{"id":26144,"date":"2023-01-09T09:55:33","date_gmt":"2023-01-09T04:55:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=26144"},"modified":"2023-01-09T09:55:33","modified_gmt":"2023-01-09T04:55:33","slug":"markaziy-osiyoda-madrasalarning-paydo-bo%ca%bblish-tarixi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=26144&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"MARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI"},"content":{"rendered":"

O\u02bbrta asrlarda arablar tomonidan Yaqin Sharq, Shimoliy va Sharqiy Afrika, Markaziy Osiyo hududlari qo\u02bblga kiritilib, o\u02bbzlari bilan bu yerlarga islom dinini olib kirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islom dinini bunday katta hududda tarqatishning birdan bir samarali yo\u02bbli bu islomni o\u02bbrgatish tizimini shakllantirish bo\u02bblgan. Shu sababli diniy ta\u02bclim muassasalari shakllana boshladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu vazifani ilk davrlardan boshlab masjidlar bajargan. O\u02bbrta asrda masjidlar insonlar to\u02bbplanadigan va o\u02bbzaro muloqot qiladigan joy hisoblangan. Shu sababli uning ijtimoiy ahamiyati katta bo\u02bblib, bu yer ibodatdan tashqari muloqot, fikr almashish, siyosiy jarayonlar markazi ham bo\u02bblgan. Diniy ta\u02bclimning asosiy o\u02bbchog\u02bbi ham masjidlar bo\u02bblgan[1].<\/span><\/p>\n

Masjidlarda namozdan oldin yoki keyin insonlar olimlardan islom dinining asosiy manbalari Qur\u02bcon va hadisni o\u02bbrganishar, diniy masalalarda tug\u02bbilgan savollarga javob olishar edi. Vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan bunday savol-javoblar ilmiy \u201chalqa\u201dlarni yuzaga keltirdi. Bunday darslar tizimli holda amalga oshirilib, olimlar \u201cmudarris\u201dlar, tinglovchilar talabalar bo\u02bbla boshlashdi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Masjidlardagi halqalar ilm o\u02bbrgatish bilan bilan bir qatorda yo\u02bbnalishlar va mazhablarga ko\u02bbra ham shakllana boshladi. Bu halqalarning ahamiyati oshib, ayrim masjidlar o\u02bbzining ilmiy halqalari bilan mashhur bo\u02bblib ketdi. Jumladan, Tunisda Zaytuna masjidi, Bag\u02bbdodda Katta masjid va al-Mansur masjidi, Shomda Umaviylar masjidi, Misrda Amr ibn Os, Tulun, al-Hakim, al-Azhar masjidlaridagi ilmiy halqalar masjidning siymosini ibodat joyidan ko\u02bbra ilmiy markaz ko\u02bbrinishiga o\u02bbtkazib qo\u02bbydi. Natijada ushbu masjidlar negizida ularning yonida alohida ta\u02bclim muassasalari shakllanib, ayrimlari bugun universitet darajasiga yetib kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yozishni va o\u02bbqishni o\u02bbrgatadigan kuttob yoki maktablar ham tashkil etilgan bo\u02bblib, ilk ta\u02bclim shu yerda berilgan. Vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan bu yerlarda yozish va o\u02bbqish bilan birga Qur\u02bcon o\u02bbqish, ilk diniy ma\u02bclumotlar va ibodat tartibi, ba\u02bczan algebra ham o\u02bbrgatilgan[2]. Bu yerda dars beradigan o\u02bbqituvchilarga kotib, faqih, muallim kabi nomlar berilgan. Kuttoblar O\u02bbrta Osiyoda maktabxona deb ham atalgan[3].<\/span><\/p>\n

Islom diniy ta\u02bclim maskanining asosiy shakli madrasalar bo\u02bblgan. Ammo uning qanday omillar ta\u02bcsirida yuzaga kelganligi haqida turlicha yondashuvlar mavjud.<\/span><\/p>\n

Madrasalar masjid faoliyatining uzviy qismi sifatida yuzaga kelganligi taxmin qilinadi. Bu qarashni Suriya, Misr va Shimoliy Afrikadagi masjidlarda ta\u02bclim ishlariga katta e\u02bctibor berilganligi va keyinchalik ushbu masjidlarning ta\u02bclim maskanlari sifatida tanilishi bilan isbotlash mumkin. Shu bilan birga Iroq, Suriya, Eron va Movarounnahrda masjidlar qurilgandan so\u02bbng ta\u02bclim faoliyati ham ko\u02bbpincha ushbu joylarda amalga oshirilgan. Ba\u02bczan masjid va madrasalarning funksiyalari aralash bo\u02bblib, ba\u02bczan masjidda dars berilsa, madrasada ibodat qilingan. Shu bilan birga bu fikrni tom ma\u02bcnoda to\u02bbg\u02bbri deb bo\u02bblmaydi. Zero, masjidlarda ta\u02bclim berilganligi, ya\u02bcni ilmiy halqalar tashkil etilganligini Madrasa bilan tenglashtirib bo\u02bblmaydi. Madrasada ta\u02bclim qabul qilingan talabalarga muayyan talablar qo\u02bbyilgan holda cheklovlar asosida amalga oshirilsa, masjidlardagi ilmiy halqalarda bunday cheklovlar bo\u02bblmagan. Shu sababli masjidlarni madrasalarning yuzaga kelishiga ta\u02bcsir qilgan deyish qiyin[4].<\/span><\/p>\n

Boshqa bir yondashuvga ko\u02bbra, madrasalar shia Dorul ilmlarining erishgan yutuqlarini o\u02bbzlashtirish natijasida yuzaga kelgan. Bu qarashni yuzaga keltiruvchi sabab madrasalar va Dorul ilmlar o\u02bbrtasidagi o\u02bbxshashlik bo\u02bblgan. Ikkalasi ham muayyan diniy e\u02bctiqod da\u02bcvati bilan shug\u02bbullanganligi, vaqf mulk sifatida yuzaga kelishi, talabalar va olimlarga maoshlar berilishi, ularning yonida kutubxonalarning mavjud bo\u02bblishi va boshqalar madrasalarning Dorul ilm tajribasi negizida paydo bo\u02bblganligini ko\u02bbrsatadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMadrasa\u201d so\u02bbzi birinchi marta X asrda Movarounnahrda ishlatilgan. Bu so\u02bbz umuman dars beriladigan joy, maktab degan ma\u02bcnoni bildiradi. Faqat XI asrdan so\u02bbng \u201cMadrasa\u201d so\u02bbzi o\u02bbrta yoki oliy ta\u02bclim maskani ma\u02bcnosida ishlatila boshlangan. Shunga ko\u02bbra, madrasalar kuttoblarning rivojlangan shakli yoki kuttoblar negizida paydo bo\u02bblgan degan fikrni ilgari surish mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fotimiylarning taxtga kelishi bilan Misr va Suriyada sunniylarning zaiflashib, shialikning kuchayishi natijasida Movarounnahrda Madrasa tizimiga e\u02bctibor kuchaygan va sunniy olimlar ko\u02bbpgina madrasalarning rivojiga hissa qo\u02bbshganini aytish mumkin. Ammo kuttoblar madrasalarning yuzaga kelishiga kuchli ta\u02bcsir qilmagan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rus sharqshunoslik maktabining asoschilaridan biri Bartoldning fikriga ko\u02bbra Madrasa tushunchasini Movarounnahr xalqlari buddaviylikdan o\u02bbzlashtirgan. Arablar 633 yili Balx shahriga kelganda bu yerda yuzdan ortiq buddaviy ta\u02bclim maskanlari (navbahor yoki nava vixara) bo\u02bblgan [5]. Buxoro va Termizdagi ta\u02bclim maskanlari islomiylashtirilgan holda shu joylarda madrasalar tashkil etilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yuzaga kelish tarixi haqida turli yondashuvlar mavjud bo\u02bblgan madrasalar Somoniylar, Qoraxoniylar va G\u02bbaznaviylar davrida davlat tomonidan qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlangan va Nishopur, Balx, kabi shaharlarda madrasalar qurishgan. Qoraxoniylar qurilgan turli madrasalarni, to\u02bbg\u02bbrirog\u02bbi bu madrasalarning vaqflarini rasman e\u02bctirof etishgan va davlat tomondan madrasalar qurilgan. Shu bilan birga ushbu davlatlarda davlatning madrasalarga oid tizimli siyosati bo\u02bblgani kabi, bu yerlarga davlat yordami ham bo\u02bblib turgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Narshaxiyning yozishicha, Buxoroda 937 yili bo\u02bblgan yong\u02bbinda \u201cForjak\u201d madrasasi yonib ketgan. Shunga ko\u02bbra Buxoroda 900 yillardayoq madrasalar paydo bo\u02bblganligini va faoliyat yuritganligini aytish mumkin. Hatto, bu Madrasa islom tarixida qayd etilgan eng qadimiy Madrasa ham hisoblanadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qoraxoniylar davrida Movarounnahr o\u02bblkasida madrasalar asosan Samarqand, Buxoro, Xiva va Marv kabi qadimiy shaharlarda joylashgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbsha paytlarda Samarqandda 250 masjid va 40 Madrasa, Buxoroda esa 400 masjid va 30 Madrasa bo\u02bblgan. Madrasalarni boshqarish, ta\u02bclim jarayoni va xo\u02bbjalik ishlariga shayxulislom va qozilar rahbarlik qilishgan[6].<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrga qadar deyarli o\u02bbzgarmay kelgan madrasalardagi ta\u02bclim jarayoni uch bo\u02bblimdan iborat bo\u02bblgan: Birinchisi \u201cadno\u201d (past) bo\u02bblim deyilsa, ikkinchisi \u201cavsat\u201d (o\u02bbrta) bo\u02bblim nomi bilan yuritilgan. Uchinchisi esa \u201ca\u02bclo\u201d (oliy) bo\u02bblimi deb atalib, ushbu uch bo\u02bblimning har birida kerakli o\u02bbquv dasturlari asosida o\u02bbqitila borilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Madrasalarda dunyoviy fanlar o\u02bbqitishni joriy qilishga urinib ko\u02bbrildi. Masalan, XV asrda Ulug\u02bbbek Samarqandda o\u02bbzi qurdirgan madrasada astronomiyadan dars berar edi[7].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa, o\u02bbrta asrlarda ta\u02bclim maskanlari shakllanib, takomillashib borgan. Bunday takomillashuv natijasida yurtimizdan buyuk mutafakkir, faylasuf, mufassir, muhaddis, mutasavvif, faqih va mutakallim olimlar yetishib chiqqan.<\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    Qarang: Pederson, Johs. \u201cMasjid\u201d. Encyclopedia of Islam (First Edition). Vol. Ill, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1986, pp. 1123- 1134.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Bartold V.V. Sochineniya. T.6. -M.: Nauka, 1966. S.111.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    O\u02bbzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. T.5. S.40.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    Kengroq ma\u02bclumot uchun qarang: Pederson, Johns. \u201cMasjid\u201d. Encyclopedia of Islam (First Edition). Vol. III, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1986, pp. 1123-1134.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    Bartold V.V Rabot\u044b po istoricheskoy geografii i istorii Irana. -M.: \u201cVostochnaya literatura\u201d, 2003. S.43<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    Ahmad Muhammad Mubashshir Ahmad. \u201cIslom hazorasi\u201d \u2014 T: \u201cQaqnus media\u201d, 2018. S. 91-92.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n
    Kattayev K. Samarqand madrasalari va ilmu fan rivoji. \u2013 Samarqand: \u201cZarafshon\u201d, 2016. S.67.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    Husniddin XOLMATOV,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    tayanchi doktoranti<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    O\u02bbrta asrlarda arablar tomonidan Yaqin Sharq, Shimoliy va Sharqiy Afrika, Markaziy Osiyo hududlari qo\u02bblga kiritilib, o\u02bbzlari bilan bu yerlarga islom dinini olib kirdi. Islom dinini bunday katta hududda tarqatishning birdan bir samarali yo\u02bbli bu islomni o\u02bbrgatish tizimini shakllantirish bo\u02bblgan. Shu sababli diniy ta\u02bclim muassasalari shakllana boshladi. Bu vazifani ilk davrlardan boshlab masjidlar bajargan. O\u02bbrta asrda …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26142,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nMARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"MARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=26144&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"MARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=26144&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-09T04:55:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Madrasalarr.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=26144&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=26144&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"MARKAZIY OSIYODA MADRASALARNING PAYDO BO\u02bbLISH TARIXI - 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