{"id":16251,"date":"2021-06-29T11:27:19","date_gmt":"2021-06-29T06:27:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=16251"},"modified":"2021-06-29T11:27:19","modified_gmt":"2021-06-29T06:27:19","slug":"yevropa-mamlakatlarida-islomshunoslik-tadqiqotlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=16251&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"YEVROPA MAMLAKATLARIDA ISLOMSHUNOSLIK TADQIQOTLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bugungi kunda Yevropa mamlakatlarida musulmonlar sonining tobora ortib borayotgani va bu hol ayniqsa, Germaniya, Angliya, Fransiya va Italiyada ko\u02bbproq kuzatilayotgani barchaga ma\u02bclum. Sanab o\u02bbtilgan davlatlarda islomshunoslik fani o\u02bbz tarixiga ega bo\u02bblib, islom tarixi va falsafasi, islom ilmlari bo\u02bbyicha ko\u02bbplab asarlar yozilganiga qaramay, uzoq\u00a0 yillar davomida bu fanga sharqshunoslikning bir bo\u02bblagi deb qaralib, islom dini tarqalishi natijasida unga yuzaga kelgan islom sivilizatsiyasi sifatidagi yondashuv yetakchilik qilayotgan edi. Endilikda Yevropada musulmon jamoalarining kengayib borayotgani G\u02bbarb olimlarini islomni alohida fan obyekti sifatida tadqiq qilish, uning turli madaniyatlarda qanday sintezlashib ketganini o\u02bbrganish, shuningdek, yevropaliklar orasida islomga qiziqishning ortishiga sabab bo\u02bblayotgan omillarni o\u02bbrganish zamonaviy islomshunoslikning tadqiqot yo\u02bbnalishlaridan biriga aylanib bormoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xozirgi zamonda O\u02bbzbekiston islomshunosligida katta o\u02bbzgarishlar bo\u02bblib o\u02bbtmoqda. O\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi, O\u02bbzR FA Sharqshunoslik instituti, Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti, Imom Buxoriy nomidagi Toshkent islom instituti, Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazida islomshunoslikka taalluqli fanlar bo\u02bbyicha dasturlar, o\u02bbquv qo\u02bbllanmalar va darsliklar yaratilmoqda. Dolzarb muammolar yechimini aniqlashga qaratilgan doktorlik dissertatsiyalari himoyasi o\u02bbtkazilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu sohada faoliyat olib boruvchi mutaxassislar nafaqat mahalliy, balki chet tillardagi maxsus adabiyotlardan foydalanish, Yevropa islomshunoslarining asarlari bilan tanishish imkoniyatiga ega bo\u02bblishdi. Hozirgi davrda nafaqat xorijiy Sharq mamlakatlari, balki G\u02bbarb davlatlarida ham islomshunos olimlarining asarlarini chuqur o\u02bbrganish va tahlil qilish, shu bilan birga, mutaxassislarning dunyoqarashini kengaytirish va yangi mavzulardagi tadqiqotlar olib borish dolzarb ahamiyat kasb etmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbzbekiston oliy ta\u02bclim tizimida o\u02bbtayotgan islohotlar Yevropada rivojlangan, yetakchi davlatlarning\u00a0 oliy ta\u02bclim sohasidagi ijobiy\u00a0 tajribasidan foydalanishni talab etmoqda. Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya, Fransiya, Gollandiya, va Turkiyada ixtisoslashgan universitet, institut va ilmiy-tadqiqot markazlari tashkil etildi, ularda islomshunoslik fani bo\u02bbyicha turli o\u02bbquv kurslari o\u02bbqitilmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xorijiy adabiyotlarni o\u02bbrganish natijasida ma\u02bclum bo\u02bbldiki, G\u02bbarbiy Yevropa davlatlarida, xususan, Buyuk Britaniyada islomni va musulmon olamini ilmiy o\u02bbrganish sharqshunoslik fanining ichida olib borilgan. Tadqiqotlarda Yaqin Sharq va Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari qiziqish doirasiga qamrab olingan. Ilk izlanishlar 1632 yilda Kembrij va 1634 yilda Oksford universitetlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi[1]<\/sup><\/a>. XIX asrga kelib, Buyuk Britaniyaning musulmon olami bilan savdo-tijorat aloqalari kengaygandan so\u02bbng bu sohaga qiziqish yanada ortdi. XX asrda esa islom olamining madaniyati va tilini tadqiq qilish diplomatiya, siyosat va xalqaro iqtisodiy rivojlanishda muhim omil sifatida baholandi va unga katta e\u02bctibor berila boshladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islomshunoslik sharqshunoslikdan chiqqani holda o\u02bbzining metodologiyasiga, asosiy mavzulari va klassik matnlariga ega bo\u02bblgan fan sifatida shakllandi, desak bo\u02bbladi. Ayrim olimlar unda ko\u02bbproq arab tiliga, klassik matnlarga va islom dinining asosiy manbalari hisoblangan Qur\u02bcon va Hadisga urg\u02bbu bersalar, boshqalari uni siyosiy, ijtimoiy va antropologik jihatdan o\u02bbrganishga yondashishni ma\u02bcqul ko\u02bbradilar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islomshunoslik faniga tavsif berishda angliyalik olim doktor Atoulloh Siddiqiy quyidagilarni yozadi: \u201cIslomshunoslik bitta fan emas, balki islomni tadqiq qilish davomida uning tarixiga, falsafasiga, ilohiyotga, san\u02bcatga va arxitekturaga ahamiyat berilishi lozim. Lekin shuni ishonch bilan aytishim mumkinki, islomshunoslikni o\u02bbqitish jarayonida shunday yadro borki, biz uning universitetlar ta\u02bclim dasturiga kiritilishiga qattiq e\u02bctibor berishimiz lozim. Bu klassik yadro Qur\u02bcon, ya\u02bcni barcha islomiy ilmlarning asosi sifatida namoyon bo\u02bbladi. U o\u02bbz ichiga hadisni, ayrim fiqhiy ilmlarni va islom tarixini Muhammad payg\u02bbambar (s.a.v.) tug\u02bbilgan yildan boshlab o\u02bbrganishni o\u02bbz ichiga oladi deb, ayta olamiz\u201d[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buyuk Britaniyada ushbu turfa qarashlar fanning o\u02bbzida va undagi yondashuvlarda ham o\u02bbz aksini topmoqda. Bugungi kunda Britaniyada musulmonlarning soni ko\u02bbp bo\u02bblishiga qaramay, Oksford universitetining ichida tashkil etilgan islomshunoslik markazidan tashqari bunday nomda ataluvchi markazlar juda ham kam uchraydi. Ayrim universitetlardagi fakultetlarning nomiga e\u02bctibor beradigan bo\u02bblsak, islomshunoslik masalalarini o\u02bbrganadigan fanlar \u201cYaqin va O\u02bbrta Sharq mamlakatlari madaniyati\u201d deb nomlanadi. Aynan shu yo\u02bbnalishlarning ichida ushbu davlatlar madaniyatining bir qismini tashkil etuvchi islom dini ham o\u02bbrganiladi[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islomshunoslikning Angliya oliy ta\u02bclim tizimida o\u02bbqitilishiga to\u02bbxtaladigan bo\u02bblsak, Buyuk Britaniya universitetlarida islom ilmlarini tadqiq qiluvchi va undan dars beruvchi olimlarning yetishmasligi bu fanni o\u02bbqitish oldida turgan muammolardan biri bo\u02bblib qolmoqda.<\/span><\/p>\n

2007 yilda islomiy tadqiqotlar o\u02bbtkazish Buyuk Britaniyaning milliy qiziqishlarida strategik jihatdan muhim deb belgilandi. Qirollikda musulmonlar sonining ko\u02bbpayishini hisobga olgan holda, olimlar orasida ham fan sohasining strategik\u00a0 dolzarbligi to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida bahslar va munozaralar o\u02bbtkazildi. Ushbu munozaralar davomida ba\u02bczi olimlar islomshunoslik sohasiga akademik mustaqillik berilishini, fanni \u201csiyosiylashtirishga\u201d skeptik yondashishni qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlasalar, qolganlari hozirgi kunda davlat ahamiyatidagi masalalarni, ayniqsa, ekstremizmga qarshi kurashishda uning roli muhimligini izohlab o\u02bbtishdi[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Germaniyada islom va islom madaniyatini o\u02bbrganish tarixi uzoq o\u02bbtmishga borib taqaladi. 1143 yilda Ispaniyada Qur\u02bconning lotin tilidagi ilk tarjimasi tayyorlandi va Shveysariyaning Bazel shahrida birinchi bor nashrdan chiqarildi. Uning qayta ishlangan nashri Germaniyada 1546 yilda chiqdi va keyingi 400 yil mobaynida Yevropada o\u02bbz ahamiyatini saqlab qoldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Germaniyada arab tilini ilmiy o\u02bbrganish esa, XVI asrda, ya\u02bcni bir qancha qo\u02bblyozma manbalar Heydelbergdagi kutubxonaga kelib qolganda va suriyalik xristianlar ushbu qo\u02bblyozmalar ustida ish olib borishganda boshlandi. Lekin o\u02bbsha davrda islomshunoslikning haqiqiy markazi sifatida Gollandiya tan olindi. Uning yorqin namoyandalari sifatida Tomas Erpenius (vaf.1624 y.) va Jakob Golius (vaf.1667 y.) qayd etiladi. Aynan ular tomonidan Ibn Tufaylning \u201cHay ibn Yaqzon\u201d kitobi arab tilidan lotin tiliga tarjima qilindi[5]<\/sup><\/a>. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Germaniyada islomshunoslik XIX asrda sharqshunoslikdan alohida fan sifatida ajralib chiqdi va soha bo\u02bbyicha ko\u02bbplab izlanishlar amalga oshirildi[6]<\/sup><\/a>. Lekin tadqiqotlar ko\u02bbp hollarda filologiyaga hamda Janubiy Afrika va Osiyo xalqlari madaniyati va tarixini matnlar asosida o\u02bbrganishga asoslanar edi. 1933 yilga qadar Germaniya olimlari akademik institutlar tomonidan qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlangan va izlanishlar olib borish imkoniyatiga ega bo\u02bblganlar. Lekin 1933-1945 yillar oralig\u02bbida olimlarning erkinligi cheklanib, bu sohadagi izlanishlar bir qancha muddatga to\u02bbxtab qoldi[7]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

XIX asrda islomshunoslik sohasiga tanqidiy yondashuv va shu turdagi asarlar keng tarqaldi. Ularning paydo bo\u02bblishiga turtki bo\u02bblgan omil \u2013 bu sharqshunoslik sohasidagi yutuqlar va ayniqsa Germaniya sharqshunosligida olib borilgan izlanishlarni alohida qayd etib o\u02bbtish lozim.<\/span><\/p>\n

1960-1970 yillar davomida yana sharqshunoslik sohasini rivojlantirishga urinishlar bo\u02bbldi. 1972 yilda Germaniya sharqshunoslik jamiyati tomonidan berilgan hisobotda islomni alohida fan sifatida o\u02bbrganishga va til ko\u02bbnikmalarini rivojlantirib, islom madaniyatini tadqiq qilishga e\u02bctibor qaratishga bir qancha sabablarni keltirib o\u02bbtildi[8]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Fransiyada islomshunoslik XVI asrda boshlangan. 1539 yildan \u201cColl\u00e8ge de France\u201d kollejida arab tili o\u02bbqitila boshladi va 1793 yilda Sharq tillarini o\u02bbqitish uchun milliy maktab tashkil etildi. XVIII asrdan musulmon mamlakatlariga safarlar uyushtirish va ularning aholisi bilan qiziqishga e\u02bctibor oshgunga qadar sharqshunoslikning matnli va filologik an\u02bcanalari tizimidagi ta\u02bclim tizimi Fransiyada yetakchi o\u02bbrinda bo\u02bblgan. Shundan so\u02bbng islomga etnografik jihatdan qiziqish kuchaydi va arab ilmlarini o\u02bbqitish bo\u02bbyicha markazlar ochishga ehtiyoj tug\u02bbildi[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fransiyaning o\u02bbzida esa ikkinchi jahon urushidan so\u02bbng \u201cInstitut d\u02bb\u00c9tudes Islamiques\u201d (Islomshunoslik instituti) birinchi bo\u02bblib Sarbonnada tashkil etilgan. Arabiston yarimoroli\u00a0 va O\u02bbrta Sharq mamlakatlarini o\u02bbrganish bo\u02bbyicha 1962 yildan so\u02bbng Bordo, Lans va Strasburgda tadqiqot markazlari ochildi. Ushbu markazlarning tashkil etilishi endilikda\u00a0 islomga sharqshunoslikning bir bo\u02bblagi sifatida qarashdan uzoqlashib, alohida fan sifatida shakllanishiga turtki bo\u02bbldi. 1997 yilda Sarbonna universitetining islom tarixi bo\u02bbyicha professori Muhammad Arkon ta\u02bckidlaganidek, \u201c\u2026Fransiyada islomga nisbatan lingvistik, siyosiy va tarixiy jihatdan yondashish ustunlik qilayotgani sababli ijtimoiy va antropologik qarashlar ikkinchi darajaga tushib qolgan\u201d[10]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

1907 yildan Yevropada musulmon olamini tadqiq qilish uchun maxsus markazlar tashkil etila boshladi. Bunday markazlardan dastlabkisi professor Bekker tomonidan 1910-yilda \u201cDer Islam\u201d nomi ostida ochildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islom dini Fransiyada e\u02bctiqod qiluvchilar soni bo\u02bbyicha Rim katolitsizmidan keyingi 2-o\u02bbrinni egallaydi. Islomga e\u02bctiqod qiluvchilar umumiy aholining 5-10% ini tashkil etib, bu G\u02bbarbiy Yevropada musulmonlar sonining ko\u02bbrsatkichi bo\u02bbyicha 3-o\u02bbrindir. Ma\u02bclumotlarga ko\u02bbra, musulmonlarning asosiy qismi sunniylik mazhabi vakillari hisoblanadi[11]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Shuni ham alohida ta\u02bckidlab o\u02bbtish lozimki, so\u02bbnggi yillarda olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijasiga ko\u02bbra, Fransiyada musulmonlar boshqa G\u02bbarb mamlakatlariga nisbatan o\u02bbzlarini erkinroq his qilar ekanlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fransiyada sekulyarizm (dunyoviylik) an\u02bcanalariga qattiq amal qilinishi davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan institutlar va diniy tashkilotlar o\u02bbrtasidagi o\u02bbzaro hamkorlik aloqalarining cheklanib qolishiga sabab bo\u02bblmoqda. Islom ta\u02bclim institutlari ko\u02bbp hollarda alohida mustaqil fuqarolik jamiyati uyushmalari tarzida tashkil etilib, unda asosan imomlar va shu bilan bir qatorda, arab tili va islom ilmlarini o\u02bbrgatishga ham ahamiyat qaratiladi[12]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Bugungi kunda Fransiyada islomshunoslikni o\u02bbqitishdagi asosiy yondashuvlar bu lingvistik va adabiy yondashuvlardir. Bularga misol tariqasida siyosatshunoslik, tarix, antropologiya, din sotsiologiyasi kabilarni keltirish mumkin. Fransiyaning Sarbonna universitetida ko\u02bbproq tillarga urg\u02bbu berilsa, Parij universiteti \u201cO\u02bbrta asrlarda islom\u201d mavzusiga ko\u02bbproq e\u02bctiborni qaratadi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ijtimoiy fanlar tarkibiga kiruvchi siyosiy jihatdan o\u02bbrganish imkoniyati \u201cInstitut d\u02bb\u00c9tudes Politiques\u201d (Siyosatshunoslik instituti)da mavjud. Ushbu institut bir qancha olimlarni o\u02bbzida jamlagan \u201cThe Centre d\u02bb\u00c9tudes et de Recherches Internationales\u201d (Xalqaro ta\u02bclim va tadqiqotlar) milliy markazi bilan hamkorlik qiladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Islom va musulmon jamiyati bo\u02bbyicha olib borilgan tadqiqotlar turli fanlar yo\u02bbnalishida, jumladan, tarix, siyosat, sotsiologiya, antropologiya, til va adabiyot sohalarida tadqiqotlar olib borishni ko\u02bbzda tutgan markazlarda amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu markazlarning ko\u02bbpchiligi O\u02bbrtayer dengizi mamlakatlariga e\u02bctiborni qaratib, Fransiyaning musulmon jamiyati bilan uzoq yillik tarixini o\u02bbrganishni o\u02bbz ichiga oladi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fransiya olimlari islomshunoslikni o\u02bbqitish bo\u02bbyicha bir qancha yo\u02bbnalish va yondashuvlarni ishlab chiqqanlar, lekin shuni ham qayd etish joizki, bu sohada ta\u02bclim olayotgan talabalar soni kamchilikni tashkil etadi. Fransiyada so\u02bbnggi yillar davomida islomga bag\u02bbishlangan ko\u02bbplab kitoblar nashr etilganiga qaramay, ularning ko\u02bbpchiligi publitsistik janr usulida yozilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytganda, ko\u02bbrib chiqilgan Yevropa mamalakatlarida islomshunoslik hali ham alohida fan sifatida shakllanmoqda. Bu fan sohasi haqida bildirilgan fikrlar turlicha va olimlarning qarashlari tarqoq holda rivojlanayotganini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Yevropa mamlakatlarida islomshunoslikni o\u02bbqitishda yo\u02bblga qo\u02bbyilgan yondashuvlar va samarali loyihalar bilan tanishish, o\u02bbziga xos ilmiy tadqiqot tajribasini O\u02bbzbekistonning maxsus oliy o\u02bbquv yurtlariga, xususan O\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasiga,\u00a0 joriy qilish bugungi kun talablariga javob beradi, degan fikrdamiz.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Albert\u00a0 Hourani, Islam in European Thought.Cambridge: CUP,1991.\u2013 P.13.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Dr. Ataulloh Siddiqui. Islam at universities in England: Meeting the needs and investing in the future. England.: Minister of state for lifelong learning and further and higher education, 2007. \u2013 P. 27.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0International approaches to Islamic studies in higher education. A report to HEFCE. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies and Subject Centre for Philosophical and Religious Studies. Great Britain, 2008.\u2013 P.16.<\/span><\/div>\n
[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Islamic Studies Network project team. Teaching Islamic Studies in higher education. England, 2010. \u2013 P.12.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Annemarie Schimmel. Islamic Studies in Germany: A Historical Overview. Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 2010. \u2013 P.401.<\/span><\/div>\n
[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Mouton de Gruyter. Mapping Islamic Studies: Genealogy, Continuity, and Change. The Study of Islam in German Scholarship by Jacques Waardenburg. Berlin: New York, 1997.\u2013 P.5.<\/span><\/div>\n
[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Andrew Higgens. The Lost Archive: Missing for Years, Cache of Photos Spurs Research on Islam\u02bbs Hallowed Text. The Wall Street Journal. 2008. \u2013 P. 14.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0International approaches to Islamic studies in higher education. A report to HEFCE. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies and Subject Centre for Philosophical and Religious Studies. Great Britain, 2008 \u2013 P.25<\/span><\/div>\n
[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Mouton de Gruyter. Mapping Islamic Studies: Genealogy, Continuity, and Change. The Study of Islam in French Scholarship by Mohammed Arkoun. Berlin: New York, 1997. \u2013 P. 33.<\/span><\/div>\n
[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0International approaches to Islamic studies in higher education. A report to HEFCE. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies and Subject Centre for Philosophical and Religious Studies. Great Britain, 2008.\u2013\u00a0 P.19.<\/span><\/div>\n
[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_in_France<\/span><\/div>\n
[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0International approaches to Islamic studies in higher education. A report to HEFCE. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies and Subject Centre for Philosophical and Religious Studies. Great Britain, 2008. \u2013 P.21.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n
Saidakbar AGZAMXODJAYEV<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
O\u02bbzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
\u201cIslom tarixi va manbashunosligi IRCICA\u201d kafedrasi professori,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
tarix fanlari doktori<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bugungi kunda Yevropa mamlakatlarida musulmonlar sonining tobora ortib borayotgani va bu hol ayniqsa, Germaniya, Angliya, Fransiya va Italiyada ko\u02bbproq kuzatilayotgani barchaga ma\u02bclum. Sanab o\u02bbtilgan davlatlarda islomshunoslik fani o\u02bbz tarixiga ega bo\u02bblib, islom tarixi va falsafasi, islom ilmlari bo\u02bbyicha ko\u02bbplab asarlar yozilganiga qaramay, uzoq\u00a0 yillar davomida bu fanga sharqshunoslikning bir bo\u02bblagi deb qaralib, islom dini tarqalishi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16249,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nYEVROPA MAMLAKATLARIDA ISLOMSHUNOSLIK TADQIQOTLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=16251&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"YEVROPA MAMLAKATLARIDA ISLOMSHUNOSLIK TADQIQOTLARI - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bugungi kunda Yevropa mamlakatlarida musulmonlar sonining tobora ortib borayotgani va bu hol ayniqsa, Germaniya, Angliya, Fransiya va Italiyada ko\u02bbproq kuzatilayotgani barchaga ma\u02bclum. 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