iborat bo\u02bblib, birinchi qism \u201cBoshqaruv odobi\u201d deb nomlanadi. Ushbu qismda mutafakkir davlatni idora qiluvchilar, voliylar, saroy mulozimlari va amaldorlari rioya qilishi lozim bo\u02bblgan masalalar yuzasidan o\u02bbz tavsiya va takliflarini bayon etadi. E\u02bctibor beradigan bo\u02bblsak, ibn Muqaffa ushbu asari orqali siyosat ilmining axloq ilmi bilan chambarchas aloqador ekanligini, davlatni idora qilishga talabgor inson siyosat ilmi bilan bir qatorda, axloq ilmini ham mukammal darajada bilishi lozimligini ko\u02bbrsatib berishga harakat qilganligini ko\u02bbramiz. Jumladan, mutafakkir sultonni baxillik, maddohlikdan yiroq, yolg\u02bbon, g\u02bbazab, shoshqaloqlik, adolatsizlik kabi illatlardan xoli bo\u02bblishi lozim bo\u02bblgan shaxs sifatida tasavvur qiladi. Hukmdor hokimiyatining mustahkamligiga raxna soluvchi asosiy illatlardan biri sifatida maddohlikni keltirgan mutafakkir hukmdorga ushbu nuqsonga yo\u02bbl quymaslikni maslahat beradi:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cXudo haqqi, agar sen hukmdor bo\u02bblsang hamda maqtov va laganbardorlikni sevuvchi bo\u02bblsang, xalqing esa bu haqida bilib qolsa, ularda senga nisbatan bo\u02bblgan ishonchda yoriq paydo bo\u02bbla boshlaydi, senga nisbatan turli tuhmat, ig\u02bbvo so\u02bbzlar tarqalib, odamlar sening ustingdan kula boshlaydilar. Bilginki, maqtovni xush ko\u02bbruvchi inson xuddi o\u02bbzini o\u02bbzi maqtayotgan kishi kabidir. Maqtovga uchmaydigan, uni rad etishga harakat qiladigan inson haqiqiy maqtovga loyiqdir. Shunday ekan, maqtovni rad etuvchi inson \u2014 unga haqiqiy ma\u02bcnodagi munosib inson, maqtovni xush ko\u02bbruvchi, uni qabul qiluvchi esa nuqsonli, odob-axloqida kamchiligi bor insondir\u201d[3]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Siyosat ilmi tarixidan ma\u02bclumki, aynan maddohlik, ya\u02bcni hukmdorga xos bo\u02bblmagan sifatlarni nisbat bergan holda maqtash boshqaruvchining davlatni to\u02bbg\u02bbri idora etishiga xalaqit qiluvchi illatdir. Sayyid Burhoniddin Muhaqqiq Termiziy ta\u02bcbiri bilan aytganda: \u201cporaning eng xavfli ko\u02bbrinishlaridan biri ham maddohlik\u201ddir[4]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Muqaffaning siyosat san\u02bcati borasidagi diqqatga sazovor g\u02bboyalaridan biri davlat boshqaruvida din omilining muhimligiga e\u02bctibor qaratilganligidir. Zero, din o\u02bbzining integrativlik funksiyasidan kelib chiqib, davlat birligiga, jamiyat birlashuviga xizmat quluvchi hodisadir. Din omilining siyosiy jarayonlardagi ta\u02bcsirini to\u02bbg\u02bbri anglagan olimning bu mavzudagi quyidagi fikrlari diqqatga molik:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDin arboblari, olijanob insonlarning har bir viloyat, qishloq va qabiladagi obro\u02bb-e\u02bctibori, hurmatini yaxshi bilgan holda, ularni o\u02bbzingning birodarlaring, yaqin do\u02bbst va yordamchilaringga, ishonchli insonlaringga aylantirishga harakat qilgin. Sen ularni o\u02bbzing uchun xavf-xatar deb bilma. Chunki buning natijasida odamlarda senga ma\u02bcqul tushmaydigan turli fikrlar paydo bo\u02bbladi. Cening fazilat ahlidan maslahat so\u02bbrashing xalqda boshqalar fikriga muhtoj ekanliging borasidagi turli fikrlar keltirib chiqarishidan qo\u02bbrqma\u201d[5]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Muqaffaning siyosiy fikrlari, davlatning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, siyosiy hayotini isloh qilishga qaratilgan g\u02bboyalari uning \u201cRisola as-sahoba\u201d nomli mo\u02bbjaz risolasida ham jamlangan. Ushbu risola hajman kichik bo\u02bblsada, ma\u02bcno-mazmun jihatidan nihoyatda bebaho g\u02bboyalarga boyligi bilan bugungi kunga qadar ko\u02bbplab tadqiqotlar uchun asos bo\u02bblib xizmat qilib kelmoqda. Risolada ibn Muqaffa islom jamiyati rahbari \u2013 amir ul-mo\u02bbmininga murojaat qilib, uni davlatni munosib tarzda boshqarishga, qo\u02bbshinni ham harbiy, ham axloqiy jihatdan isloh etishga, huquq tizimidagi ixtiloflarni qonunlarni kodifikatsiya qilish orqali bartaraf qilishga, soliq tizimini isloh qilishga, yerdan foydalanish tizimini tartibga solishga chaqiradi[6]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ibn Muqaffa asarlaridagi siyosiy tavsiyalarning markazida turuvchi g\u02bboyalardan biri davlat muassasalari, boshqaruv organlari uchun munosib nomzodlarni tanlay bilish zaruriyatidir. Aynan to\u02bbg\u02bbri tanlangan xizmatchi davlat taraqqiyotiga, unda barcha sohalar rivojiga xizmat qiladi. Zero, to\u02bbg\u02bbri va oqilona tarzda tanlangan bitta xizmatchi yuzaki ishonchga asoslanib tanlangan mingta xizmatchi bilan barobardir. Kimki to\u02bbg\u02bbri tanlangan mulozimlardan bo\u02bblsa, uning o\u02bbzi ham kelgusida xizmatchilarni to\u02bbg\u02bbri tanlay oladi. Natijada siyosiy hokimiyat tizimida to\u02bbg\u02bbri tanlangan xizmatchilar soni yuqori darajaga ko\u02bbtariladi. Kimki xizmatchilarni faqatgina yuzaki ishonchga yoki aniq me\u02bcyorlarga asoslanmagan holda tanlasa, uning hokimiyati asosi mustahkam bo\u02bblmaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa sifatida aytish mumkinki, ibn Muqaffa islom jamiyati ijtimoiy-siyosiy jabhalarda duch kelgan muammolarni o\u02bbz ko\u02bbzi bilan ko\u02bbrgan holda, bu borada ishonchli xulosalar chiqardi. Natijada davlat siyosatini tartibga solishda dasturulamal bo\u02bblib xizmat qiluvchi bir qancha nodir asarlar va risolalar yozdi. Bu asarlar esa keyingi davr olimlari tomonidan qizg\u02bbin bahs va munozaralar mavzusi bo\u02bblib xizmat qildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO\u02bbYXATI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Abdulloh ibn al-Muqaffa. Al-Adab as-sag\u02bbir va al-adab al-kabir. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor Bayrut, 1977. \u2013 139 b.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Abdulloh ibn al-Muqaffa. Asar ibn al-Muqaffa. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor al-kutub al-ilmiyya, 1989. \u2013 344 b.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Abu Abdulloh Muhammad Gahsiyari. Kitob al-vuzaro va al-kuttob. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor al-fikr al-hadis, 1988. \u2013 216 b.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Kristensen Artur. Eron dar zamoni Sosoniyon. Rashid Yosimiy tarjimasi. \u2013 Tehron: Sadoi maosir, 1965. \u2013 464 b.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Said Burhoniddin Muhaqqiq Termiziy. Maorif. \u2013 Tehron: Tehron universiteti, 1967. \u2013 235 b.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sarvar SAIDOV<\/strong><\/span>
    \nO\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi tayanch doktoranti,<\/span>
    \nImom Termiziy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi ilmiy xodimi<\/span><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a>\u00a0Abu Abdulloh Muhammad Gahsiyari. Kitob al-vuzaro va al-kuttob. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor al-fikr al-hadis, 1988. \u2013 B. 71.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [2]<\/a>\u00a0Kristensen Artur. Eron dar zamoni Sosoniyon. Rashid Yosimiy tarjimasi. \u2013 Tehron: Sadoi maosir, 1965. \u2013 B. 106.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [3]<\/a>\u00a0Abdulloh ibn al-Muqaffa. Al-Adab as-sag\u02bbir va al-adab al-kabir. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor Bayrut, 1977. \u2013 B. 69.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [4]<\/a>\u00a0Said Burhoniddin Muhaqqiq Termiziy. Maorif. \u2013 Tehron: Tehron universiteti, 1967. \u2013 B. 127.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [5]<\/a>\u00a0Abdulloh ibn al-Muqaffa. Al-Adab as-sag\u02bbir va al-adab al-kabir. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor Bayrut, 1977. \u2013 B. 70.<\/span><\/div>\n
    [6]<\/a>\u00a0Abdulloh ibn al-Muqaffa. Asar ibn al-Muqaffa. \u2013 Bayrut: Dor al-kutub al-ilmiyya, 1989. \u2013 344 b.<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Islom dini, uning muqaddas manbalari go\u02bbzal boshqaruv va odilona siyosat yuritishni har tomonlama qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlaydi. Azal-azaldan davlat va jamiyatni adolat qonun-qoidalari asosida idora qilish, odil hukmdor g\u02bboyasi islom mutafakkirlari ijodida asosiy bahs mavzusi bo\u02bblib kelgan. Chunki jamiyat hayotida vujudga kelishi mumkin bo\u02bblgan aksariyat muammolar to\u02bbg\u02bbri siyosat yuritmaslik, boshqaruvda yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbyiladigan xatolar natijasi sifatida e\u02bctirof etib kelinadi. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":27158,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27159&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"ISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27159&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-03-15T09:39:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/bukhari_buxoriy2023_52.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"330\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27159&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=27159&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"ISLOM SIYOSAT ILMI RIVOJIDA IBN MUQAFFA ASARLARINING ROLI - 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