{"id":18897,"date":"2021-11-15T12:53:49","date_gmt":"2021-11-15T07:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=18897"},"modified":"2021-11-15T12:53:58","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T07:53:58","slug":"usulul-fiqh-ilmining-uch-ustuni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=18897&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"\u201cUSULUL FIQH\u201d ILMINING UCH USTUNI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Islom ilmlari orasida eng ko\u02bbp murojaat etiladigan fan fiqh bo\u02bblib, u islom qonunchiligidan odob-axloq me\u02bcyorlarigacha bo\u02bblgan barcha sohalarni o\u02bbz ichiga olgan. Fiqh mavzulari inson hayotining hamma jabhalarini qamrab olgani sababli uni o\u02bbrganishga talab doim yuqori bo\u02bblgan. Islom fiqhi ikki yirik tarmoq yoki ikki asosiy qism: usulul fiqh, furu\u02bcul fiqhga bo\u02bblinadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Usulul fiqh shariatning asosiy manbalari hisoblangan Qur\u02bcon, sunnat, ijmo\u02bc va qiyosga tayangan holda shar\u02bciy hukmlar ishlab chiqish qoidalarini o\u02bbrganuvchi fandir. Temuriylar davri olimlaridan Sayyid Sharif Jurjoniy (1340-1414) \u201cTa\u02bcrifot\u201d (\u201cTa\u02bcriflar\u201d) asarida: \u201cUsulul fiqh shar\u02bciy-amaliy hukmlarga yetkazuvchi qoidalar majmuidir\u201d, deb yozgan. Mutaxassislar mazkur ta\u02bcrifni sharhlab, usulul fiqh mavzusi shar\u02bciy dalillar, vazifasi esa islom huquqshunoslarida dalillardan amaliy hukm ishlab chiqish ko\u02bbnikmalarini shakllantirishdan iborat, deydi. Shuningdek, mazkur fan kalom, tafsir, hadis, islom tarixi kabi fanlar bilan bir qatorda, tilshunoslik, mantiq, falsafa va jamiyatshunoslik fanlari bilan ham uzviy bog\u02bbliq ekani ta\u02bckidlanadi [1: 26]. Ushbu ilmni mukammal o\u02bbzlashtirgan mutaxassislarga usuliy olim, faqih deb nom berilgan va ular ijtimoiy hayotda paydo bo\u02bblayotgan yangi masalalarga shariatning munosabatini ko\u02bbrsatib, unga islom huquqi bo\u02bbyicha baho beradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Usulul fiqh dastavval fiqh fani tarkibida Iroqda II-III (m.VIII-IX) asrda shakllana boshlagan bo\u02bblsa, keyingi asrda aynan movarounnahrlik olimlar sa\u02bcy-harakati bilan rivojlanib, mustaqil fan sifatida taraqqiy topgan. Ulardan Abu Zayd Ubaydulloh Dabusiy (vaf. 1038 y.), Faxrul islom Ali Pazdaviy [2: 201] (1010-1089) va Shamsul aimma Muhammad Saraxsiy (1009-1090) kabi faqihlarning usulul fiqh ilmi taraqqiyotidagi xizmatlari ulkan bo\u02bblib, ilm ahli tomonidan \u201cuch ustun\u201d (arkon as-salasa) deb e\u02bctirof etilgan[3: 16]. Quyida ularning hanafiy usulul fiqhi rivojiga qo\u02bbshgan hissasi tadqiq etiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Usulul fiqh ilmining tarixiy taraqqiyoti davomida uch uslub, yo\u02bbnalish shakllangan. Ular \u201cFaqihlar yo\u02bbnalishi\u201d nomi bilan ataluvchi hanafiylik, \u201cMutakallimlar yo\u02bbnalishi\u201d bilan nomlanuvchi shofe\u02bciylik va ularning birikuvi hamda muvofiqlashuvi asosida shakllangan \u201cmuhaqqiqlar yo\u02bbnalishi\u201d uslublaridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Usulul fiqhga oid bizgacha yetib kelgan asarlarning eng qadimgisi Muhammad ibn Idris Shofe\u02bciy (767-820) qalamiga mansub \u201cRisola\u201d (\u201cMaktublar\u201d) asari hisoblanadi. Shofe\u02bciy mazhabi usulul fiqhi mazkur asar asosida shakllangan bo\u02bblib, \u201cmutakallimlar yo\u02bbnalishi\u201d deb nomlangan. Farqli ravishda hanafiy mazhabi asoschici Abu Hanifa (699-767) va uning shogirdlari \u2013 Abu Yusuf (731-798), Muhammad ibn Hasan (749-805)dan fiqhning \u201cusul\u201d tarmog\u02bbiga oid biror asar keyingi avlodga yetib kelmagan. Balki ulardan qolgan asarlar furu\u02bcul fiqhga oid bo\u02bblib, eng asosiylari \u201cZohirur rivoya\u201d to\u02bbplamiga kiruvchi olti asardir. Mazkur olti asar Muhammad ibn Hasan Shayboniy qalamiga mansub bo\u02bblib, ularda Abu Hanifa va uning shogirdlari tomonidan berilgan fatvolar, aytilgan shar\u02bciy masala va ahkomlar jamlangan. Hanafiy usuli va nazariy qoidalari mazhabboshilardan keyingi ikki asr davomida mazkur olti asarda mavjud ijtihodlar, fatvolar va ahkomlar asosida shakllantirilgan [4: 39]. Shuning uchun hanafiylik usulida far\u02bciy-fiqhiy masalalarga nisbatan ko\u02bbp murojaat etiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iroqlik faqih Abul Hasan Ubaydulloh Karxiy (vaf. 342\/952 y.) qalamiga mansub \u201cRisola fil usul\u201d (\u201cUsul ilmiga oid risola\u201d) asari bizgacha yetib kelgan hanafiylik usuliga oid birinchi asardir. Ammo manba usulga oid o\u02bbttiz to\u02bbqqiz qoidanigina o\u02bbz ichiga olgan uch-to\u02bbrt sahifalik kichik risoladir. Mazkur qoidalar Abu Xafs Umar Nasafiy (1067-1142) tomonidan \u201cSharhu Madorul usul\u201d (\u201cUsul asosi bo\u02bblgan qoidalar sharhi\u201d) nomli risolada sharhlangan va u ham hajman kichik bo\u02bblib, Faxrul islom Ali Pazdaviy (1010-1089)ning fanga oid \u201cKanzul vusul ila ma\u02bcrifatil usul\u201d (\u201cUsulni o\u02bbrganishga yetkazuvchi xazina\u201d) nomli asariga ilova holda nashr etilgan [5: 372]. Karxiyning yaqin shogirdi Abu Bakr Jassos (vaf. 370\/981) qalamiga mansub \u201cFusul fil usul\u201d (\u201cUsul ilmiga oid fasllar\u201d) asari esa hanafiy usulul fiqhiga bag\u02bbishlangan dastlabki to\u02bblaqonli asardir. U to\u02bbrt jilddan iborat yirik manba bo\u02bblib, fanning asosiy mavzularini batafsil yoritib bergan[6: 564].<\/span><\/p>\n

Abu Bakr Jassosdan so\u02bbng hanafiy usulul fiqhi uning nabira shogirdi Abu Zayd Ubaydulloh ibn Umar Dabusiy (vaf. 1038 y.) tomonidan rivojlantirildi, yangi mavzular bilan takomillashtirildi. Abu Zayd Buxoro va Samarqand oralig\u02bbida joylashgan Dabusiya shaharchasida dunyoga kelgani sabab, o\u02bbziga Dabusiy nisbasini olgan. Ustozi Abu Ja\u02bcfar Muhammad ibn Amr Usturshaniy (vaf. 404\/1013 y.) Abu Bakr Jassosning yaqin shogirdi bo\u02bblib, Iroqda uzoq muddat ta\u02bclim olganidan so\u02bbng yurtiga qaytib, talabalarga dars berish bilan mashg\u02bbul bo\u02bblgan. Abu Zayd Dabusiy kelajakda islom huquqining usulul fiqh (huquq nazariyalari) va ilmul xilof (qiyosiy huquqshunoslik) sohalari bo\u02bbyicha yetuk olim bo\u02bblib yetishishida ustozi Usturshaniyning xizmati beqiyos bo\u02bblgan [7: 22].<\/span><\/p>\n

Abu Bakr Jassosdan keyin usulul fiqh ilmi muallimligi Buxoro tarixidagi \u201cYetti mashhur qozi\u201d (\u201cQuzzoti sab\u02bca\u201d)ning biri \u2013 Abu Zayd Dabusiy qo\u02bbliga o\u02bbtdi. Abu Zaydning usulga oid \u201cTaqvimul adilla fi usulul fiqh\u201d (\u201cUsulul fiqhga oid dalillarni mustahkamlash\u201d), \u201cTa\u02bcsisun nazoir\u201d (\u201cO\u02bbxshash masalalarni asoslash\u201d), \u201cAmadul aqso\u201d (\u201cAtroflicha fikrlar\u201d) \u201cAsror fil usul val furu\u02bc\u201d (\u201cUsul va furu\u02bc ilmi sirlari\u201d) asarlari bizgacha yetib kelgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dabusiy \u201cTaqvimul adilla\u201d asari orqali Abu Bakr Jassosning usulul fiqhga oid ilmiy qarashlarini rivojlantirdi, ularga qo\u02bbshimchalar qo\u02bbshdi, to\u02bbldirishlar qildi. Ilk marta shar\u02bciy dalillar lafzini to\u02bbrt turga bo\u02bblib, izohlab berdi va sentimental (hissiy) va shar\u02bciy harakat o\u02bbrtasidagi farqlarni ko\u02bbrsatib, asoslab berdi. Shuningdek, usulul fiqhga ahliyyat (layoqat) mavzusini olib kirib, vujub ahliyati va ado ahliyati o\u02bbrasidagi farqlarni ko\u02bbrsatib berish bilan fanning mavzularini to\u02bbliq shakllantirdi [8: 228, 260].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ilm ahlining \u201cTaqvimul adilla\u201dga qiziqishi sababli uning qo\u02bblyozma nusxalari dunyo bo\u02bbylab keng tarqalgan. Asar ustida olib borilgan tadqiqotlarda uning hozir mavjud yigirmadan ortiq qo\u02bblyozmasi haqida ma\u02bclumot beriladi [7: 30]. Jumladan, Abu Rayhon Beruniy nomidagi Sharqshunoslik institutining asosiy fondida Dabusiy vafotidan so\u02bbng 58 yil o\u02bbtib, 489\/1096 yili ko\u02bbchirilgan nodir qo\u02bblyozma nusxasi saqlanmoqda [9: 199].<\/span><\/p>\n

Dabusiy \u201cTa\u02bcsisun nazoir\u201d asari orqali mazhablararo farqli bo\u02bblgan huquqiy qarashlarni tartibga solish, ularni ilmiy uslubda o\u02bbrganish qoidalarini ishlab chiqish bilan \u201cqiyosiy huquqshunoslik\u201d (\u201cilmul xilof\u201d) faniga asos soldi[10: 39].<\/span><\/p>\n

Dabusiydan keyin usulul fiqh ilmi bayroqdorligi uning nabira shogirdlari Faxrul islom Ali Pazdaviy (1010-1089) va Shamsul aimma Muhammad Saraxsiy (1009-1090) qo\u02bbliga o\u02bbtdi. Shamsul aimma Saraxsiy Dabusiyning \u201cTaqvimul adilla\u201dsiga qo\u02bbshimcha, to\u02bbldirishlar qilgan holda, o\u02bbzining mashhur kitobi \u2013 \u201cUsul\u201dni yozgan [11: 9].<\/span><\/p>\n

Shamsul aimma Saraxsiy (vaf. 1090 y.) hanafiy faqihlarning birinchi avlodi \u201cmutaqaddimin\u201dning so\u02bbnggi vakili hisoblanadi (Bartold V., 1990:101). Olimdan islom huquqiga oid katta ilmiy meros qolgan bo\u02bblib, fiqhga bag\u02bbishlangan \u201cMabsut\u201d (\u201cKengaytirilgan\u201d) asarining o\u02bbzi o\u02bbn olti jilddan iborat va u islom huquqi mavzularini tafsilotlari bilan to\u02bbliq qamrab olgan. \u201cMabsut\u201d Muhammad Hasan Shayboniyning \u201cZohirur rivoya\u201d to\u02bbplamiga yozilgan o\u02bbziga xos sharh bo\u02bblib, unda mazhab ta\u02bclimoti va huquqiy qarashlar va yechimlar tizimli tarzda, batafsil yoritib berilgan. Saraxsiyning mazkur yirik asari keyinchalik yuzaga kelgan huquqiy ta\u02bclimotlarga manba vazifasini o\u02bbtadi [12: 73].<\/span><\/p>\n

Saraxsiyning usulul fiqhga oid \u201cUsul\u201d (Saraxsiy tartiblagan usul qoidalari) asari fan bo\u02bbyicha asosiy qo\u02bbllanmalardan biri hisoblanib, muallif muqaddimada asarni 479 yil shavvol oyining oxiri (1087 yil 6 fevral)da O\u02bbzkent qal\u02bcasidagi hujrada yoza boshlaganini qayd etadi. Ungacha shoh asari bo\u02bblmish \u201cMabsut\u201d uzoq muddat davomida yozib tugatilganini qo\u02bbshimcha qiladi [12: 12]. Davomi bor\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

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    Saidahmadxon G\u02bbAYBULLAYEV,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
    O\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi tayanch doktoranti<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Islom ilmlari orasida eng ko\u02bbp murojaat etiladigan fan fiqh bo\u02bblib, u islom qonunchiligidan odob-axloq me\u02bcyorlarigacha bo\u02bblgan barcha sohalarni o\u02bbz ichiga olgan. Fiqh mavzulari inson hayotining hamma jabhalarini qamrab olgani sababli uni o\u02bbrganishga talab doim yuqori bo\u02bblgan. Islom fiqhi ikki yirik tarmoq yoki ikki asosiy qism: usulul fiqh, furu\u02bcul fiqhga bo\u02bblinadi. Usulul fiqh shariatning asosiy manbalari …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18895,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cUSULUL FIQH\u201d ILMINING UCH USTUNI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=18897&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cUSULUL FIQH\u201d ILMINING UCH USTUNI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Islom ilmlari orasida eng ko\u02bbp murojaat etiladigan fan fiqh bo\u02bblib, u islom qonunchiligidan odob-axloq me\u02bcyorlarigacha bo\u02bblgan barcha sohalarni o\u02bbz ichiga olgan. Fiqh mavzulari inson hayotining hamma jabhalarini qamrab olgani sababli uni o\u02bbrganishga talab doim yuqori bo\u02bblgan. Islom fiqhi ikki yirik tarmoq yoki ikki asosiy qism: usulul fiqh, furu\u02bcul fiqhga bo\u02bblinadi. 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