{"id":21773,"date":"2022-05-13T09:20:18","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T04:20:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=21773"},"modified":"2022-05-12T17:20:41","modified_gmt":"2022-05-12T12:20:41","slug":"rivoyatdagi-haqiqat-izlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=21773&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"RIVOYATDAGI HAQIQAT IZLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarixiy haqiqatlar hech qachon izsiz yo\u02bbqolib ketmaydi. Ular avlodlar ongida rivoyatlar shaklida davom etadi. Ana shunday tarixiy haqiqatlardan biri qadimgi Xorazm davlatchiligining tarixi va aholisining etnik tarkibi bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblib, ular bizgacha Abu Rayhon Beruniyning \u201cQadimgi xalqlardan qolgan yodgorliklar\u201d asari orqali yetib kelgan. Olimning yozishicha, qadimgi Xorazmning o\u02bbzlashtirilishi makedoniyalik Iskandargacha, mil. avv. 980 yilda yuz bergan. \u201cO\u02bbsha kezlarda, deydi Beruniy, Xorazmda turk podshohligi tashkil topdi, 92 yil o\u02bbtgach, Xorazmga Eron podshohi Kaykovusning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Siyovush kirib kelib, siyovushiylar sulolasiga asos soldi\u201d [5:71]. S.P.Tolstov Beruniyning so\u02bbzlariga asoslanib, qadimgi Xorazm davlatining tashkil topish vaqtini mil. avv. XIII asr, deb belgilaydi va bu xabarni qadimgi Xorazm etnogenezi bilan bog\u02bblaydi.<\/span><\/p>\n

S.P.Tolstov ushbu masala bo\u02bbyicha o\u02bbz qarashlarini arxeologik materiallar bilan qiyoslab, qadimgi Xorazmning bronza davrigi Suvyorgan madaniyati janubiy etnik guruhlari ta\u02bcsirida shakllanganini asoslaydi [20:83]. Shimoli-sharqiy hududlardan kirib kelgan etnik guruhlar esa o\u02bbzga etnosga aloqador ekanini qayd etadi. Bu etnosning sopol parchalari Tozabog\u02bbyob kanali atroflaridan topilgani bois uni Tozabog\u02bbyob madaniyati deb ataydi. Bu xulosalar arxeologik materiallarda to\u02bblaligicha o\u02bbz aksini topgan. Ammo uning shimoli-sharqdan kelgan Tozabog\u02bbyob jamoalarining tilini eroniy etnoslar bilan bog\u02bblashi va qadimgi Xorazm davlatining tashkil topish sanasini mil. avv. XIII asr bilan bog\u02bblashga urinishlari bahsli edi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuningdek, o\u02bbzbek xalqining kelib chiqishi, ayniqsa, uning etnogenez masalalari ham juda murakkab va bahslidir. Shu bois bo\u02bblsa kerak, keyingi yillarda turkiy xalqlar tarixiga bag\u02bbishlangan ba\u02bczi adabiyotlarda o\u02bbzbek xalqining O\u02bbrta Osiyoga so\u02bbnggi O\u02bbrta asrlarda Qipchoq cho\u02bblidan kirib kelgan chorvador ko\u02bbchmanchi turkiy qabilalar o\u02bbrdasi sifatida baholash tendensiyasi yana ko\u02bbtarilib qoldi [13:26, 10:270-274].<\/span><\/p>\n

1941 yilda sharqshunos olim A.Yu.Yakubovskiyning \u201cO\u02bbzbek xalqining vujudga kelishi masalasi haqida\u201d asari e\u02bclon qilindi. Unda milliy avtoxtonizm nazariyasining tub mohiyati o\u02bbzbek xalqining shakllanishi misolida o\u02bbz aksini topdi. A.Yu.Yakubovskiy o\u02bbzbek xalqining etnik tarkibi ikki etnosga, ya\u02bcni mahalliy eronzabon sug\u02bbdiylar va Yevroosiyo dashtlaridan kirib kelgan turkiy tilli qabilalarga borib taqalishini yozma manbalar asosida isbotladi. Albatta, ungacha ham Movarounnahrda turkiy guruhlar bo\u02bblgan, ammo ularning ommaviy ravishda O\u02bbrta Osiyoning ichki viloyatlariga kirib kelishi turk xoqonligi davridan boshlandi, deydi. Shundan so\u02bbng fanda o\u02bbzbek etnogenezining boshlang\u02bbich nuqtasi sifatida turk xoqonligi davri qabul qilindi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1950-60-yillarda O\u02bbrta Osiyo, jumladan, O\u02bbzbekiston hududlarida, ayniqsa qadimgi Xorazm vohasida olib borilgan keng ko\u02bblamli arxeologik va antropologik izlanishlar, shuningdek, ularni yunon va qadimgi Xitoy yozma manbalari bilan qiyosiy o\u02bbrganish tufayli 1960 yilga kelib, o\u02bbzbek xalqi etnogenezining boshlang\u02bbich nuqtasini antik davrgacha qadimiylashtirish imkoniyati paydo bo\u02bbldi. S.P.Tolstov ilmiy jasorat ko\u02bbrsatib, o\u02bbzbek xalqi etnogenezining boshlang\u02bbich nuqtasi antik davrdan boshlanadi, degan xulosaga keldi. O\u02bbzbekiston tarixining fundamental akademik nashrlari shu nazariy qarashlar asosida chop etildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Akademik A.Asqarov 1990-yillar o\u02bbrtalarida o\u02bbzbek etnogenezining boshlang\u02bbich nuqtasi so\u02bbnggi bronza davriga borib taqalishini yoqlab chiqdi [2:71]. Uning ta\u02bckidlashicha, bronza davridagi O\u02bbrta Osiyo va Yevroosiyo dashtlari chorvador qabilalarining madaniyati va antropologik tuzilishida, kundalik turmush tarzida, xo\u02bbjalik hayoti va udumlarida, hattoki dafn marosimlarining qator jihatlarida o\u02bbxshashlik yaqqol ko\u02bbzga tashlansa-da, tarixiy tilshunoslik va arxeologik ilmiy adabiyotlarda ularning Tog\u02bbli Oltoyda istiqomat qilgan qabiladoshlaridan boshqasi, ya\u02bcni Yevroosiyo dasht qabilalarining barchasi qadimgi eroniy tilda so\u02bbzlashgan, degan tezis hukmron edi [14:68-74], [15:25]. Ajablanarlisi shuki, Yevroosiyo dasht va cho\u02bbllari chorvador qabilalarining eronzabon ekani haqidagi faraz Yevroosiyoning Tog\u02bbli Oltoy hududlaridan boshqa joylarida turk etnosiga o\u02bbrin qoldirmaydi. Darhaqiqat, gap bundan 3,5 ming yil avval, bronza davrida Yevroosiyo cho\u02bbllarida yuz bergan etnolingvistik jarayon haqida, dasht chorvadorlarining tili haqida ketyapti. Sho\u02bbro tarixshunosligida ham qadimgi Xitoy manbalarining ma\u02bclumotlariga shubha bilan qarash kuchli edi. Garchi, Shimoliy Xitoy podshohliklarining yilnomalarida miloddan avvalgi davrlarda yashagan turkiyzabon hunnlar haqidagi ma\u02bclumotlar bo\u02bblsa-da [7: 23], u e\u02bctiborga olinmay keldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu mintaqalarda qadimda va O\u02bbrta asrlarda turkiyzabon aholi yashagani fanda ma\u02bclum. Til, albatta, etnoslarning yozuv madaniyati bilan bog\u02bbliq. Chunki, fan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, siyosiy va madaniy uyushuv, etnik konsolidatsiyaning yetakchi omillaridan biri sifatida yozuvni tan oladi. Yozuv esa qabila tillarini elat tillariga birlashtirishda muhim rol o\u02bbynaydi. Ushbu qarash negizida, albatta, turkiy xalqlarning etnogenezi va etnik jarayonlari yotadi. Turkiy etnik birliklarning tarqalish geografiyasini esa, qadimgi turkiy yozuv yodgorliklarining tarqalish geografiyasi orqali bilib olish mumkin. Buni kuzatgan M.Is\u02bchoqovning xulosasiga ko\u02bbra, turkiy yozuv Yevroosiyo cho\u02bbllari, voha va vodiylari bo\u02bbylab, minglab kilometr masofalar osha variantlashib boradi. Bu esa, ma\u02bclum ma\u02bcnoda turkiy etnik jarayonlar maydoni faqat Tog\u02bbli Oltoy, Sharqiy Turkiston, Janubiy Sibir o\u02bblkalari bilan bog\u02bbliq deb tushunish va qadimda turkiy xalqlar tarqalgan keng hududlarni ayrim mintaqalar bilan cheklab qo\u02bbyishga olib keladi. Vaholanki, turkiy xalqlar Markaziy Osiyoning ichki va eng sharqiy chekkalaridan (Yoqutiston) Dunaygacha, Dashti Qipchoqning shimolidan Janubiy Turon mintaqalarigacha qadimdan yashab kelgan tub aholi bo\u02bblgan [11: 7-12]. Bu tarixiy haqiqat, bronza davriga tegishli arxeologik yodgorliklarda kuzatiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sho\u02bbro tarixshunosligida oriylarning kelib chiqishi va ular Srub va Andronovo madaniyati qabilalari negizida tarkib topgani haqidagi fikr-mulohazalarga qo\u02bbshilsa bo\u02bbladi. Haqiqatan, oriylar Yevroosiyo cho\u02bbl va dashtlarida ko\u02bbchmanchi chorvador jamoalarda shakllangan va bronza davrining ijtimoiy mahsulidir. Ularning miloddan avvalgi II ming yillik o\u02bbrtalarida janub tomon yurishi haqidagi farazlar ham tarixiy haqiqatni aks ettiradi. Ammo lingvistlarning ular eronzabon bo\u02bblgani to\u02bbg\u02bbrisidagi mulohazalari aniq ilmiy dalillarni talab etadi, deb hisoblaymiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u02bclumki, sho\u02bbro tarixshunosligida hunnlar turkiyzabon qabilalar ekani tan olingan. Taniqli tarixchi L.N.Gumilyov \u201cXunnu\u201d asarida hunnlar Xitoy tarixida birinchi bor milloddan avvalgi 1764 yilda, so\u02bbng miloddan avvalgi 822 va 304 yillarda tilga olinganini yodga oladi [7:63].<\/span><\/p>\n

Professor A.Xo\u02bbjayevning yozishicha, keyingi yillarda xitoy va yapon olimlari hamkorlikda Xitoyning 24 jildlik tarixi (\u201cErshi si shi\u201d) ustida jiddiy tadqiqotlar olib borib, shu jarayonda turk atamasi xitoy manbalariga bundan kamida 4 ming yil avval kirib kelganini ta\u02bckidlaydi [21:178]. Masalan, miloddan avvalgi III mingyillikning oxirgi choragida Xitoyning shimoliy o\u02bblkalarida tashkil topgan \u201cShiya\u201d kichik podshohligi (miloddan avvalgi 2205-1766 y.) g\u02bbarbiy va shimoli-g\u02bbarbiy chegaralarda yashovchi tufang, guyfang, kuyung qabilalariga yurish qiladi [8:124].<\/span><\/p>\n

Xitoy tarixchisi Lyuy Simyanning aytishicha, ilgari dinlin yoki dingling deb nomlanganlar keyinchalik chile, tele deb atalgan. Hozir biz ularni umumlashtirib uyg\u02bbur deymiz, G\u02bbarbda ularni turk deb atashadi. Aslini olganda, turk (qabilasi) va uyg\u02bbur (qabilalar ittifoqi) dinglinglar tarkibidadir. Chilelarni xitoyliklar gavche (qang\u02bbli) deb atagan. Mazkur nomlar bir-biriga o\u02bbxshamasa ham, ularning kelib chiqishi bir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xitoy yozma manbalariga ko\u02bbra, Shiya hokimligi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 2205-1766 y.) telelar va hunnlar \u201cshyungnu\u201d yoki \u201chu\u201d (hun) deb nomlangan qabilalar ittifoqi tarkibida bo\u02bblgan. Tufang va di atamalari ham xitoy bitiklarida paydo bo\u02bblgan eng qadimgi etnik nomlar hisoblanadi [21:179]. Qadimgi Xitoy yilnomachilari (shilar)ning miloddan avvalgi 2205 yildan boshlab toshga, suyakka va xitoy qamishiga yozib borgan bitiklari asosida yaratilgan Sima Syanning \u201cTarixiy xotiralar\u201dida yozilishicha, Shimoliy Xitoyning \u201cShiya\u201d kichik xonligining g\u02bbarbiy va shimoli-g\u02bbarbiy chegaralarida \u201cXu\u201d yoki \u201cXulu\u201d deb atalgan xalqlar yashagan [4:64]. Xan sulolasi tarixiga oid \u201cHunnlar tazkirasi\u201dning ikkinchi qismida \u201cJanubda buyuk Xan mavjud, shimolda kuchli \u00abXu\u201d mavjud\u00bb, ya\u02bcni hunnlar mavjud, deyiladi. Sharqiy Xan tarixchisi Chjeng Shyuan \u201chu \u2013 hozirgi syunnu\u201d, ya\u02bcni hunndir, deb yozgan [22:257].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shunday qilib, miloddan avvalgi III mingyillikning ikkinchi yarmi va II mingyillik davomida \u201chu\u201d, \u201cdi\u201d, \u201chunn\u201d va \u201ctiyek\u201d nomlari ostida birlashgan chorvador turkiygo\u02bby qabila jamoalari yashagan. Xitoy iyerogliflarida davriga qarab turlicha talaffuz etilgan bo\u02bblsa-da, ularning turkiy etnosga oid ekani ma\u02bclum bo\u02bbldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ana shu etnoslarning bir guruhi miloddan avvalgi II mingyillikning ikkinchi yarmida Qadimgi Xorazm yerlariga kelib o\u02bbrnashadi [17:47, 18:90-91, 19:112-116]. Ular qoldirib ketgan moddiy madaniyat izlari \u2013 sopol materiallar madaniy qatlamlari buzilib ketgan mavsumiy manzilgohlardan terib o\u02bbrganilganda, parchalari aynan bronza davriga taalluqliligi, ammo ular qadimgi Xorazmning mahalliy Suvyorgan madaniyati jamoalaridan farq qilib, o\u02bbzga etnoslarga, ya\u02bcni Tozabog\u02bbyob madaniyati qabilalariga tegishli ekani aniqlangan [12:139-146, 19:90-91]. M.A.Itina arxeologik komplekslarning qiyosiy tahliliga asoslanib, ularning qadimgi Xorazmga kirib kelish davriy sanasi haqida aniq xulosaga kelgan va Tozabog\u02bbyob madaniyati yodgorliklarining davriy sanasini miloddan avvalgi II mingyillikning uchinchi choragi, deb belgilagan [12:120-123]. Bu sanalar qadimgi Xorazm davlati va uning turkiyzabon aholisi haqida Abu Rayhon Beruniy keltirgan ma\u02bclumotlar zamirida qandaydir tarixiy haqiqat borligidan dalolat beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mana shu xulosadan kelib chiqib, Beruniy keltirgan rivoyat real arxeologik materiallar bilan qiyosiy solishtirilsa, rivoyatga burkangan tarixiy haqiqat izlari oydinlashadi. Birinchidan, Beruniyning tasavvuriga ko\u02bbra, Xorazmning ilk bor o\u02bbzlashtirilishi shimoli-sharqdan kelgan chorvador oriylar bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblib, ular mahalliy aholi ustidan siyosiy boshqaruv o\u02bbrnatgan. Rivoyat matnining tahliliga qaraganda, ular turkiy etnos jamoalari bo\u02bblgan. Shuning uchun Beruniy \u201cturklar podshohligi\u201d iborasini ishlatgan. Ikkinchidan, rivoyat matniga ko\u02bbra, \u201cturk podshohligi\u201dning 92-yilida Xorazmga Eron podshohi Kaykovusning o\u02bbg\u02bbli Siyovush kirib keladi va siyovushiylar sulolasiga asos soladi. Buni Xorazmning Suvyorgan madaniyati shakllanishi bilan bog\u02bblash mumkin. Ta\u02bckidlaganidek, S.P.Tolstov Suvyorgan madaniyatining tarkib topishida janub qabilalarining madaniy-xo\u02bbjalik ta\u02bcsiri katta bo\u02bblganini to\u02bbg\u02bbri qayd qilgan. Demak, rivoyatga burkangan tarixiy haqiqat shuki, miloddan avvalgi II mingyillikning uchinchi choragida Amudaryoning quyi havzalari va Janubiy Orol bo\u02bbylari o\u02bbzbek xalqi etnogenezining boshlang\u02bbich nuqtasi bo\u02bblgani yozma manbalarda ham o\u02bbz aksini topgan. Endilikda bu xulosalar, ya\u02bcni o\u02bbzbek xalqining etnogenezi bronza davriga borib taqalishi, rivoyat xabarlari bilan ham tasdiqlanmoqda. Bu o\u02bbzbek etnogenezi muammosining yechimi yo\u02bblidagi yana bir yangilikdir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    \u00a0<\/div>\n
    Ikrom DJURAYEV,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    Tarix fanlari bo\u02bbyicha falsafa doktori (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    Guliston davlat universiteti katta o\u02bbqituvchisi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tarixiy haqiqatlar hech qachon izsiz yo\u02bbqolib ketmaydi. Ular avlodlar ongida rivoyatlar shaklida davom etadi. Ana shunday tarixiy haqiqatlardan biri qadimgi Xorazm davlatchiligining tarixi va aholisining etnik tarkibi bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblib, ular bizgacha Abu Rayhon Beruniyning \u201cQadimgi xalqlardan qolgan yodgorliklar\u201d asari orqali yetib kelgan. Olimning yozishicha, qadimgi Xorazmning o\u02bbzlashtirilishi makedoniyalik Iskandargacha, mil. avv. 980 yilda yuz …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21772,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nRIVOYATDAGI HAQIQAT IZLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=21773&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"RIVOYATDAGI HAQIQAT IZLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tarixiy haqiqatlar hech qachon izsiz yo\u02bbqolib ketmaydi. Ular avlodlar ongida rivoyatlar shaklida davom etadi. Ana shunday tarixiy haqiqatlardan biri qadimgi Xorazm davlatchiligining tarixi va aholisining etnik tarkibi bilan bog\u02bbliq bo\u02bblib, ular bizgacha Abu Rayhon Beruniyning \u201cQadimgi xalqlardan qolgan yodgorliklar\u201d asari orqali yetib kelgan. 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