{"id":15528,"date":"2021-05-21T11:15:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-21T06:15:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bukhari.uz\/?p=15528"},"modified":"2021-05-21T16:23:01","modified_gmt":"2021-05-21T11:23:01","slug":"madaniy-sohada-g%ca%bboyaviy-kurash","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=15528&lang=oz","title":{"rendered":"MADANIY SOHADA G\u02bbOYAVIY KURASH"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hammamiz yaxshi bilamizki, xalq yoki millatning ma\u02bcnaviy qarashlari, intelektual salohiyati o\u02bbz-o\u02bbzidan, bo\u02bbsh joyda shakllanmaydi. Ularning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishiga aniq tarixiy omillar asos bo\u02bbladi. Bu qarashlar vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan avloddan-avlodga meros bo\u02bblib qadriyat va axloqiy normalar sifatida e\u02bczozlanadi. Shu bilan birga turli ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirib urushlarni keltirib chiqarishiga sabab bo\u02bbladi. XX asr boshlarida ham milliy norozilik harakatlarining kuchayib borishi qator mustamlakaga ega davlatlar \u2013 Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Rossiya, Germaniya, Ispaniya hukumatlarining o\u02bbz nazoratidagi o\u02bblkalarni zamonaviy siyosiy kon\u02bcyunkturaga moslashtirishiga sabab bo\u02bbldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Turkiston ma\u02bcrifatparvarlari Oktyabr inqilobi millionlab xalqlarni ijod erkinligiga erishtirdi deb, sotsialistik taraqqiyot sari qadam tashlagan. Ammo sovet hukumatining madaniy sohada amalga oshirmoqchi bo\u02bblgan inqilobi boshqacha edi. 1918 yil 23 yanvarda cherkovni davlatdan va maktabni cherkovdan ajratish to\u02bbg\u02bbrisida dekret qabul qilindi. Unga ko\u02bbra, diniy ta\u02bclim bilan bog\u02bbliq mavzular ta\u02bclim tizimidan chiqarildi. Shuningdek, hukumat 1918 yil 14 mayda TASSR Xalq Komissarlari Sovetining dekreti bilan Respublika \u201cXalq Maorifi Komissarligi\u201d va uning mahalliy Sovetlar huzuridagi bo\u02bblimlari\u201d[1]<\/a>ni tuzib, madaniy sohani nazorat ostiga oldi. Bu bilan madaniy inqilobning asosiy vazifasi \u201cSovet fuqarolarining shaxsiy e\u02bctiqodiga marksistik-leninistik mafkura tamoyillarini kiritish\u201d[2]<\/a>-ekanligi yaqqol namoyon bo\u02bbldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1920-1930 yillar davomida deyarli barcha madaniy-gumanitar sohalar: ta\u02bclim, fan, kutubxonachilik, nashr ishlari, muzeylar, teatrlar va kinoteatrlar, klublarni boshqarish huquqi Xalq Maorif Komissariati nazoratiga o\u02bbtkazildi. Jamiyat madaniy hayotini boshqarish uchun Agitprop (KPSS markaziy qo\u02bbmitasi targ\u02bbibot va tashviqot bo\u02bblimi), Glavlit (Adabiyot va nashriyot bosh boshqarmasi \u2013 1922-1991 yillar davomida bosma asarlarni senzuradan o\u02bbtkazib, ommaviy axborot vositalarida davlat sirlarini himoya qilgan) kabi davlat organlari tuzildi. Shu tariqa madaniy hayot to\u02bbliq partiya nazorati ostida biriktirildi. Bu holatni 1921 yil mart oyiga kelib, \u201cmilliy masala\u201d yuzasidan partiyaning siyosiy vazifasi: \u201c\u2026rus bo\u02bblmagan xalqlarning mehnatkashlar ommasiga ijtimoiy hayotning hamma sohalarida Markaziy Rossiyaning ilg\u02bbor xalqlariga yetib olish ishida yordamlashishdan iboratdir\u201d[3]<\/a>\u00a0degan rezolyutsiyadan ham bilsa bo\u02bbladi. Ushbu rezolyutsiya asosida kurs va maktablar ochish hamda ko\u02bbpaytirish, ilm-fan, kasb-hunar, xalq ta\u02bclimi, matbuot va teatrlar ustidan nazorat o\u02bbz-o\u02bbzidan partiya ixtiyoriga o\u02bbtkazildi. Bu \u201cyordam\u201d Turkistonda bolalarni bepul o\u02bbqitish bilan birga, aholi orasida shaxsiy tashabbuslarni jilovlash yo\u02bblidagi dastlabki qadam ham edi. Qadimdan o\u02bbz bilim va tafakkuriga ega xalqlar XX asr ikkinchi o\u02bbn yilligida shu tartibda \u201cyangicha g\u02bboyaga ixtiyoriy\u201d tarzda da\u02bcvat etila boshladi. Sotsialistik g\u02bboyaga qarshi bo\u02bblgan kishilar esa davlatning siyosiy dushmani sifatida turli qiynoq va qatag\u02bbonlarga uchradi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Maorifda bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilgan chora va tadbirlar sho\u02bbro hukumatining proletar g\u02bboya va mafkurasi keng yoyilishiga qo\u02bbl kelgan. Misol: \u201cRossiyada Xorazmga muallim kadrlar va madaniy oqartuv xodimlari muntazam ravishda yuborilib turildi. Chunonchi, Xorazmga RSFSRdan 1921 yilda 40 nafarga yaqin, 1923 yilda 30 nafardan ko\u02bbproq maorif xodimlari kelib ishlay boshladi. Ularning ko\u02bbplari mahalliy tillarni bilgan kishilar\u201d[4]<\/a>\u00a0bo\u02bblgan. Turkiston, Buxoro va Xorazm o\u02bblkalarining barcha hududlarida \u201csotsialistik, baynalmilal madaniyatni\u201d yoyish maqsadida qo\u02bbllangan bu tadbir doimiy ishga aylantirilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbzbekistonda 1925 yilda \u201c97 ta vaqf maktabi va 1,5 mingdan ortiq eski maktab faoliyat ko\u02bbrsatib, shulardan 250 tasi yashirin holda ishlagan. Ammo 1928 yilga kelib, sovetlar hukumati O\u02bbzbekistonda eski milliy maktablar faoliyatini batamom ta\u02bcqiqlab[5]<\/a>\u00a0qo\u02bbyishi sovetlashtirish bilan bir paytda, sun\u02bciy tarzda savodsizlik ko\u02bbpayishini keltirib chiqargan. Jamiyatdagi bu illatni bartaraf qilish ilinjida XX asrning 30-yillarida \u201ckomsomol va partiyasiz yoshlardan madaniy armiyachilar deb atalmish faol jamoatchilar tuzilgan. Ular savodsizlikni tugatish maktablari tashkil etish, savodsizlarni o\u02bbqitish, siyosiy ongini oshirish ishlarini shijoat bilan bajardilar. 1930-1931 yillar mobaynida shunday armiyachilar soni 12 mingdan 16 ming nafarga\u201d[6]<\/a>\u00a0yetkazilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shu o\u02bbrinda alohida ta\u02bckidlash lozimki, sho\u02bbro davri hujjatlarida butun aholining savodxonlik darajasi qayd qilib borilgan. Masalan, \u201c1920 yilgi aholini ro\u02bbyxatga olish natijalariga ko\u02bbra, Sovet Rossiyasi hududida 8 yoshdan katta bo\u02bblgan aholining 41,7%i o\u02bbqish imkoniyatiga ega bo\u02bblgan\u201d[7]<\/a>\u00a0va bu ko\u02bbrsatgich butun SSSR ittifoq hududi bo\u02bbyicha \u201c1926 yil 17 dekabr holatida 56,6% ni (9-49 yoshdagi aholi orasida olingan) tashkil etdi\u201d[8]<\/a>\u00a0deb ko\u02bbrsatilgan. Shuningdek, savodlilik darajasini 1939 yil O\u02bbzbekiston aholisiga nisbattan \u201cerkaklar \u2013 83,6%, xotin-qizlar \u2013 73,3%\u201d[9]<\/a>\u00a0deb qayd etilgan. Savodsizlikni tugatish uchun \u201cxalq maorifiga sarflangan kapital mablag\u02bblar birinchi besh yillikda 395,5 million so\u02bbmni tashkil etgan bo\u02bblsa, ikkinchi besh yillikda 1162,5 million so\u02bbm\u201d[10]<\/a>\u00a0gacha oshirilgan. Amalga oshirilgan chora-tadbirlar sotsialistik g\u02bboyalarni xalq ongiga singdirish uchun xizmat qilgan.<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u02bbzbekiston SSRda turli millatga mansub aholi istiqomat qilib, ular 1926 yil 17 dekabr holatiga ko\u02bbra[11]<\/a>\u00a0jami 5 267 658 kishi bo\u02bblgan. Pedagogik va psixologik tahlillardan ma\u02bclumki, jamiyatda yoshlarning ijtimoiy qarashlari avvalo ularning oilaviy muhiti, qo\u02bbni-qo\u02bbshni, mahallasida shakllana boshlasa, keyinchalik maktabda o\u02bbzlashtirgan bilimi asosida rivojlanadi. Shundan kelib chiqib, jamiyat a\u02bczolari intellektual salohiyati va qarashlari bir xil bo\u02bblib shakllanmaydi. Bundan sovet hukumatining \u201csotsialistik madaniy jamiyat\u201d qurishda yetakchi kuch yagona bir qatlam \u2013proletariat bo\u02bblishi kerakligi haqidagi qarashi utopiya ekanligini anglash mumkin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xulosa qilib aytganda, ilm-fan taraqqiy etmagan o\u02bblkada erkin va farovon jamiyat qurib bo\u02bblmaydi. Sho\u02bbro hukumati yozuv va ta\u02bclimda amalga oshirgan o\u02bbzgarishlar asosida o\u02bbsib kelayotgan O\u02bbzbekiston yoshlarini tarix va qadriyatlardan yiroqlashtirishga urindi. Sotsialistik g\u02bboyalarni yoyish maqsadida ishchi va dehqonlarning moddiy imkoniyatidan kelib chiqib, bepul ta\u02bclim, moddiy rag\u02bbbatlantirish asosida ma\u02bclum yutuqlarni qo\u02bblga kiritdi. Ammo shunchalik murakkab va tahlikali davr bo\u02bblishiga qaramay, tarix sirlaridan boxabar ilm-fan sohiblari hamda chet ellarda (Turkiya, Germaniya va b.) o\u02bbqib qaytgan yoshlar yot g\u02bboya va mafkuralarga qarshi kurashib, Vatan istiqloli uchun fidoiylik namunasini ko\u02bbrsata oldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
[1]<\/a>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston SSR tarixi\u201d Qadimgi davrdan hozirgi kunlargacha. O\u02bbzSSR FA akad. I.M. Muminov tahriri ostida. \u2013T., \u201cFan\u201d 1974. 332-bet.<\/span><\/div>\n
[2]<\/a>\u00a0Kulturnaya_revolyutsiya_v_SSSR\u00a0Rossiyskaya pedagogicheskaya ensiklopediya<\/a>. T. 1. M., 1993; URL: www.otrok.ru\/teach\/enc\/txt\/4\/page95.html<\/span><\/div>\n
[3]<\/a>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston SSR tarixi\u201d Qadimgi davrdan hozirgi kunlargacha. O\u02bbzSSR FA akad. I.M. Muminov tahriri ostida. \u2013T., \u201cFan\u201d 1974. 376-bet.<\/span><\/div>\n
[4]<\/a>\u00a0O\u02bbzbekiston SSR tarixi\u201d Qadimgi davrdan hozirgi kunlargacha. O\u02bbzSSR FA akad. I.M. Muminov tahriri ostida. \u2013T., \u201cFan\u201d 1974. 367-bet.<\/span><\/div>\n
[5]<\/a>\u00a0Rustambek Shamsutdinov, Shodi Karimov \u201cVatan tarixi\u201d 3-kitob, Sharq nashriyot matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi. T-2010 yil. 284-bet.<\/span><\/div>\n
[6]<\/a>\u00a0Choriyev A.X. \u201cMustabid sho\u02bbrolar tuzumi sharoitida O\u02bbzbekiston xalq ta\u02bclimi va o\u02bbqituvchi kadrlar tayyorlash: milliy an\u02bcanaviy va sho\u02bbro ta\u02bclim tizimlari o\u02bbrtasidagi ziddiyatlar (20-30 yillar)\u201d tarix fanlari doktori ilmiy darajasini olish uchun yozilgan dissertatsiya. Toshkent-1998 y. 200-bet.<\/span><\/div>\n
[7]<\/a>\u00a0Kulturnaya_revolyutsiya_v_SSSR .\u00a0Rossiyskaya pedagogicheskaya ensiklopediya<\/a>. T. 1. M., 1993; URL: www.otrok.ru\/teach\/enc\/txt\/4\/page95.html<\/span><\/div>\n
[8]<\/a>\u00a0Rossiyskaya pedagogicheskaya ensiklopediya<\/a>. T. 1. M., 1993; URL: wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perepis_naseleniya_SSSR_(1926)<\/span><\/div>\n
[9]<\/a>I. M. Bogdanov. Gramotnost i obrazovaniye v do revolyutsionnoy Rossii i v SSSR. (istoriko-statisticheskiye ocherki). M.-1964.102-b<\/span><\/div>\n
[10]<\/a>\u00a0Rustambek Shamsutdinov, Shodi Karimov \u201cVatan tarixi\u201d 3-kitob, Sharq nashriyot matbaa aksiyadorlik kompaniyasi. T-2010 yil. 285-bet<\/span><\/div>\n
[11]<\/a>\u00a0wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perepis_naseleniya_SSSR_(1926)<\/span><\/div>\n
Suxrob ERGASH\u0415V,<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy\u2013tadqiqot markazi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
ilmiy xodimi<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hammamiz yaxshi bilamizki, xalq yoki millatning ma\u02bcnaviy qarashlari, intelektual salohiyati o\u02bbz-o\u02bbzidan, bo\u02bbsh joyda shakllanmaydi. Ularning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishiga aniq tarixiy omillar asos bo\u02bbladi. Bu qarashlar vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan avloddan-avlodga meros bo\u02bblib qadriyat va axloqiy normalar sifatida e\u02bczozlanadi. Shu bilan birga turli ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirib urushlarni keltirib chiqarishiga sabab bo\u02bbladi. XX asr boshlarida ham milliy norozilik …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15526,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[639],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nMADANIY SOHADA G\u02bbOYAVIY KURASH - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukhari.uz\/?p=15528&lang=oz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MADANIY SOHADA G\u02bbOYAVIY KURASH - Imom Buxoriy xalqaro ilmiy-tadqiqot markazi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hammamiz yaxshi bilamizki, xalq yoki millatning ma\u02bcnaviy qarashlari, intelektual salohiyati o\u02bbz-o\u02bbzidan, bo\u02bbsh joyda shakllanmaydi. Ularning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishiga aniq tarixiy omillar asos bo\u02bbladi. Bu qarashlar vaqt o\u02bbtishi bilan avloddan-avlodga meros bo\u02bblib qadriyat va axloqiy normalar sifatida e\u02bczozlanadi. Shu bilan birga turli ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirib urushlarni keltirib chiqarishiga sabab bo\u02bbladi. 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