{"id":24923,"date":"2022-10-22T21:35:23","date_gmt":"2022-10-22T16:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=24923"},"modified":"2022-10-24T09:27:17","modified_gmt":"2022-10-24T04:27:17","slug":"kor-korona-taqlid-johillik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=24923&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"KO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bismillahir Rohmanir Rohim.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dunyodagi qadimiy va boy tillardan biri bo\u02bblgan o\u02bbzbek tili xalqimiz uchun milliy o\u02bbzligimiz va mustaqil davlatchiligimiz timsoli, bebaho ma\u02bcnaviy boylikdir. Turkiy tillarning katta oilasiga mansub bo\u02bblgan o\u02bbzbek tilining tarixi xalqimizning ko\u02bbp asrli kechmishi, orzu-intilishlari, dard-u armonlari, zafarlari va g\u02bbalabalari bilan chambarchas bog\u02bbliq.<\/span><\/p>\n

So\u02bbnggi yillarda ona tilimizni tom ma\u02bcnoda davlat tiliga aylantirish yo\u02bblida katta chora-tadbirlar ko\u02bbrildi. Jumladan, ma\u02bcnaviy hayotimizni yanada rivojlantirish, ta\u02bclim-tarbiya ishlarini zamon talablari asosida tashkil etish, madaniyat, san\u02bcat va adabiyot sohalarini takomillashtirish, kitobxonlik madaniyatini oshirish bo\u02bbyicha qabul qilingan o\u02bbnlab farmon va qarorlar o\u02bbzbek tili ravnaqiga xizmat qilmoqda.<\/span>
\nDavlat tilini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan ishlarning mantiqiy davomi sifatida mamlakatimizda yana bir muhim qadam qo\u02bbyildi. Prezidentimiz 2020-yil 20-oktyabr kuni \u201cO\u02bbzbek tilining davlat tili sifatidagi nufuzi va mavqeini tubdan oshirish chora-tadbirlari to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida\u201dgi farmonni imzoladi. Ushbu tarixiy hujjat ona tilimizning davlat va jamiyat hayotidagi ta\u02bcsiri va mavqeini yanada oshirishga keng yo\u02bbl ochmoqda.<\/span>
\nOxirgi yillarda Alisher Navoiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat o\u02bbzbek tili va adabiyoti universiteti faoliyati yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyilishi, azim poytaxtimiz markazidagi Milliy bog\u02bb hududida Adiblar xiyoboni bunyod qilinishi, hududlarda ijod maktablari tashkil etilishi va Vazirlar Mahkamasi huzurida davlat tilini rivojlantirish bo\u02bbyicha alohida tuzilma ta\u02bcsis etilgani o\u02bbzbek tilining nufuzi va mavqeini oshirishda muhim bosqich bo\u02bbldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ommalashayotgan jiddiy muammo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Afsuski, jamoat joylarida, ko\u02bbchalarda, binolar peshtoqida yozuvlar, turli lavha va reklamalar ko\u02bbpincha xorijiy tillarda, ma\u02bcnaviyatimizga yot mazmun va shakllarda aks ettirilmoqda. Bu davlat tili talablariga, milliy madaniyat va qadriyatlarimizga bepisandlikdan, umumiy savodxonlik darajasi esa tushib ketayotganidan dalolat beradi.<\/span>
\nBugungi kunda tillarning bir-biriga salbiy ta\u02bcsiri va chetdan noo\u02bbrin so\u02bbzlar kirib kelishi ko\u02bblami ortmoqda. Yurtimizda ham bu jarayon asta-sekin yuz berayotgani, turli nomlarni ifodalashda ko\u02bbr-ko\u02bbrona taqlid qilinayotgani xavotirli holatdir. Chunki ijtimoiy obektlarga nom berish \u2013 bu shunchaki shaxsiy yoki xususiy ish emas. Bu barchamizning vatanparvarlik va ma\u02bcnaviy saviyamizni yaqqol ko\u02bbrsatadigan o\u02bbziga xos mezondir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u02bcrifatparvar Abdulla Avloniy bobomiz aytganidek: \u201cHar bir millatning dunyoda borlig\u02bbin ko\u02bbrsatadurgan oyinai hayoti til va adabiyotidur. Milliy tilni yo\u02bbqotmak millatning ruhini yo\u02bbqotmakdur\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ona tili har bir millatning ruhi, davlatning timsoli. Mutafakkir Alisher Navoiy \u201cKo\u02bbngil maxzanining qulfi til va ul maxzanning kalidin so\u02bbz bil\u201d, ya\u02bcni inson qalbining xazinasi til, bu qalb xazinasining kaliti so\u02bbzdir, deganida tilning nainki muloqot, balki dillarni bog\u02bblovchi vosita ekaniga urg\u02bbu bergan.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbzbek tili boy va qadim tarixga ega bo\u02bblishiga qaramay, so\u02bbnggi paytlarda savdo do\u02bbkonlari, xizmat ko\u02bbrsatish shoxobchalari va tamaddixonalarning nomi ajnabiy tilda atalishi yoki ko\u02bbchalarda chet tillardagi tushunarsiz atamalar ko\u02bbpayishi o\u02bbz tilimizga nisbatan hurmatsizlikni keltirib chiqarmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Taassufki, tijoriy sohada mijozlarni jalb etish, mahsulotni ommabop darajaga ko\u02bbtarish yoki mo\u02bbmin-musulmonlar ongida diniylik bor degan tasavvurni uyg\u02bbotish maqsadida arab va turk tillaridagi jozibador nom, islomiy so\u02bbz va atamalardan keng foydalanish jamiyatda ko\u02bbr-ko\u02bbrona taqlidga olib kelmoqda. To\u02bbg\u02bbri, hamma jarangdor, yoqimli eshitiladigan, yodda qolarli nom qo\u02bbyishni xohlaydi. Lekin nom qo\u02bbyishda ma\u02bcno, mantiqqa ham e\u02bctibor qaratish lozim. Qolaversa, har qanday chet tildagi so\u02bbzning o\u02bbzbek tilidagi muqobili mavjud. Hatto barcha uchun tushunarli nodir iboralar ham juda ko\u02bbp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qayd etganimizdek, o\u02bbzlashma so\u02bbzlarning tez sur\u02bcatlarda kirib kelishi kuzatilmoqda.\u00a0Masalan, arab tilidagi ism va joy nomlaridan foydalanish, yangi tug\u02bbilgan chaqaloqqa mintaqa uchun noan\u02bcanaviy ism qo\u02bbyish, ovqatlanish shoxobchalariga turlicha nom berish, shuningdek, diniy mazmundagi yozuvlar aks etgan lavhalarni avtomashina kabi turli texnika vositalariga yopishtirish holatlari shular jumlasidan. Masalan, arab tilida o\u02bbzbek tili fonetikasiga to\u02bbg\u02bbri kelmaydigan jihatlar, jumladan, to\u02bbrt xil \u201cze\u201d harfi, uch xil \u201cse\u201d harfi bor. Bular talaffuzda ham, ma\u02bcnoda ham bir-biridan keskin farq qiladi. O\u02bbzbek tilida esa bitta \u201cze\u201d, bitta \u201cse\u201d harfi bor.\u00a0Xalqimizda arabcha ismlar qo\u02bbyishda mazkur jihatlarga e\u02bctibor qilinmayapti. Oqibatda odamlarni arabcha ismlari bilan chaqirishda ham, ko\u02bbzlangan ma\u02bcnoni ifodalashda ham ko\u02bbp xatolarga yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbyilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayniqsa, liboslarga turli diniy atama va shakllarni yozib olish nojoiz. Ba\u02bczilar kiyim va avtoulovlarga \u201cAlloh\u201d, \u201cMuhammad\u201d, \u201cMashaalloh\u201d, \u201cLa ilaha illalloh\u201d kabi muborak kalimalar yoki oyatlarni yozib oladi. Shunday yozuv va iboralar bor liboslarni kiyish mumkin emas, ya\u02bcni dinning\u00a0ehtiromini buzadigan narsalar yozilgan kiyim kiyish joiz emas. Mazkur liboslar qachondir oyoq-osti bo\u02bblsa yoki vaqti kelib tashlab yuborilsa, ularning hurmatiga putur yetadi. Oqibatda bu ishni qilgan kishi katta gunohkor bo\u02bbladi.<\/span>
\nIslom dini manbalarida Alloh taoloning ism va sifatlari, oyati karimalar, hadislar, payg\u02bbambarlarning ismlari yozilgan narsalar bilan ayrim nojo\u02bbya joylarga kirish katta zarar ekani alohida bayon etilgan. Arab tili Qur\u02bcon tili ekani va u yuksak e\u02bczoz-u ehtiromga munosibligini barchamiz e\u02bctirof etamiz. Ushbu muborak til va yozuvlarni hurmatsiz qilishga hech kimning haqqi yo\u02bbq.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bundan tashqari, shunday liboslarda xo\u02bbjako\u02bbrsinlik, riyo kabi alomatlar ham uchraydi. Vaholanki, dinga e\u02bctiqod qilishning tub asosi qalb amallaridir. Alloh taolo bu haqda quyidagicha marhamat qiladi: \u201cIsh bundoq. Kim Allohning shiorlarini ulug\u02bblasa, bas, albatta, bu qalblarning taqvosidandir\u201d (Haj surasi, 32-oyat). Boshqa bir oyati karimada: \u201cShundoq ekan, o\u02bbzingizni oqlamang, U kim taqvodorligini yaxshi biladir\u201d (Najm surasi, 32-oyat).<\/span><\/p>\n

Saudiya Arabistoni yirik ulamolari hay\u02bcatining fatvosida: \u201cBu kabi ishlar Qur\u02bconi karim va Payg\u02bbambar alayhissalom sunnatida asli yo\u02bbq, bid\u02bcat ishlardan\u201d, deyilgan.<\/span>
\nAlloh taoloning go\u02bbzal ismlari hurmati vojib zikrlardan. Alloh taolo ular bilan duo qilishga chaqirgan.\u00a0\u201cAllohning go\u02bbzal ismlari bordir. Bas, Unga o\u02bbsha (ism)lar ila duo qiling va Uning ismlaridan og\u02bbadiganlari tek qo\u02bbying. Yaqinda qilgan amallariga yarasha jazolanurlar\u201d\u00a0(A\u02bcrof surasi, 180-oyat).<\/span><\/p>\n

Alloh taoloning ismlaridan og\u02bbish, asosan, ikki yo\u02bbl bilan bo\u02bbladi: birinchisi \u2013 Alloh taologa loyiq bo\u02bblmagan ismlarni qo\u02bbllash, ikkinchisi \u2013 Alloh taologa xos bo\u02bblgan ismlarni Undan boshqaga ishlatish.<\/span>
\nShu o\u02bbrinda aytish kerakki, ajnabiy tilda yozilib, ko\u02bbpincha fahsh va haqorat ma\u02bcnolarini anglatuvchi liboslardan ham saqlanish kerak. Aslida dinimiz liboslar sodda, ortiqcha naqshi nigorlardan xoli, oq rangda bo\u02bblishini targ\u02bbib qiladi. Islom tarixida Payg\u02bbambarimiz sollallohu alayhi vasallamga hadya qilingan naqshli kiyim u zotni bir oz chalg\u02bbitdi. Shunda: \u201cBuning belgilari meni chalg\u02bbitdi\u201d, deganlari rivoyat qilingan.<\/span>
\nOdat tusiga kirib borayotgan noto\u02bbg\u02bbri ishlardan yana biri \u2013 do\u02bbkon va maishiy xizmat ko\u02bbrsatish maskanlarining muqaddas so\u02bbzlar bilan nomlanishi. Ming afsuski, aksariyat nomlanishlarda faoliyati din bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblmasa-da, go\u02bbyoki taqvodorlik va halollikni ko\u02bbrsatish maqsadida Allohning ismi sifatlari va Qur\u02bconi karimdagi suralarda kelgan so\u02bbzlardan foydalanish holatlariga guvoh bo\u02bblmoqdamiz. Faraz qilaylik, savdo yoki xizmat ko\u02bbrsatish shoxobchalariga hech qachon \u201cAlloh\u201d, \u201cXudo\u201d yoki \u201cHaq\u201d degan ismlar qo\u02bbyilmaydi-ku, Alloh taoloning qolgan ismlari ham shunday aziz-u mukarramdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nomlarning oldiga bilib-bilmasdan\u00a0\u201c\u0627\u0644\u201d\u2013 \u201cal\u201d qo\u02bbshimchasini qo\u02bbshish ko\u02bbpaymoqda. Aslida arab tilida ism guruhiga kiruvchi so\u02bbzlar aniq yoki noaniq holatda bo\u02bbladi. Noaniq holatdagi ismni aniq holatga o\u02bbtkazish uchun so\u02bbzga\u00a0\u201c \u0627\u0644 \u201d\u00a0old qo\u02bbshimchasi qo\u02bbshiladi. Shuningdek, ayrim ismlarning oldiga\u00a0\u201c \u0627\u0644 \u201d\u00a0\u2013 \u201cal\u201d qo\u02bbshilishi Allohning 99 ta muborak ismidan birini anglatadi.<\/span>
\nShunday ekan, bunday muqaddas ismlarni xizmat qildirish mutlaqo joiz emas. Chunki ishchi-xodimlar tomonidan yo\u02bbl qo\u02bbyilgan nuqson va kamchilik tufayli mazkur muqaddas ismlarga nisbatan turli noloyiq holatlar yuzaga keladi. Bu kabi shiorlarning hurmati vojib ekaniga oyatdan dalil keltirdik. Bunday nomlardan tijoriy niyatlarda foydalanish aslo mumkin emas. Hatto bu borada Saudiya Arabistonida 1420 hijriy yilda tijoriy nomlar nizomi podshohlik farmoni\u00a0ham e\u02bclon qilingan.<\/span>
\nYana bir jihat. Ota-bobolarimiz din bilan bog\u02bbliq jihatlarga juda ehtiyotkor munosabatda bo\u02bblgan. Tasbehlari ko\u02bbksilaridan pastga tushmagan, joynamozlarini baland\u00a0joylarga qo\u02bbyganlar. Arab yozuvidagi matnlar bitilgan ashyolarni mehr bilan ehtiyotlab saqlaganlar. Chunki ular dinga aloqasi bor har bir narsaga alohida odob bilan muomala qilganlar. Chunki bu dinimiz talabi. Aksincha, Alloh taoloning shiorlarini oyoq osti qilish, ulardan birortasini kamsitish, behurmat qilish, mensimaslik, xor qilish mo\u02bbmin kishining diniga raxna soladi, Alloh saqlasin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ustunlik chin e\u02bctiqod va samimiylikda<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Qur\u02bconi karimda odamlarning tili va rangidagi farqlar Alloh taoloning hikmati ekani ko\u02bbp bor bayon etilgan. Dunyodagi turli-tumanlik Yaratganning irodasi bilan bog\u02bbliq. Alloh dastlab odamzodni bir ota va bir onadan yaratdi, so\u02bbngra ularni turli millat va elat hamda xalqlarga ajratdi. Bu borada Qur\u02bconi karimda bunday deyiladi:\u00a0\u201cEy, insonlar! Darhaqiqat, Biz sizlarni bir erkak\u00a0(Odam)\u00a0va bir ayol\u00a0(Havvo)dan yaratdik hamda bir-birlaringiz bilan tanishishingiz uchun sizlarni\u00a0(turli-tuman)\u00a0xalqlar va qabila\u00a0(elat)lar qilib qo\u02bbydik\u201d\u00a0(Hujurot surasi, 13-oyat).<\/span><\/p>\n

Bunday rang-baranglikda fazilat juda ko\u02bbp. Islom ta\u02bclimotiga ko\u02bbra, butun bashariyat jinsi, irqi, rangi, tili, ijtimoiy kelib chiqishidan qat\u02bci nazar, barchasi barobardir.<\/span>
\nBu borada Rasul alayhissalom:\u00a0\u201cInsonlar taroq tishlari kabi tengdirlar. Arabning boshqa xalqlardan, oqning qoradan, erkakning ayoldan ustunligi yo\u02bbq. Faqat taqvoda, xolos\u201d, deb marhamat qilganlar. Demak, dinga faqat taqlidiy, ko\u02bbr-ko\u02bbrona amal qilish bilan ish bitmaydi. Balki chin e\u02bctiqod va\u00a0ixlos bilan ko\u02bbzlangan maqsadga yetiladi.<\/span>
\nMa\u02bcrifatparvar Is\u02bchoqxon Ibrat:\u00a0\u201cBizning yoshlar, albatta, boshqa tilni bilish uchun sa\u02bcy-harakat qilsinlar, lekin avval o\u02bbz ona tilini ko\u02bbzlariga to\u02bbtiyo qilib, ehtirom ko\u02bbrsatsinlar. Zero, o\u02bbz tiliga sadoqat \u2013 bu vataniy ishdir\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Demak, tilni ham muhim omil, aziz va qadrli unsurlar qatorida bilib, sof saqlash barchamizning insoniy burchimizdir. Har qanday tilga, xususan, ona tiliga, biror darajada bo\u02bblsin, nopisandlik yoki kamsitish bilan qarash inson va el qadriga hurmatsizlik, inson va xalq hamiyatiga daxl qilish bo\u02bblib, kishilar ko\u02bbnglini og\u02bbritishi tabiiydir. Ona tilidagi sobitlik har bir davrda dolzarb bo\u02bblgan.<\/span>
\nTil boyishga moyil. Ammo bu qanchalik tabiiy jarayon bo\u02bblmasin, qaysi tildan qachon, nimani olish yoki olmaslikni bilish kerak. Bir tilning boshqa tilga ta\u02bcsiri boyish bilan birga, til buzilishi bo\u02bblishi mumkin. Bu jarayon ham ijobiy, ham salbiy ma\u02bcnoda,\u00a0zohiriy va botiniy holda kechadi. Biz esa ko\u02bbpincha ko\u02bbzga ko\u02bbrinib turgan narsalarnigina ko\u02bbramiz-u, parda ortidagilarni payqamaymiz. To\u02bbg\u02bbrirog\u02bbi, ko\u02bbzga tashlanib turgan natija yoki oqibatni ko\u02bbramiz-u, ularni keltirib chiqarayotgan tub sabablarni mutlaqo sezmaymiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tilning boyishi ham, buzilishi ham ikki xil yo\u02bbsinda kechadi. Biri \u2013 xorijiy so\u02bbzlarni o\u02bbrinli va noo\u02bbrin qo\u02bbllash. Ikkinchisi \u2013 xorijiy tilning ta\u02bcsiri.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa shuki, globallashuv sharoitida milliy tilimiz sofligini saqlash, lug\u02bbat boyligini oshirish, turli sohalarda zamonaviy atamalarning o\u02bbzbekcha muqobilini yaratish, ularning bir xil qo\u02bbllanishini ta\u02bcminlash dolzarb vazifa bo\u02bblib qolmoqda.<\/span>
\nMuqaddas dinimiz zohirga haddan tashqari e\u02bctibor qaratib, botinni esdan chiqarishdan qaytaradi. Shu bilan birga, solih amallarni ko\u02bbproq qilib, qalbimizdagi ixlos va niyatni to\u02bbg\u02bbri va go\u02bbzal qilishga undaydi.<\/span>
\nAlloh taolo milliyligimiz va imon-e\u02bctiqodimizda sobitqadam aylasin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nuriddin domla XOLIQNAZAROV,<\/strong><\/span>
\nO\u02bbzbekiston musulmonlari idorasi raisi, muftiy,<\/strong><\/span>
\nO\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi faxriy doktori<\/strong><\/span>
\nManba: \u201cYangi O\u02bbzbekiston\u201d gazetasi 2022-yil 22-oktyabr, 217-son<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bismillahir Rohmanir Rohim. Dunyodagi qadimiy va boy tillardan biri bo\u02bblgan o\u02bbzbek tili xalqimiz uchun milliy o\u02bbzligimiz va mustaqil davlatchiligimiz timsoli, bebaho ma\u02bcnaviy boylikdir. Turkiy tillarning katta oilasiga mansub bo\u02bblgan o\u02bbzbek tilining tarixi xalqimizning ko\u02bbp asrli kechmishi, orzu-intilishlari, dard-u armonlari, zafarlari va g\u02bbalabalari bilan chambarchas bog\u02bbliq. So\u02bbnggi yillarda ona tilimizni tom ma\u02bcnoda davlat tiliga aylantirish yo\u02bblida …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24922,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[642],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"KO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=24923&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"KO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"KO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=24923&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bukharicenter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-10-22T16:35:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-10-24T04:27:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/IMG_20221022_211334_528.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"390\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@www_bukhari_uz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Markaz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=24923&lang=oz\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=24923&lang=oz\",\"name\":\"KO\u02bbR-KO\u02bbRONA TAQLID \u2013 JOHILLIK - 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